Talk:2009 Lecture 20 - Revision history

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			== Endocrine Development ==

			The human fetus is dependent upon endocrine development for hormones, which support normal development. Peripheral endocrine glands (thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, gonads) form early in the second month from epithelial/mesenchye interactions and differentiate into the third month. The fetus also has a unique hormonal system that combines not only its own developing endocrine system, but also that of the placenta (More? see [placenta.htm Placenta notes]) and maternal hormones.

			Abnormal endocrine development/function can impact on many different systems. For example, insufficient maternal dietary iodine impacts on fetal thyroid gland thyroid hormone production, which in turn can lead to abnormal neural development. Alternatively, we now know many environmental and therapeutic chemicals have a wide range of effects on the endocrine system.

			Sex hormones from the gonads have significant effects prenatally and postnatally, specifically at puberty with a role to play in male/female biological maturity and have wide actions throughout the body.


	== Some Recent Findings ==		== Some Recent Findings ==

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Endocrine Development

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	~~== Endocrine Development ==~~

	The human fetus is dependent upon endocrine development for hormones, which support normal development. Peripheral endocrine glands (thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, gonads) form early in the second month from epithelial/mesenchye interactions and differentiate into the third month. The fetus also has a unique hormonal system that combines not only its own developing endocrine system, but also that of the placenta (More? see [placenta.htm Placenta notes]) and maternal hormones.

	Abnormal endocrine development/function can impact on many different systems. For example, insufficient maternal dietary iodine impacts on fetal thyroid gland thyroid hormone production, which in turn can lead to abnormal neural development. Alternatively, we now know many environmental and therapeutic chemicals have a wide range of effects on the endocrine system.

	Sex hormones from the gonads have significant effects prenatally and postnatally, specifically at puberty with a role to play in male/female biological maturity and have wide actions throughout the body.

	== Some Recent Findings ==		== Some Recent Findings ==

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Quick Links

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 * Heart -
 * Kidney -
 === Internal LinksEndocrine ===

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Objectives

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	'''NIH Genes & Disease''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=gnd.chapter.41 Chapter 41]		'''NIH Genes & Disease''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=gnd.chapter.41 Chapter 41]

	~~== Objectives ==~~
	* Understand the main steps in the development of the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pituitary, pineal glands, thymus and gonads.
	* Have a general understanding of the chief functions of these endocrine organs.
	* Understand the endocrine contribution to embryo development.
	* Understand the endocrine role of the placenta during development.
	* Have a general understanding of different types of hormones and their signaling actions.

	~~=== Learning Activities ===~~
	* Examine the developing thyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands in the stage 13/14 and stage 22 embryos.
	* Review the vascular and nerve supply of the above glands.
	* Review the development of the parathyroid and pineal glands.
	* Review the endocrine role of the placenta.([#Endocrine Placenta see below])
	* Review the development and endocrinefunction of the gonads.

	== Computer Activities ==		== Computer Activities ==

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Reading

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	[[Image:podcasticon.jpg]] '''Podcast''' - Listen ABC Radio Ockham's Razor 2005-07-31 '''Centenary of the word 'hormone'''', Sydney medical scientist and writer Dr John Carmody commemorates the centenary of the entry of the word 'hormone' into the English language. Slip this MP3 into your player and listen! [../Podcast/OckhamRazor/CentenaryofHormone.mp3 13 minutes 32seconds 6.2 Mb mp3] \| [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/ ABC Radio Ockham's Razor] \| [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/stories/s1424926.htm ABC Radio Ockham's Razor Transcript] \| [../Podcast/podcast.htm About UNSW Embryology Podcasts]		[[Image:podcasticon.jpg]] '''Podcast''' - Listen ABC Radio Ockham's Razor 2005-07-31 '''Centenary of the word 'hormone'''', Sydney medical scientist and writer Dr John Carmody commemorates the centenary of the entry of the word 'hormone' into the English language. Slip this MP3 into your player and listen! [../Podcast/OckhamRazor/CentenaryofHormone.mp3 13 minutes 32seconds 6.2 Mb mp3] \| [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/ ABC Radio Ockham's Razor] \| [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/stories/s1424926.htm ABC Radio Ockham's Razor Transcript] \| [../Podcast/podcast.htm About UNSW Embryology Podcasts]

	~~== Reading ==~~
	~~In general, not dealt with as a ‚Äúsystem‚Äù in many textbooks, so various chapters: nervous system, head, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive organs, etc.~~

	* '''Human Embryology '''(3rd ed.) Larson
	* '''The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology '''(6th ed.) Moore and Persaud Ch10: p230-233, Ch12: p280-282, Ch13: p319-347
	* Before We Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud
	* Essentials of Human Embryology Larson
	* Human Embryology Fitzgerald and Fitzgerald Ch24: p166-167
	* Search [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/medline.html PubMed- Medline]

	== Online Texbooks ==		== Online Texbooks ==

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Video

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	* [http://www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unit-nervous/nerv_htms/nerv016.htm Pituitary Gland]		* [http://www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unit-nervous/nerv_htms/nerv016.htm Pituitary Gland]

	~~=== Video ===~~
	== Development Overview ==		== Development Overview ==

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hypothalamus

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	===hypothalamus===		===hypothalamus===

	[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/endocrine16.htm hypothalamus Development Notes]		[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/endocrine16.htm hypothalamus Development Notes]

	* Neuroectoderm ‚Äì prosenecephalon
	* Diencephalon ‚Äì ventro-lateral wall intermediate zone proliferation
	* Mamillary bodies - form pea-sized swellings ventral wall of hypothalamus

	===Pineal===		===Pineal===

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Gonads

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	===Gonads===		===Gonads===

	(Covered in Sexual Differentiation) - [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/endocrine15.htm Endocrine Gonad Notes] \| [genital.htm Genital Development]		(Covered in Sexual Differentiation) - [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/endocrine15.htm Endocrine Gonad Notes] \| [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/genital.htm Genital Development]

	===Placenta===		===Placenta===

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Placenta

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	===Placenta===		===Placenta===

	[endocrine14.htm Endocrine Placenta Notes] \| [placenta.htm Placenta Development]		[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/endocrine14.htm Endocrine Placenta Notes] \| [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/placenta.htm Placenta Development]

	* Maternal (decidua) and Fetal (trophoblastic cells, extraembryonic mesoderm) components
	* Endocrine function- maternal and fetal precursors, synthesis and secretion
	* Hormones- protein and steroidal
	* Protein Hormones- chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) or placental lactogen (hPL), chorionic thyrotropin (hCT), chorionic corticotropin (hCACTH)
	* Steroid Hormones- progesterone (maintains pregnancy), estrogens (fetal adrenal/placenta)
	* hCG - up to 20 weeks, fetal adrenal cortex growth and maintenance
	* hCS ‚Äì rise through pregnancy, stimulates maternal metabolic processes, breast growth

	===Maternal===		===Maternal===

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Gonads

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	===Gonads===		===Gonads===

	(Covered in Sexual Differentiation) - [endocrine15.htm Endocrine Gonad Notes] \| [genital.htm Genital Development]		(Covered in Sexual Differentiation) - [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/endocrine15.htm Endocrine Gonad Notes] \| [genital.htm Genital Development]

	* Gonad- mesoderm (mesothelium and underlying mesenchyme) and primordial germ cells
	* Gonadal ridge ‚Äì mesothelium thickening, medial mesonephros
	* Primordial Germ cells- yolk sac, to mesentery of hindgut, to genital ridge of developing kidney
	* Gonad differentiation - dependent on presence (testes) or absence (ovaries) of expression of testis-determining factor (TDF) from Y chromosome
	* Testis
	* 8 Weeks ‚Äì mesenchyme, interstitial cells (of Leydig) secrete testosterone, androstenedione
	* 8 to 12 Weeks - hCG stimulates testosterone production
	* Sustentacular cells- produce anti-mullerian hormone to puberty
	* Ovary
	* X chromosome genes regulate ovary development

	===Placenta===		===Placenta===