Smooth Muscle Development - Revision history

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	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! More recent papers		! More recent papers
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

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	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Smooth muscle histology 002.jpg\|thumb\|Colon wall smooth muscle layers]]		[[File:Smooth muscle histology 002.jpg\|thumb\|Colon wall smooth muscle layers]]
	There are 3 different types of muscle: [[Musculoskeletal System - Muscle Development\|skeletal]], [[Cardiovascular_System_Development\|cardiac]] and [[Smooth_Muscle_Development\|smooth]]. This page describes smooth muscle development, descriptions of cardiac muscle and smooth muscle development can be found in other notes.		There are 3 different types of muscle: [[Musculoskeletal System - Muscle Development\|skeletal]], [[Cardiovascular_System_Development\|cardiac]] and [[Smooth_Muscle_Development\|smooth]]. This page describes smooth muscle development, descriptions of cardiac muscle and smooth muscle development can be found in other notes. A specialised type of type of smooth located in glandular epithelium are myoepithelial cells.

Z8600021 at 02:52, 24 August 2015

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	==Cardiovascular==		==Cardiovascular==
			[[File:Vein histology 02.jpg\|thumb\|Vein histology]]

	===Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells===		===Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells===

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 * Smooth muscle is non-striated in appearance, lacking the regular organisation of sarcomeres seen in skeletal and cardiac muscle.
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 * other
 ==Histology Images==

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	'''Review - Heterogeneity in vascular smooth muscle cell embryonic origin in relation to adult structure, physiology, and disease'''<ref name=PMID25546231><pubmed>25546231</pubmed></ref> "Regional differences in vascular physiology and disease response exist throughout the vascular tree. While these differences in physiology and disease correspond to regional vascular environmental conditions, there is also compelling evidence that the embryonic origins of the smooth muscle inherent to the vessels may play a role. Here, we review what is known regarding the role of embryonic origin of vascular smooth muscle cells during vascular development. The focus of this review is to highlight the heterogeneity in the origins of vascular smooth muscle cells and the resulting regional physiologies of the vessels. Our goal is to stimulate future investigation into this area and provide a better understanding of vascular organogenesis and disease."		* '''Review - Heterogeneity in vascular smooth muscle cell embryonic origin in relation to adult structure, physiology, and disease'''<ref name=PMID25546231><pubmed>25546231</pubmed></ref> "Regional differences in vascular physiology and disease response exist throughout the vascular tree. While these differences in physiology and disease correspond to regional vascular environmental conditions, there is also compelling evidence that the embryonic origins of the smooth muscle inherent to the vessels may play a role. Here, we review what is known regarding the role of embryonic origin of vascular smooth muscle cells during vascular development. The focus of this review is to highlight the heterogeneity in the origins of vascular smooth muscle cells and the resulting regional physiologies of the vessels. Our goal is to stimulate future investigation into this area and provide a better understanding of vascular organogenesis and disease."
	* '''Embryonic origins of human vascular smooth muscle cells: implications for in vitro modeling and clinical application'''<ref name=PMID24442477 ><pubmed>24442477</pubmed>\| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031394 PMC4031394]</ref> "Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) arise from multiple origins during development, raising the possibility that differences in embryological origins between SMCs could contribute to site-specific localization of vascular diseases. In this review, we first examine the developmental pathways and embryological origins of vascular SMCs and then discuss in vitro strategies for deriving SMCs from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)."		* '''Embryonic origins of human vascular smooth muscle cells: implications for in vitro modeling and clinical application'''<ref name=PMID24442477 ><pubmed>24442477</pubmed>\| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031394 PMC4031394]</ref> "Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) arise from multiple origins during development, raising the possibility that differences in embryological origins between SMCs could contribute to site-specific localization of vascular diseases. In this review, we first examine the developmental pathways and embryological origins of vascular SMCs and then discuss in vitro strategies for deriving SMCs from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)."
	* '''Prdm6 is essential for cardiovascular development in vivo'''<ref name=PMID24278461><pubmed>24278461</pubmed></ref> "Complete deletion of Prdm6 results in embryonic lethality due to cardiovascular defects associated with aberrations in vascular patterning. However, smooth muscle cells could be regularly differentiated from Prdm6-deficient embryonic stem cells and vascular smooth muscle cells were present and proliferated normally in Prdm6-deficient embryos. Conditional deletion of Prdm6 in the smooth muscle cell lineage using a SM22-Cre driver line resulted in perinatal lethality due to hemorrhage in the lungs. We thus identified Prdm6 as a factor that is essential for the physiological control of cardiovascular development."		* '''Prdm6 is essential for cardiovascular development in vivo'''<ref name=PMID24278461><pubmed>24278461</pubmed></ref> "Complete deletion of Prdm6 results in embryonic lethality due to cardiovascular defects associated with aberrations in vascular patterning. However, smooth muscle cells could be regularly differentiated from Prdm6-deficient embryonic stem cells and vascular smooth muscle cells were present and proliferated normally in Prdm6-deficient embryos. Conditional deletion of Prdm6 in the smooth muscle cell lineage using a SM22-Cre driver line resulted in perinatal lethality due to hemorrhage in the lungs. We thus identified Prdm6 as a factor that is essential for the physiological control of cardiovascular development."

Z8600021 at 02:48, 24 August 2015

2015-08-24T02:48:02Z

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	There are 3 different types of muscle: [[Musculoskeletal System - Muscle Development\|skeletal]], [[Cardiovascular_System_Development\|cardiac]] and [[Smooth_Muscle_Development\|smooth]]. This page describes smooth muscle development, descriptions of cardiac muscle and smooth muscle development can be found in other notes.		There are 3 different types of muscle: [[Musculoskeletal System - Muscle Development\|skeletal]], [[Cardiovascular_System_Development\|cardiac]] and [[Smooth_Muscle_Development\|smooth]]. This page describes smooth muscle development, descriptions of cardiac muscle and smooth muscle development can be found in other notes.

	* Smooth muscle is mesoderm in origin and contributes to many different tissues including the muscular wall of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, artery walls, bladder wall, uterus, seminiferous tubules and ductus deferens.
			* Smooth muscle is mesoderm, and also neural crest, in origin and contributes to many different tissues including the muscular wall of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, artery walls, bladder wall, uterus, seminiferous tubules and ductus deferens.
	* Smooth muscle is non-striated in appearance, lacking the regular organisation of sarcomeres seen in skeletal and cardiac muscle.		* Smooth muscle is non-striated in appearance, lacking the regular organisation of sarcomeres seen in skeletal and cardiac muscle.

Z8600021 at 02:39, 24 August 2015

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	'''Review - Heterogeneity in vascular smooth muscle cell embryonic origin in relation to adult structure, physiology, and disease'''<ref name=PMID25546231><pubmed>25546231</pubmed></ref> "Regional differences in vascular physiology and disease response exist throughout the vascular tree. While these differences in physiology and disease correspond to regional vascular environmental conditions, there is also compelling evidence that the embryonic origins of the smooth muscle inherent to the vessels may play a role. Here, we review what is known regarding the role of embryonic origin of vascular smooth muscle cells during vascular development. The focus of this review is to highlight the heterogeneity in the origins of vascular smooth muscle cells and the resulting regional physiologies of the vessels. Our goal is to stimulate future investigation into this area and provide a better understanding of vascular organogenesis and disease. ~~. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. KEYWORDS: cellular origins and fates; embryonic development; vascular organogenesis~~		'''Review - Heterogeneity in vascular smooth muscle cell embryonic origin in relation to adult structure, physiology, and disease'''<ref name=PMID25546231><pubmed>25546231</pubmed></ref> "Regional differences in vascular physiology and disease response exist throughout the vascular tree. While these differences in physiology and disease correspond to regional vascular environmental conditions, there is also compelling evidence that the embryonic origins of the smooth muscle inherent to the vessels may play a role. Here, we review what is known regarding the role of embryonic origin of vascular smooth muscle cells during vascular development. The focus of this review is to highlight the heterogeneity in the origins of vascular smooth muscle cells and the resulting regional physiologies of the vessels. Our goal is to stimulate future investigation into this area and provide a better understanding of vascular organogenesis and disease."

	* '''Embryonic origins of human vascular smooth muscle cells: implications for in vitro modeling and clinical application'''<ref name=PMID24442477 ><pubmed>24442477</pubmed>\| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031394 PMC4031394]</ref> "Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) arise from multiple origins during development, raising the possibility that differences in embryological origins between SMCs could contribute to site-specific localization of vascular diseases. In this review, we first examine the developmental pathways and embryological origins of vascular SMCs and then discuss in vitro strategies for deriving SMCs from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)."		* '''Embryonic origins of human vascular smooth muscle cells: implications for in vitro modeling and clinical application'''<ref name=PMID24442477 ><pubmed>24442477</pubmed>\| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031394 PMC4031394]</ref> "Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) arise from multiple origins during development, raising the possibility that differences in embryological origins between SMCs could contribute to site-specific localization of vascular diseases. In this review, we first examine the developmental pathways and embryological origins of vascular SMCs and then discuss in vitro strategies for deriving SMCs from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)."
	* '''Prdm6 is essential for cardiovascular development in vivo'''<ref name=PMID24278461><pubmed>24278461</pubmed></ref> "Complete deletion of Prdm6 results in embryonic lethality due to cardiovascular defects associated with aberrations in vascular patterning. However, smooth muscle cells could be regularly differentiated from Prdm6-deficient embryonic stem cells and vascular smooth muscle cells were present and proliferated normally in Prdm6-deficient embryos. Conditional deletion of Prdm6 in the smooth muscle cell lineage using a SM22-Cre driver line resulted in perinatal lethality due to hemorrhage in the lungs. We thus identified Prdm6 as a factor that is essential for the physiological control of cardiovascular development."		* '''Prdm6 is essential for cardiovascular development in vivo'''<ref name=PMID24278461><pubmed>24278461</pubmed></ref> "Complete deletion of Prdm6 results in embryonic lethality due to cardiovascular defects associated with aberrations in vascular patterning. However, smooth muscle cells could be regularly differentiated from Prdm6-deficient embryonic stem cells and vascular smooth muscle cells were present and proliferated normally in Prdm6-deficient embryos. Conditional deletion of Prdm6 in the smooth muscle cell lineage using a SM22-Cre driver line resulted in perinatal lethality due to hemorrhage in the lungs. We thus identified Prdm6 as a factor that is essential for the physiological control of cardiovascular development."
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	:Links: [[Testis Development]] \| [[Spermatozoa Development]]		:Links: [[Testis Development]] \| [[Spermatozoa Development]]

			==Cardiovascular==

			===Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells===

			Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) progenitors are recruited into the early developing blood vessels. These progenitors have various embryonic origins (see review<ref name=PMID25546231><pubmed>25546231</pubmed></ref>) including:
			* splanchnic mesoderm (e.g. aorta)
			* somitic mesoderm (e.g. aorta)
			* neural crest (e.g. pharyngeal arch arteries)
			* mesothelia (e.g. trunk vasculature)
			* other

	==Locations==		==Locations==

Z8600021 at 02:27, 24 August 2015

2015-08-24T02:27:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:27, 24 August 2015
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			'''Review - Heterogeneity in vascular smooth muscle cell embryonic origin in relation to adult structure, physiology, and disease'''<ref name=PMID25546231><pubmed>25546231</pubmed></ref> "Regional differences in vascular physiology and disease response exist throughout the vascular tree. While these differences in physiology and disease correspond to regional vascular environmental conditions, there is also compelling evidence that the embryonic origins of the smooth muscle inherent to the vessels may play a role. Here, we review what is known regarding the role of embryonic origin of vascular smooth muscle cells during vascular development. The focus of this review is to highlight the heterogeneity in the origins of vascular smooth muscle cells and the resulting regional physiologies of the vessels. Our goal is to stimulate future investigation into this area and provide a better understanding of vascular organogenesis and disease. . © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. KEYWORDS: cellular origins and fates; embryonic development; vascular organogenesis

	* '''Embryonic origins of human vascular smooth muscle cells: implications for in vitro modeling and clinical application'''<ref name=PMID24442477 ><pubmed>24442477</pubmed>\| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031394 PMC4031394]</ref> "Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) arise from multiple origins during development, raising the possibility that differences in embryological origins between SMCs could contribute to site-specific localization of vascular diseases. In this review, we first examine the developmental pathways and embryological origins of vascular SMCs and then discuss in vitro strategies for deriving SMCs from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)."		* '''Embryonic origins of human vascular smooth muscle cells: implications for in vitro modeling and clinical application'''<ref name=PMID24442477 ><pubmed>24442477</pubmed>\| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031394 PMC4031394]</ref> "Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) arise from multiple origins during development, raising the possibility that differences in embryological origins between SMCs could contribute to site-specific localization of vascular diseases. In this review, we first examine the developmental pathways and embryological origins of vascular SMCs and then discuss in vitro strategies for deriving SMCs from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)."
	* '''Prdm6 is essential for cardiovascular development in vivo'''<ref name=PMID24278461><pubmed>24278461</pubmed></ref> "Complete deletion of Prdm6 results in embryonic lethality due to cardiovascular defects associated with aberrations in vascular patterning. However, smooth muscle cells could be regularly differentiated from Prdm6-deficient embryonic stem cells and vascular smooth muscle cells were present and proliferated normally in Prdm6-deficient embryos. Conditional deletion of Prdm6 in the smooth muscle cell lineage using a SM22-Cre driver line resulted in perinatal lethality due to hemorrhage in the lungs. We thus identified Prdm6 as a factor that is essential for the physiological control of cardiovascular development."		* '''Prdm6 is essential for cardiovascular development in vivo'''<ref name=PMID24278461><pubmed>24278461</pubmed></ref> "Complete deletion of Prdm6 results in embryonic lethality due to cardiovascular defects associated with aberrations in vascular patterning. However, smooth muscle cells could be regularly differentiated from Prdm6-deficient embryonic stem cells and vascular smooth muscle cells were present and proliferated normally in Prdm6-deficient embryos. Conditional deletion of Prdm6 in the smooth muscle cell lineage using a SM22-Cre driver line resulted in perinatal lethality due to hemorrhage in the lungs. We thus identified Prdm6 as a factor that is essential for the physiological control of cardiovascular development."
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	== References ==		== References ==
	<references/>		<references/>

			===Reviews===

			<pubmed>25546231</pubmed>

	===Search PubMed===		===Search PubMed===

Z8600021 at 07:05, 20 October 2014

2014-10-20T07:05:32Z

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	==Peritubular Myoid Cell Layer==		==Peritubular Myoid Cell Layer==
	[[:File:Spermatogenesis_cartoon_01.jpg\|thumb\|Seminiferous tubule cartoon]]		[[File:Spermatogenesis_cartoon_01.jpg\|thumb\|Seminiferous tubule cartoon]]
	The contractile cell layer (myoid cell layer) found in all mammalian species located in the testis surrounding the seminiferous tubule. Their contractile activity aids spermatozoa and fluid movement in the tubule. These cells lie in the tunica propria outside the basement membrane and type I collagen layer and beneath a lymphatic layer. The organisation of this layer varies between species several cellular layers in human and some other animals, a single cell layer in rodents (rats, hamsters and mice).<ref><pubmed>8727359</pubmed></ref>		The contractile cell layer (myoid cell layer) found in all mammalian species located in the testis surrounding the seminiferous tubule. Their contractile activity aids spermatozoa and fluid movement in the tubule. These cells lie in the tunica propria outside the basement membrane and type I collagen layer and beneath a lymphatic layer. The organisation of this layer varies between species several cellular layers in human and some other animals, a single cell layer in rodents (rats, hamsters and mice).<ref><pubmed>8727359</pubmed></ref>

Z8600021 at 07:02, 20 October 2014

2014-10-20T07:02:39Z

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	==Peritubular Myoid Cell Layer===		==Peritubular Myoid Cell Layer==
	[[:File:Spermatogenesis_cartoon_01.jpg\|thumb\|Seminiferous tubule cartoon]]		[[:File:Spermatogenesis_cartoon_01.jpg\|thumb\|Seminiferous tubule cartoon]]
	The contractile cell layer (myoid cell layer) found in all mammalian species located in the testis surrounding the seminiferous tubule. Their contractile activity aids spermatozoa and fluid movement in the tubule. These cells lie in the tunica propria outside the basement membrane and type I collagen layer and beneath a lymphatic layer. The organisation of this layer varies between species several cellular layers in human and some other animals, a single cell layer in rodents (rats, hamsters and mice).<ref><pubmed>8727359</pubmed></ref>		The contractile cell layer (myoid cell layer) found in all mammalian species located in the testis surrounding the seminiferous tubule. Their contractile activity aids spermatozoa and fluid movement in the tubule. These cells lie in the tunica propria outside the basement membrane and type I collagen layer and beneath a lymphatic layer. The organisation of this layer varies between species several cellular layers in human and some other animals, a single cell layer in rodents (rats, hamsters and mice).<ref><pubmed>8727359</pubmed></ref>
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	:Links: [[Testis Development]] \| [[Spermatozoa Development]]		:Links: [[Testis Development]] \| [[Spermatozoa Development]]

			==Locations==
			* Gastrointestinal tract
			* Cardiovascular - Blood vessel and lymphatic vessel walls.
			* Renal - Urinary bladder
			* Genital - Uterus, Male and female reproductive tracts
			* Respiratory tract
			* Integumentary - erector pili of skin
			* Sensory - ciliary muscle and iris of the eye.

	==Histology Images==		==Histology Images==
	{{SmMhistolinks}}		{{SmMhistolinks}}