Talk:2009 Lecture 23 - Revision history

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Normal

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	'''Search PubMed Now:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=childbirth childbirth] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=parturition parturition]		'''Search PubMed Now:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=childbirth childbirth] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=parturition parturition]

	~~== Normal ==~~
	~~[../Stats/page2.htm Australian Birth Statistics]~~

	~~[../Stats/page1.htm International and Australian Population Statistics]~~

	~~[../Stats/page3.htm WHO Normal Population Statistics]~~

	~~[http://www.who.int/inf-fs/en/index_n.html Fact Sheets]~~

	~~[../Stats/page3a.htm#perinatal Global Perinatal and Maternal Causes of Death]~~

	~~[../Stats/page4a.htm Population Comparisons between Countries]~~

	~~[../Stats/page4a.htm#Population%20Data Developed and developing]~~

	~~[../Stats/page4a.htm#au1 Australian neighbours]~~

	~~[../Stats/page4a.htm#au2 Australian Trading Partners]~~

	~~Normal population statistics derived from a number of different sources (as shown on individual pages).~~


			Birth Statistics: [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Stats/page2.htm Australian Birth Statistics] \| [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Stats/page1.htm International and Australian Population Statistics] \| [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Stats/page3.htm WHO Normal Population Statistics] \| [http://www.who.int/inf-fs/en/index_n.html WHO Fact Sheets] \| [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Stats/page3a.htm#perinatal Global Perinatal and Maternal Causes of Death] \| [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Stats/page4a.htm Population Comparisons between Countries] \| [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Stats/page4a.htm#Population%20Data Developed and developing] \| [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Stats/page4a.htm#au1 Australian neighbours] \| [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Stats/page4a.htm#au2 Australian Trading Partners]

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Guthrie Test

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	== Guthrie Test ==		== Guthrie Test ==
	~~[[Image:guthrie.jpg]]~~Dr Robert Guthrie		Dr Robert Guthrie

	A blood screening test developed by Dr Robert Guthrie (1916-95) at University of Buffalo. Test is carried out on neonate (newborn) blood for a variety of known genetic disorders.		A blood screening test developed by Dr Robert Guthrie (1916-95) at University of Buffalo. Test is carried out on neonate (newborn) blood for a variety of known genetic disorders.

	~~[[Image:gutheriecard.jpg]]~~ Blood is collected using a heelprick and spotted onto a test sheet to dry for later testing. Different countries and medical services have different policies on not only what will be tested for but also how long the test card will be kept following analysis. Check your local service for specific information.		Blood is collected using a heelprick and spotted onto a test sheet to dry for later testing. Different countries and medical services have different policies on not only what will be tested for but also how long the test card will be kept following analysis. Check your local service for specific information.



	'''Links:''' National Coalition PKU Disorders [http://www.pku-allieddisorders.org/guthrie.htm Tribute to Dr Robert Guthrie] \| Museum of DisABILITIES [http://www.people-inc.org/museum/exhibits_birth1.asp The Birth of Newborn Screening] \|		'''Links:''' National Coalition PKU Disorders [http://www.pku-allieddisorders.org/guthrie.htm Tribute to Dr Robert Guthrie] \| Museum of DisABILITIES [http://www.people-inc.org/museum/exhibits_birth1.asp The Birth of Newborn Screening] \|

	== Routine Screened Disorders ==		== Routine Screened Disorders ==

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Hip Displasia

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	== Hip Displasia ==		== Hip Displasia ==
	~~[[Image:CDH.jpg]]~~ Non-specific hip instability is a common finding in newborns, particularly in females. More than 80% of clinically unstable hips at birth resolve spontaneously. Screening newborns for Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) shows an incidence in infants between 1.5 and 20 per 1000 births. This incidence is influenced by several factors (diagnostic criteria, gender, genetic and racial factors, and age of the population).		Non-specific hip instability is a common finding in newborns, particularly in females. More than 80% of clinically unstable hips at birth resolve spontaneously. Screening newborns for Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) shows an incidence in infants between 1.5 and 20 per 1000 births. This incidence is influenced by several factors (diagnostic criteria, gender, genetic and racial factors, and age of the population).

	(Text modified from: Screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip)		(Text modified from: Screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip)

	'''Links:''' [../Notes/skmus2.htm#HIPDISLOCATION Musculoskeletal Abnormalities- Congenital Dislocation of the Hip] \| [hipdyssyn.pdf Screening for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip PDF] \| Screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip. Evidence synthesis no. 42. Rockville, Md.: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/prevent/pdfser/hipdyssyn.pdf http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/prevent/pdfser/hipdyssyn.pdf] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16770931 U.S. Preventive Service Task Force.] Screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip: recommendation statement. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Jun 1;73(11):1992-6.		'''Links:''' [../Notes/skmus2.htm#HIPDISLOCATION Musculoskeletal Abnormalities- Congenital Dislocation of the Hip] \| [hipdyssyn.pdf Screening for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip PDF] \| Screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip. Evidence synthesis no. 42. Rockville, Md.: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/prevent/pdfser/hipdyssyn.pdf http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/prevent/pdfser/hipdyssyn.pdf] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16770931 U.S. Preventive Service Task Force.] Screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip: recommendation statement. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Jun 1;73(11):1992-6.

	== Hearing ==		== Hearing ==

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Hearing

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	== Hearing ==		== Hearing ==
	~~[[Image:newbornhear.jpg]]~~

	The incidence of significant permanent hearing loss is approximately 1-3/1000 newborns. Neonatal hearing screening is carried out in the USA, UK and in Australia (2002 NSW Statewide Infant Screening Hearing Program, [#SWISH SWISH]) There is a general guide giving a timetable for a number of simple responses that a neonate should make if hearing has developed normally (More? [#Hearing_Check_List Neonatal Hearing Check List]).		The incidence of significant permanent hearing loss is approximately 1-3/1000 newborns. Neonatal hearing screening is carried out in the USA, UK and in Australia (2002 NSW Statewide Infant Screening Hearing Program, [#SWISH SWISH]) There is a general guide giving a timetable for a number of simple responses that a neonate should make if hearing has developed normally (More? [#Hearing_Check_List Neonatal Hearing Check List]).

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Heart

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	== Heart ==		== Heart ==
	~~[[Image:newbornecg.jpg]]~~An electrocardiogram (ECG / EKG) is an electrical recording of the heart which may identify electrical disorders including long QT syndrome.		An electrocardiogram (ECG / EKG) is an electrical recording of the heart which may identify electrical disorders including long QT syndrome.

	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12269267 Schwartz PJ, Garson A Jr, Paul T, Stramba-Badiale M, Vetter VL, Wren C; European Society of Cardiology.] Guidelines for the interpretation of the neonatal electrocardiogram. A task force of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2002 Sep;23(17):1329-44.		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12269267 Schwartz PJ, Garson A Jr, Paul T, Stramba-Badiale M, Vetter VL, Wren C; European Society of Cardiology.] Guidelines for the interpretation of the neonatal electrocardiogram. A task force of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2002 Sep;23(17):1329-44.

	'''Links:''' [../Notes/heart.htm Cardiovascular System Development] \| [../Notes/heart8.htm Embryonic Heart Rate] \| [http://www.health.gov.mt/impaedcard/issue/issue1/ipc00103.htm Interpretation of electrocardiograms in infants and children. Images Paediatr Cardiol 1999;1:3-13] \| [http://www.ngc.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3425&nbr=2651 Guidelines for the interpretation of the neonatal electrocardiogram] \| [http://www.ecglibrary.com/ecghist.html brief history of electrocardiography] \|		'''Links:''' [../Notes/heart.htm Cardiovascular System Development] \| [../Notes/heart8.htm Embryonic Heart Rate] \| [http://www.health.gov.mt/impaedcard/issue/issue1/ipc00103.htm Interpretation of electrocardiograms in infants and children. Images Paediatr Cardiol 1999;1:3-13] \| [http://www.ngc.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3425&nbr=2651 Guidelines for the interpretation of the neonatal electrocardiogram] \| [http://www.ecglibrary.com/ecghist.html brief history of electrocardiography] \|

	== Australian Information ==		== Australian Information ==

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Internal LinksBirth

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	~~[[Image:unsw_banner.gif]]~~

	~~= UNSW Embryology =~~
	~~== Normal Development- Birth ==~~
	~~=== ¬© Dr Mark Hill (2008) ===~~
	~~==== [../People.htm Acknowledgements] ====~~
	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==
	There are a great number of comprehensive, scientific and general, books and articles that cover Parturition, Birth or Childbirth.		There are a great number of comprehensive, scientific and general, books and articles that cover Parturition, Birth or Childbirth.

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[[Image:unsw_banner.gif]]

= UNSW Embryology =
== Normal Development- Birth ==
=== ¬© Dr Mark Hill (2008) ===
==== [../People.htm Acknowledgements] ====
== Introduction ==
There are a great number of comprehensive, scientific and general, books and articles that cover Parturition, Birth or Childbirth.

Birth or parturition is a critical stage in development, representing in mammals a transition from direct maternal support of fetal development, physical expulsion and establishment of the newborns own respiratory, circulatory and digestive systems.

{| class="prettytable"
| [[Image:1770birth_sm.jpg]]
| <center>[[Image:JAMA_CesareanDelivery.gif]]</center>
| [[Image:birth.jpg]] 

|-
| <center>Birth - Stage 1 </center>
| <center>[birth6.htm Caesarean]</center>
| <center>Newborn infant</center>

|}
<center> </center>

These notes only cover the biological processes involved in birth [birth4.htm fetal signaling changes] and [birth5.htm maternal signaling changes]. Note that there is a growing worldwide trend in developed countries toward [birth6.htm caesarean section] delivery.

'''Page Links:''' [#Intro Introduction] | [#Recent Some Recent Findings] | [#Birthmodel Birth Models] | [#Reading Reading] | [#Gestation Gestation Period] | [#Preterm Preterm Birth] | [#BirthDateCalculator Birth Date Calculator] | [#Terms Birth Terms] | [#References References] | [#Glossary Glossary]

'''Other Pages: '''[../Notes/respire6.htm Respiratory Development - Birth] |

== Some Recent Findings ==
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=17431005&dopt=Abstract Markovic D, Vatish M, Gu M, Slater D, Newton R, Lehnert H, Grammatopoulos DK.] The onset of labour alters corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor (CRH-R1) variant expression in human myometrium: putative role of IL-1{beta} Endocrinology. 2007 Apr 12

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=17403397&dopt=Abstract Zakar T, Hertelendy F.] Progesterone withdrawal: key to parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Apr;196(4):289-96.

"In most subprimate placental mammals, the withdrawal of progesterone before the initiation of labor is manifest by a significant drop in circulating progesterone levels, which is due to either luteolysis or changes in placental steroidogenesis, which shunts precursors towards estrogen production. No such events can be demonstrated in human pregnancy."

== Birth Models ==

{| class="prettytable"
| [[Image:1770birth_sm.jpg]]
| [[Image:1770birth2_sm.jpg]]

|-
| Cephalic presentation of engagement
| Disengagement of the head in vertex presentation

|}
(More? [../history/page1770.htm Development History - 1770 - Obstetric Models])

== Reading ==
* '''Human Embryology '''(2nd ed.) Larson Chapter 15 p471-488
* '''The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology '''(6th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 7 p129-167
* Before we Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud Ch
* Essentials of Human Embryology Larson Ch
* Human Embryology Fitzgerald and Fitzgerald
* General Reading- '''Pregnancy and Childbirth''' S Kitzinger Doubleday, Sydney ISBN 0 86824 048 6

== Gestation Period ==
The median duration of gestation for first births from assumed ovulation to delivery was '''274''' days (just over 39 weeks). For multiple births, the median duration of pregnancy was '''269 '''days (38.4 weeks).

"...one should count back 3 months from the first day of the last menses, then add 15 days for primiparas or 10 days for multiparas, instead of using the common algorithm for Naegele's rule." Reference: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16547957&dopt=Abstract Mittendorf R, Williams MA, Berkey CS, Cotter PF.] The length of uncomplicated human gestation. Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Jun;75(6):929-32

Historically, Franz Carl Naegele (1777-1851) developed the first scientific rule for estimating length of a pregnany.

This topic has been separated into pages related to the whole signaling [birth3.htm process overview].

== Preterm Birth ==
There is a specific page online [birthpremature.htm Premature Birth] being currently prepared.

A study has shown that risks of preterm birth in low abnormal birth weight (intrauterine growth restriction) and high (large for gestational age) categories are 2- to 3-fold greater than the risk among appropriate-for-gestational-age infants.

In another study of placenta previa, low birth weight is due mainly to preterm delivery and to a lesser extent with fetal growth restriction.

(More? [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=hstat1.chapter.26758 HSTAT - Management of Preterm Labor])

Reference: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11303203&dopt=Abstract Lackman F, Capewell V, Richardson B, daSilva O, Gagnon R.] The risks of spontaneous preterm delivery and perinatal mortality in relation to size at birth according to fetal versus neonatal growth standards. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Apr;184(5):946-53.

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11506849&dopt=Abstract Ananth CV, Demissie K, Smulian JC, Vintzileos AM.] Relationship among placenta previa, fetal growth restriction, and preterm delivery: a population-based study. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Aug;98(2):299-306.

(More? [birthpremature.htm Premature Birth])

== Computer Activities ==
[birth3.htm Process Overview] | [birth2.htm Birth Abnormalities] | [birth6.htm Birth Caesarian] | [page3.htm Clinical Growth Charts] | [birthlinks.htm WWW Links] | [abc_hr.htm ABC Health Reports]

== Birth Date Calculator ==
<nowiki>HTML: <noscript></nowiki>NOTE: You need Javascript to use the calculator, which your browser has apparently disabled.<nowiki>HTML: </noscript></nowiki> <center>When did your last period begin? </center>

<center>Your approximate birth (due) date is:</center>== References ==
Links require internet connection.

'''NCBI Bookshelf'''

'''Health Services/Technology Assessment Text''' (HSTAT) Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), 2003 Oct.

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=hstat1.chapter.26758 Management of Preterm Labor]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=hstat1.chapter.102647 Management of Prolonged Pregnancy]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=hstat6.chapter.46048 Cesarean Childbirth]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=hstat1a.chapter.7149 Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC) Volume 1 and Volume 2]

'''Reviews'''

* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11429638&dopt=Abstract Bernal AL.] '''Overview of current research in parturition'''. Exp Physiol. 2001 Mar;86(2):213-22. Review.
* Young IR. '''The comparative physiology of parturition in mammals.''' Front Horm Res. 2001;27:10-30.
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11153525&dopt=Abstract Schwartz J, McMillen IC.] '''Fetal hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis on the road to parturition.''' Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2001 Jan-Feb;28(1-2):108-12. Review.
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11041447&dopt=Abstract Challis JRG, Matthews SG, Gibb W, Lye] '''Endocrine and paracrine regulation of birth at term and preterm.''' Endocr Rev. 2000 Oct;21(5):514-50. Review.
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10759148&dopt=Abstract Muglia LJ.] '''Genetic analysis of fetal development and parturition control in the mouse.''' Pediatr Res. 2000 Apr;47(4 Pt 1):437-43. Review.
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10759148&dopt=Abstract Drover JW, Casper RF.] Initiation of parturition in humans. Can Med Assoc J. 1983 Feb 15;128(4):387-92.

'''Articles'''

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15361817&dopt=Abstract Ochedalski T, Lachowicz A.] Maternal and fetal hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: different response depends upon the mode of parturition. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2004 Aug;25(4):278-82.

'''Search PubMed Now:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=childbirth childbirth] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=parturition parturition]

== Normal ==
[../Stats/page2.htm Australian Birth Statistics]

[../Stats/page1.htm International and Australian Population Statistics]

[../Stats/page3.htm WHO Normal Population Statistics]

[http://www.who.int/inf-fs/en/index_n.html Fact Sheets]

[../Stats/page3a.htm#perinatal Global Perinatal and Maternal Causes of Death]

[../Stats/page4a.htm Population Comparisons between Countries]

[../Stats/page4a.htm#Population%20Data Developed and developing]

[../Stats/page4a.htm#au1 Australian neighbours]

[../Stats/page4a.htm#au2 Australian Trading Partners]

Normal population statistics derived from a number of different sources (as shown on individual pages).

=== Internal LinksBirth ===
[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Child/birth.htm Introduction] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Child/birth3.htm Birth Overview] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Child/birth2.htm Abnormalities] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Child/birth6.htm Caesarean] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Child/apgar.htm Apgar] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Child/birthpremature.htm Premature] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Child/birthweight.htm Low Birth Weight] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Child/birth8.htm Placental Cord Clamping] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Child/birthheart.htm Cardiovascular] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Child/birth7.htm Stillbirth and Perinatal Death] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Child/birth10.htm Molecular] [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Child/birthlink.htm Web Links]