Spermatozoa Development - Revision history

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2020-02-04T22:10:51Z

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	# Slow - (minutes) acrosomal swelling, triggered by activation of an adenylyl cyclase downstream of the opening of store-operated calcium channels. Determines the kinetics of the acrosome reaction.		# Slow - (minutes) acrosomal swelling, triggered by activation of an adenylyl cyclase downstream of the opening of store-operated calcium channels. Determines the kinetics of the acrosome reaction.



	* Exosomes - extracellular vesicles that are released from cells upon fusion of an intermediate endocytic compartment, the multivesicular body (MVB), with the plasma membrane.		* Exosomes - extracellular vesicles that are released from cells upon fusion of an intermediate endocytic compartment, the multivesicular body (MVB), with the plasma membrane.
	* Proteasomes - protein complexes which typically degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis.		* Proteasomes - protein complexes which typically degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis.

			====Acrosin====

			* '''Acrosin is essential for sperm penetration through the zona pellucida in hamsters''' [https://www.pnas.org/content/117/5/2513 PNAS February 4, 2020 117 (5) 2513-2518] "Mammalian {{oocyte}}s are surrounded by the {{zona pellucida}}, a glycoprotein coat that protects the oocyte and embryo from mechanical damage during their preimplantation development within the oviduct. Fertilizing {{spermatozoa}} must penetrate the zona, but we do not know the exact mechanisms underlying this process. Sperm proteases were thought to work as zona lysins, but gene-knockout studies in mice did not support this assumption. In this study, we generated hamsters without acrosin, the major acrosomal protease, to examine its role in both in vivo and in vitro fertilization. Surprisingly, mutant male hamsters were completely infertile because their spermatozoa were unable to penetrate the zona. We thus demonstrated that, at least in hamsters, acrosin is essential for sperm penetration through the zona."

			Human acrosin - {{Chr22}}q13.33

			:Links: [https://www.omim.org/entry/102480 OMIM - Acrosin]

	===Nucleus===		===Nucleus===

Z8600021 at 02:22, 2 December 2019

2019-12-02T02:22:05Z

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			* '''Mechanism of Acrosome Biogenesis in Mammals'''{{#pmid:31620437\|PMID31620437}} "During sexual reproduction, two haploid gametes fuse to form the zygote, and the acrosome is essential to this fusion process (fertilization) in animals. The acrosome is a special kind of organelle with a cap-like structure that covers the anterior portion of the head of the spermatozoon. The acrosome is derived from the Golgi apparatus and contains digestive enzymes. With the progress of our understanding of acrosome biogenesis, a number of models have been proposed to address the origin of the acrosome. The acrosome has been regarded as a lysosome-related organelle, and it has been proposed to have originated from the lysosome or the autolysosome. Our review will provide a brief historical overview and highlight recent findings on acrosome biogenesis in mammals."

	* '''The dynamics and regulation of chromatin remodeling during spermiogenesis'''{{#pmid:31085275\|PMID31085275}} "The functional sperm is the key factor for species continuation. The process spermatogenesis, to produce mature sperm is quite complex. It begins with the proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonia, which develop from primary spermatocytes to secondary spermatocytes and round spermatids, which eventually develop into fertile mature sperm. Spermiogenesis is the latest stage of spermatogenesis, where the round spermatids undergo a series of dramatic morphological changes and extreme condensation of chromatin to construct mature sperm with species-specific shape. During spermiogenesis, chromatin remodeling is a unique progress. It leads the nucleosome from a histone-based structure to a mostly protamine-based configuration. The main events of chromatin remodeling are the replacement of histone by histone variants, hyperacetylation, transient DNA strand breaks and repair, variants by transition proteins and finally by protamines. In this review, we synthesize and summarize the current knowledge on the progress of chromatin remodeling during spermiogenesis. We straighten out the chronological order of chromatin remodeling and illustrate the possible regulation mechanisms of each step."		* '''The dynamics and regulation of chromatin remodeling during spermiogenesis'''{{#pmid:31085275\|PMID31085275}} "The functional sperm is the key factor for species continuation. The process spermatogenesis, to produce mature sperm is quite complex. It begins with the proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonia, which develop from primary spermatocytes to secondary spermatocytes and round spermatids, which eventually develop into fertile mature sperm. Spermiogenesis is the latest stage of spermatogenesis, where the round spermatids undergo a series of dramatic morphological changes and extreme condensation of chromatin to construct mature sperm with species-specific shape. During spermiogenesis, chromatin remodeling is a unique progress. It leads the nucleosome from a histone-based structure to a mostly protamine-based configuration. The main events of chromatin remodeling are the replacement of histone by histone variants, hyperacetylation, transient DNA strand breaks and repair, variants by transition proteins and finally by protamines. In this review, we synthesize and summarize the current knowledge on the progress of chromatin remodeling during spermiogenesis. We straighten out the chronological order of chromatin remodeling and illustrate the possible regulation mechanisms of each step."

Z8600021 at 23:33, 3 Haziran 2019

2019-06-03T23:33:56Z

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	\|+ History - Spermatozoa Discovery (1677)		\|+ History - Spermatozoa Discovery (1677)
	\|-bgcolor="FAF5FF"		\|-bgcolor="FAF5FF"
	\| [[File:Leeuwenhoek.jpg\|alt=Anton van Leeuwenhoek\|100px]]		\| [[File:Leeuwenhoek.jpg\|alt=Anton van Leeuwenhoek\|100px\|left]] Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723), was a Dutch scientist who developed the early compound microscope. In 1677 on examination of his own ejaculate under the microscope, he identified tiny “''animalcules''” he found wriggling inside. He submitted this new observation to the Royal Society London, with the following caveat: “''If your Lordship should consider that these observations may disgust or scandalise the learned, I earnestly beg your Lordship to regard them as private and to publish or destroy them as your Lordship sees fit.''” Royal Society London 1677.
	\| Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723), was a Dutch scientist who developed the early compound microscope. In 1677 on examination of his own ejaculate under the microscope, he identified tiny “''animalcules''” he found wriggling inside. He submitted this new observation to the Royal Society London, with the following caveat: “''If your Lordship should consider that these observations may disgust or scandalise the learned, I earnestly beg your Lordship to regard them as private and to publish or destroy them as your Lordship sees fit.''” Royal Society London 1677.
	\|}		\|}
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Z8600021 at 23:32, 3 Haziran 2019

2019-06-03T23:32:45Z

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	===Primary Spermatocyte===		===Primary Spermatocyte===
	[[File:Testis histology 2.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Primary Spermatocyte\|Primary Spermatocyte]]		[[File:Testis histology 2.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Primary Spermatocyte\|Primary Spermatocyte]]
	The first large differentiating cell, ~~enter~~ the prophase of the first meiotic division.		The first large differentiating diploid (2N) cell before {{meiosis}} I, that enters the prophase of the first meiotic division.


	:'''Search PubMed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Primary+Spermatocyte ''Primary Spermatocyte'']		:'''Search PubMed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Primary+Spermatocyte ''Primary Spermatocyte'']
	===Secondary Spermatocyte===		===Secondary Spermatocyte===
	The second small ~~differentiating cell~~ that complete the second meiotic division. Histologically difficult to observe, these cells will complete meiosis, forming next the spermatid stage that is the immature morphological state of the spermatozoa.		The primary spermatocyte forms two second small cells that complete the second meiotic division to be haploid (N) . Histologically difficult to observe, these cells will complete meiosis, forming next the spermatid stage that is the immature morphological state of the spermatozoa.

Z8600021 at 02:39, 3 Haziran 2019

2019-06-03T02:39:59Z

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	\| [[File:Leeuwenhoek.jpg\|alt=Anton van Leeuwenhoek\|100px]]		\| [[File:Leeuwenhoek.jpg\|alt=Anton van Leeuwenhoek\|100px]]
	\| Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723), was a Dutch scientist who developed the early compound microscope. In 1677 on examination of his own ejaculate under the microscope, he identified tiny “''animalcules''” he found wriggling inside. He submitted this new observation to the Royal Society London, with the following caveat: “''If your Lordship should consider that these observations may disgust or scandalise the learned, I earnestly beg your Lordship to regard them as private and to publish or destroy them as your Lordship sees fit.''~~”Royal~~ Society London 1677.		\| Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723), was a Dutch scientist who developed the early compound microscope. In 1677 on examination of his own ejaculate under the microscope, he identified tiny “''animalcules''” he found wriggling inside. He submitted this new observation to the Royal Society London, with the following caveat: “''If your Lordship should consider that these observations may disgust or scandalise the learned, I earnestly beg your Lordship to regard them as private and to publish or destroy them as your Lordship sees fit.''” Royal Society London 1677.
	\|}		\|}
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Z8600021 at 02:39, 3 Haziran 2019

2019-06-03T02:39:09Z

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	\|+ History - Spermatozoa Discovery (1677)		\|+ History - Spermatozoa Discovery (1677)
	\|-bgcolor="FAF5FF"		\|-bgcolor="FAF5FF"
	\| [[File:Leeuwenhoek.jpg\|~~80px~~]]		\| [[File:Leeuwenhoek.jpg\|alt=Anton van Leeuwenhoek\|100px]]
	\| Anton van Leeuwenhoek, was a Dutch scientist who developed the early compound microscope. In 1677 on examination of his own ejaculate under the microscope, he identified tiny “''animalcules''” he found wriggling inside. He submitted this new observation to the Royal Society London, with the following caveat: “''If your Lordship should consider that these observations may disgust or scandalise the learned, I earnestly beg your Lordship to regard them as private and to publish or destroy them as your Lordship sees fit.''”Royal Society London 1677.		\| Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723), was a Dutch scientist who developed the early compound microscope. In 1677 on examination of his own ejaculate under the microscope, he identified tiny “''animalcules''” he found wriggling inside. He submitted this new observation to the Royal Society London, with the following caveat: “''If your Lordship should consider that these observations may disgust or scandalise the learned, I earnestly beg your Lordship to regard them as private and to publish or destroy them as your Lordship sees fit.''”Royal Society London 1677.
	\|}		\|}
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Z8600021 at 02:38, 3 Haziran 2019

2019-06-03T02:38:18Z

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	{\|		{\|
	\|+ History - Spermatozoa Discovery (1677)		\|+ History - Spermatozoa Discovery (1677)
	\|-		\|-bgcolor="FAF5FF"
	\| [[File:Leeuwenhoek.jpg\|80px]]		\| [[File:Leeuwenhoek.jpg\|80px]]
	\| Anton van Leeuwenhoek, was a Dutch scientist who developed the early compound microscope. In 1677 on examination of his own ejaculate under the microscope, he identified tiny “''animalcules''” he found wriggling inside. He submitted this new observation to the Royal Society London, with the following caveat: “''If your Lordship should consider that these observations may disgust or scandalise the learned, I earnestly beg your Lordship to regard them as private and to publish or destroy them as your Lordship sees fit.''”Royal Society London 1677.		\| Anton van Leeuwenhoek, was a Dutch scientist who developed the early compound microscope. In 1677 on examination of his own ejaculate under the microscope, he identified tiny “''animalcules''” he found wriggling inside. He submitted this new observation to the Royal Society London, with the following caveat: “''If your Lordship should consider that these observations may disgust or scandalise the learned, I earnestly beg your Lordship to regard them as private and to publish or destroy them as your Lordship sees fit.''”Royal Society London 1677.

Z8600021 at 02:34, 3 Haziran 2019

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	:''In a healthy adult human male it takes about 48 days from meiosis to produce a mature spermatozoa, and he produces somewhere between 45 to 207 million spermatozoa per day, or about 1 to 2,000 every second.'' (More? [[#Human Spermatazoa Statistics\|Statistics]])		:''In a healthy adult human male it takes about 48 days from meiosis to produce a mature spermatozoa, and he produces somewhere between 45 to 207 million spermatozoa per day, or about 1 to 2,000 every second.'' (More? [[#Human Spermatazoa Statistics\|Statistics]])
			<br>
			{\|
			\|+ History - Spermatozoa Discovery (1677)
			\|-
			\| [[File:Leeuwenhoek.jpg\|80px]]
			\| Anton van Leeuwenhoek, was a Dutch scientist who developed the early compound microscope. In 1677 on examination of his own ejaculate under the microscope, he identified tiny “''animalcules''” he found wriggling inside. He submitted this new observation to the Royal Society London, with the following caveat: “''If your Lordship should consider that these observations may disgust or scandalise the learned, I earnestly beg your Lordship to regard them as private and to publish or destroy them as your Lordship sees fit.''”Royal Society London 1677.
			\|}
			<br>
	{{Fertilization Links}}		{{Fertilization Links}}
	<br>		<br>
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	:'''Links:''' [http://omim.org/entry/613942 OMIM - SUN5]		:'''Links:''' [http://omim.org/entry/613942 OMIM - SUN5]

	==~~History~~ - ~~Spermatozoa Discovery (1677)~~==		===Infertility - Stem Cells===
	{\|		Recent studies have been able to transplant of own cryostored spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) is a promising technique for fertility restoration when the SSC pool has been depleted.{{#pmid:30448111\|PMID30448111}}
	~~\| Anton van Leeuwenhoek, was a Dutchman who developed the early compound microscope. In 1677 on examination~~ of ~~his~~ own ~~ejaculate under~~ the ~~microscope, he identified tiny “''animalcules''” he found wriggling inside~~. ~~He submitted this new observation to the Royal Society London, with the following caveat~~:


	:“''If your Lordship should consider that these observations may disgust or scandalise the learned, I earnestly beg your Lordship to regard them as private and to publish or destroy them as your Lordship sees fit.''”


	~~Royal Society London 1677.~~
	~~\| [[File:Leeuwenhoek.jpg\|150px]]~~

	~~Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723)~~
	\|}

	==Additional Images==		==Additional Images==

Z8600021 at 02:21, 3 Haziran 2019

2019-06-03T02:21:47Z

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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Spermatozoa+Development ''Spermatozoa Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Spermatogonia+Development ''Spermatogonia Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Spermatogonia+Stem+Cells ''Spermatogonia Stem Cells''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Spermatozoa+Meiosis ''Spermatozoa Meiosis''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Primary+Spermatocyte ''Primary Spermatocyte''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=~~Primary~~+~~Secondary~~ ''Secondary Spermatocyte''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Spermatid ''Spermatid''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Spermatogenesis ''Spermatogenesis''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Spermiogenesis ''Spermiogenesis''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Sertoli+Cell+Development ''Sertoli Cell Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Spermatozoa+Chemotaxis ''Spermatozoa Chemotaxis''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Acrosome ''Acrosome'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Spermatozoa+Development ''Spermatozoa Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Spermatogonia+Development ''Spermatogonia Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Spermatogonia+Stem+Cells ''Spermatogonia Stem Cells''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Spermatozoa+Meiosis ''Spermatozoa Meiosis''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Primary+Spermatocyte ''Primary Spermatocyte''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Secondary+Spermatocyte ''Secondary Spermatocyte''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Spermatid ''Spermatid''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Spermatogenesis ''Spermatogenesis''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Spermiogenesis ''Spermiogenesis''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Sertoli+Cell+Development ''Sertoli Cell Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Spermatozoa+Chemotaxis ''Spermatozoa Chemotaxis''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Acrosome ''Acrosome'']
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	:'''Search PubMed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=~~Primary~~+~~Secondary~~ ''Secondary Spermatocyte'']		:'''Search PubMed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Secondary+Spermatocyte ''Secondary Spermatocyte'']

	=== Differences in Mammalian Meioses ===		=== Differences in Mammalian Meioses ===

Z8600021 at 02:20, 3 Haziran 2019

2019-06-03T02:20:41Z

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			* '''The dynamics and regulation of chromatin remodeling during spermiogenesis'''{{#pmid:31085275\|PMID31085275}} "The functional sperm is the key factor for species continuation. The process spermatogenesis, to produce mature sperm is quite complex. It begins with the proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonia, which develop from primary spermatocytes to secondary spermatocytes and round spermatids, which eventually develop into fertile mature sperm. Spermiogenesis is the latest stage of spermatogenesis, where the round spermatids undergo a series of dramatic morphological changes and extreme condensation of chromatin to construct mature sperm with species-specific shape. During spermiogenesis, chromatin remodeling is a unique progress. It leads the nucleosome from a histone-based structure to a mostly protamine-based configuration. The main events of chromatin remodeling are the replacement of histone by histone variants, hyperacetylation, transient DNA strand breaks and repair, variants by transition proteins and finally by protamines. In this review, we synthesize and summarize the current knowledge on the progress of chromatin remodeling during spermiogenesis. We straighten out the chronological order of chromatin remodeling and illustrate the possible regulation mechanisms of each step."

	* '''Deficiency of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) leads to abnormal spermatogenesis and altered sperm physiology'''{{#pmid:30054911\|PMID30054911}} "In previous studies, we described the presence of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and its receptors (FGFRs) in human testis and sperm, which are involved in spermatogenesis and in motility regulation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the role of FGF-2 in the maintenance of sperm physiology using FGF-2 knockout (KO) mice. Our results showed that in wild-type (WT) animals, FGF-2 is expressed in germ cells of the seminiferous epithelium, in epithelial cells of the epididymis, and in the flagellum and acrosomal region of epididymal sperm.... Overall, our findings suggest that FGF-2 exerts a role in mammalian spermatogenesis and that the lack of FGF-2 leads to dysregulated sperm production and altered sperm morphology and function. FGF-2-deficient mice constitute a model for the study of the complex mechanisms underlying mammalian spermatogenesis."		* '''Deficiency of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) leads to abnormal spermatogenesis and altered sperm physiology'''{{#pmid:30054911\|PMID30054911}} "In previous studies, we described the presence of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and its receptors (FGFRs) in human testis and sperm, which are involved in spermatogenesis and in motility regulation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the role of FGF-2 in the maintenance of sperm physiology using FGF-2 knockout (KO) mice. Our results showed that in wild-type (WT) animals, FGF-2 is expressed in germ cells of the seminiferous epithelium, in epithelial cells of the epididymis, and in the flagellum and acrosomal region of epididymal sperm.... Overall, our findings suggest that FGF-2 exerts a role in mammalian spermatogenesis and that the lack of FGF-2 leads to dysregulated sperm production and altered sperm morphology and function. FGF-2-deficient mice constitute a model for the study of the complex mechanisms underlying mammalian spermatogenesis."

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	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}

	* '''Temporal trends in sperm count- a systematic review and meta-regression analysis'''~~<ref>[https~~://academic.oup.com/humupd/article/doi/10.1093/humupd/dmx022/4035689/Temporal-trends-in-sperm-count-a-systematic-review Temporal trends in sperm count- a systematic review and meta-regression analysis]</ref> " Review Sperm Counts in Western Men May Have Decreased by 50 Percent Over 40 Years. This comprehensive meta-regression analysis reports a significant decline in sperm counts (as measured by SC and TSC) between 1973 and 2011, driven by a 50–60% decline among men unselected by fertility from North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand."		* '''Temporal trends in sperm count- a systematic review and meta-regression analysis'''{{#pmid:28981654\|PMID28981654}} " Review Sperm Counts in Western Men May Have Decreased by 50 Percent Over 40 Years. This comprehensive meta-regression analysis reports a significant decline in sperm counts (as measured by SC and TSC) between 1973 and 2011, driven by a 50–60% decline among men unselected by fertility from North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand."

	* '''Morphometric dimensions of the human sperm head depend on the staining method used.'''{{#pmid:20400771\|PMID20400771}} "Different staining techniques change the morphometric dimensions of the human sperm head, probably due to the fact that either the fixatives or stains are not iso-osmotic in relation to human semen."		* '''Morphometric dimensions of the human sperm head depend on the staining method used.'''{{#pmid:20400771\|PMID20400771}} "Different staining techniques change the morphometric dimensions of the human sperm head, probably due to the fact that either the fixatives or stains are not iso-osmotic in relation to human semen."