Sensory - Taste Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 06:10, 26 February 2022

2022-02-26T06:10:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:10, 26 February 2022
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			* '''Nkx2-2 expressing taste cells in endoderm-derived taste papillae are committed to the type III lineage'''{{#pmid:34097879\|PMID34097879}} "In mammals, multiple cell-signaling pathways and transcription factors regulate development of the embryonic taste system and turnover of taste cells in the adult stage. Using single-cell RNA-Seq of mouse taste cells, we found that the homeobox-containing transcription factor Nkx2-2, a target of the Sonic Hedgehog pathway and a key regulator of the development and regeneration of multiple cell types in the body, is highly expressed in type III taste cells but not in type II or taste stem cells. Using in situ hybridization and immunostaining, we confirmed that Nkx2-2 is expressed specifically in type III taste cells in the endoderm-derived circumvallate and foliate taste papillae but not in the ectoderm-derived fungiform papillae. Lineage tracing revealed that Nkx2-2-expressing cells differentiate into type III, but not type II or type I cells in circumvallate and foliate papillae. Neonatal Nkx2-2-knockout mice did not express key type III taste cell marker genes, while the expression of type II and type I taste cell marker genes were unaffected in these mice. Our findings indicate that Nkx2-2-expressing cells are committed to the type III lineage and that Nkx2-2 may be critical for the development of type III taste cells in the posterior tongue, thus illustrating a key difference in the mechanism of type III cell lineage specification between ectoderm- and endoderm-derived taste fields."

	* '''Taste buds are not derived from {{neural crest}} in {{mouse}}, {{chicken}}, and {{zebrafish}}'''{{#pmid:33326797\|PMID33326797}} "Our lineage tracing studies using multiple Cre mouse lines showed a concurrent labeling of abundant taste bud cells and the underlying connective tissue with a neural crest (NC) origin, warranting a further examination on the issue of whether there is an NC derivation of taste bud cells. In this study, we mapped NC cell lineages in three different models, Sox10-iCreERT2/tdT mouse, GFP+ neural fold transplantation to GFP- chickens, and Sox10-Cre/GFP-RFP {{zebrafish}} model. We found that in mice, Sox10-iCreERT2 specifically labels NC cell lineages with a single dose of tamoxifen at {{ME7.5}} and that the labeled cells were widely distributed in the connective tissue of the tongue. No labeled cells were found in taste buds or the surrounding epithelium in the postnatal mice. In the GFP+/GFP- chicken chimera model, GFP+ cells migrated extensively to the cranial region of {{chicken}} embryos ipsilateral to the surgery side but were absent in taste buds in the base of oral cavity and palate. In {{zebrafish}}, Sox10-Cre/GFP-RFP faithfully labeled known NC-derived tissues but did not label taste buds in lower jaw or the barbel. Our data, together with previous findings in axolotl, indicate that taste buds are not derived from {{neural crest}} cells in rodents, birds, amphibians or teleost fish."		* '''Taste buds are not derived from {{neural crest}} in {{mouse}}, {{chicken}}, and {{zebrafish}}'''{{#pmid:33326797\|PMID33326797}} "Our lineage tracing studies using multiple Cre mouse lines showed a concurrent labeling of abundant taste bud cells and the underlying connective tissue with a neural crest (NC) origin, warranting a further examination on the issue of whether there is an NC derivation of taste bud cells. In this study, we mapped NC cell lineages in three different models, Sox10-iCreERT2/tdT mouse, GFP+ neural fold transplantation to GFP- chickens, and Sox10-Cre/GFP-RFP {{zebrafish}} model. We found that in mice, Sox10-iCreERT2 specifically labels NC cell lineages with a single dose of tamoxifen at {{ME7.5}} and that the labeled cells were widely distributed in the connective tissue of the tongue. No labeled cells were found in taste buds or the surrounding epithelium in the postnatal mice. In the GFP+/GFP- chicken chimera model, GFP+ cells migrated extensively to the cranial region of {{chicken}} embryos ipsilateral to the surgery side but were absent in taste buds in the base of oral cavity and palate. In {{zebrafish}}, Sox10-Cre/GFP-RFP faithfully labeled known NC-derived tissues but did not label taste buds in lower jaw or the barbel. Our data, together with previous findings in axolotl, indicate that taste buds are not derived from {{neural crest}} cells in rodents, birds, amphibians or teleost fish."

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	* '''Induction of ectopic taste buds by SHH reveals the competency and plasticity of adult lingual epithelium'''{{#pmid:24993944\|PMID24993944}} "Taste buds are assemblies of elongated epithelial cells, which are innervated by gustatory nerves that transmit taste information to the brain stem. Taste cells are continuously renewed throughout life via proliferation of epithelial progenitors, but the molecular regulation of this process remains unknown. During embryogenesis, sonic hedgehog (SHH) negatively regulates taste bud patterning, such that inhibition of SHH causes the formation of more and larger taste bud primordia, including in regions of the tongue normally devoid of taste buds. ... As innervation is required for SHH expression by endogenous taste buds, our data suggest that SHH can replace the need for innervation to drive the entire program of taste bud differentiation."		* '''Induction of ectopic taste buds by SHH reveals the competency and plasticity of adult lingual epithelium'''{{#pmid:24993944\|PMID24993944}} "Taste buds are assemblies of elongated epithelial cells, which are innervated by gustatory nerves that transmit taste information to the brain stem. Taste cells are continuously renewed throughout life via proliferation of epithelial progenitors, but the molecular regulation of this process remains unknown. During embryogenesis, sonic hedgehog (SHH) negatively regulates taste bud patterning, such that inhibition of SHH causes the formation of more and larger taste bud primordia, including in regions of the tongue normally devoid of taste buds. ... As innervation is required for SHH expression by endogenous taste buds, our data suggest that SHH can replace the need for innervation to drive the entire program of taste bud differentiation."

	* '''CALHM1 ion channel mediates purinergic neurotransmission of sweet, bitter and umami tastes'''{{#pmid:23467090\|PMID23467090}} "Recognition of sweet, bitter and umami tastes requires the non-vesicular release from taste bud cells of ATP, which acts as a neurotransmitter to activate afferent neural gustatory pathways. However, how ATP is released to fulfil this function is not fully understood. Here we show that calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1), a voltage-gated ion channel, is indispensable for taste-stimuli-evoked ATP release from sweet-, bitter- and umami-sensing taste bud cells."

	* '''Developing a sense of taste'''{{#pmid:23182899\|PMID23182899}} "Taste buds are found in a distributed array on the tongue surface, and are innervated by cranial nerves that convey taste information to the brain. For nearly a century, taste buds were thought to be induced by nerves late in embryonic development. However, this view has shifted dramatically. A host of studies now indicate that taste bud development is initiated and proceeds via processes that are nerve-independent, occur long before birth, and governed by cellular and molecular mechanisms intrinsic to the developing tongue. Here we review the state of our understanding of the molecular and cellular regulation of taste bud development, incorporating important new data obtained through the use of two powerful genetic systems, mouse and zebrafish."		* '''Developing a sense of taste'''{{#pmid:23182899\|PMID23182899}} "Taste buds are found in a distributed array on the tongue surface, and are innervated by cranial nerves that convey taste information to the brain. For nearly a century, taste buds were thought to be induced by nerves late in embryonic development. However, this view has shifted dramatically. A host of studies now indicate that taste bud development is initiated and proceeds via processes that are nerve-independent, occur long before birth, and governed by cellular and molecular mechanisms intrinsic to the developing tongue. Here we review the state of our understanding of the molecular and cellular regulation of taste bud development, incorporating important new data obtained through the use of two powerful genetic systems, mouse and zebrafish."
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			* '''CALHM1 ion channel mediates purinergic neurotransmission of sweet, bitter and umami tastes'''{{#pmid:23467090\|PMID23467090}} "Recognition of sweet, bitter and umami tastes requires the non-vesicular release from taste bud cells of ATP, which acts as a neurotransmitter to activate afferent neural gustatory pathways. However, how ATP is released to fulfil this function is not fully understood. Here we show that calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1), a voltage-gated ion channel, is indispensable for taste-stimuli-evoked ATP release from sweet-, bitter- and umami-sensing taste bud cells."

	* '''FGF Signaling Regulates the Number of Posterior Taste Papillae by Controlling Progenitor Field Size'''{{#pmid:21655085\|PMID21655085}} "The sense of taste is fundamental to our ability to ingest nutritious substances and to detect and avoid potentially toxic ones. Sensory taste buds are housed in papillae that develop from epithelial placodes. Three distinct types of gustatory papillae reside on the rodent tongue: small fungiform papillae are found in the anterior tongue, whereas the posterior tongue contains the larger foliate papillae and a single midline circumvallate papilla (CVP). ...Here, we report that a balance between Sprouty (Spry) genes and Fgf10, which respectively antagonize and activate receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, regulates the number of CVPs."		* '''FGF Signaling Regulates the Number of Posterior Taste Papillae by Controlling Progenitor Field Size'''{{#pmid:21655085\|PMID21655085}} "The sense of taste is fundamental to our ability to ingest nutritious substances and to detect and avoid potentially toxic ones. Sensory taste buds are housed in papillae that develop from epithelial placodes. Three distinct types of gustatory papillae reside on the rodent tongue: small fungiform papillae are found in the anterior tongue, whereas the posterior tongue contains the larger foliate papillae and a single midline circumvallate papilla (CVP). ...Here, we report that a balance between Sprouty (Spry) genes and Fgf10, which respectively antagonize and activate receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, regulates the number of CVPs."

Z8600021 at 06:06, 26 February 2022

2022-02-26T06:06:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:06, 26 February 2022
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Taste+Development ''Taste Development'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Taste+Development ''Taste Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Taste+Embryology ''Taste Embryology'']

	\|}		\|}

Z8600021 at 06:02, 26 February 2022

2022-02-26T06:02:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:02, 26 February 2022
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			* '''Taste buds are not derived from {{neural crest}} in {{mouse}}, {{chicken}}, and {{zebrafish}}'''{{#pmid:33326797\|PMID33326797}} "Our lineage tracing studies using multiple Cre mouse lines showed a concurrent labeling of abundant taste bud cells and the underlying connective tissue with a neural crest (NC) origin, warranting a further examination on the issue of whether there is an NC derivation of taste bud cells. In this study, we mapped NC cell lineages in three different models, Sox10-iCreERT2/tdT mouse, GFP+ neural fold transplantation to GFP- chickens, and Sox10-Cre/GFP-RFP {{zebrafish}} model. We found that in mice, Sox10-iCreERT2 specifically labels NC cell lineages with a single dose of tamoxifen at {{ME7.5}} and that the labeled cells were widely distributed in the connective tissue of the tongue. No labeled cells were found in taste buds or the surrounding epithelium in the postnatal mice. In the GFP+/GFP- chicken chimera model, GFP+ cells migrated extensively to the cranial region of {{chicken}} embryos ipsilateral to the surgery side but were absent in taste buds in the base of oral cavity and palate. In {{zebrafish}}, Sox10-Cre/GFP-RFP faithfully labeled known NC-derived tissues but did not label taste buds in lower jaw or the barbel. Our data, together with previous findings in axolotl, indicate that taste buds are not derived from {{neural crest}} cells in rodents, birds, amphibians or teleost fish."

	* '''Review - Developing and regenerating a sense of taste'''{{#pmid:25662267\|PMID25662267}} "In this review, we highlight new findings in the field of taste development, including how taste buds are patterned and how taste cell fate is regulated. We discuss whether a specialized taste bud stem cell population exists and how extrinsic signals can define which cell lineages are generated. We also address the question of whether molecular regulation of taste cell renewal is analogous to that of taste bud development."		* '''Review - Developing and regenerating a sense of taste'''{{#pmid:25662267\|PMID25662267}} "In this review, we highlight new findings in the field of taste development, including how taste buds are patterned and how taste cell fate is regulated. We discuss whether a specialized taste bud stem cell population exists and how extrinsic signals can define which cell lineages are generated. We also address the question of whether molecular regulation of taste cell renewal is analogous to that of taste bud development."

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	* '''Developing a sense of taste'''{{#pmid:23182899\|PMID23182899}} "Taste buds are found in a distributed array on the tongue surface, and are innervated by cranial nerves that convey taste information to the brain. For nearly a century, taste buds were thought to be induced by nerves late in embryonic development. However, this view has shifted dramatically. A host of studies now indicate that taste bud development is initiated and proceeds via processes that are nerve-independent, occur long before birth, and governed by cellular and molecular mechanisms intrinsic to the developing tongue. Here we review the state of our understanding of the molecular and cellular regulation of taste bud development, incorporating important new data obtained through the use of two powerful genetic systems, mouse and zebrafish."		* '''Developing a sense of taste'''{{#pmid:23182899\|PMID23182899}} "Taste buds are found in a distributed array on the tongue surface, and are innervated by cranial nerves that convey taste information to the brain. For nearly a century, taste buds were thought to be induced by nerves late in embryonic development. However, this view has shifted dramatically. A host of studies now indicate that taste bud development is initiated and proceeds via processes that are nerve-independent, occur long before birth, and governed by cellular and molecular mechanisms intrinsic to the developing tongue. Here we review the state of our understanding of the molecular and cellular regulation of taste bud development, incorporating important new data obtained through the use of two powerful genetic systems, mouse and zebrafish."

	* '''FGF Signaling Regulates the Number of Posterior Taste Papillae by Controlling Progenitor Field Size'''{{#pmid:21655085\|PMID21655085}} "The sense of taste is fundamental to our ability to ingest nutritious substances and to detect and avoid potentially toxic ones. Sensory taste buds are housed in papillae that develop from epithelial placodes. Three distinct types of gustatory papillae reside on the rodent tongue: small fungiform papillae are found in the anterior tongue, whereas the posterior tongue contains the larger foliate papillae and a single midline circumvallate papilla (CVP). ...Here, we report that a balance between Sprouty (Spry) genes and Fgf10, which respectively antagonize and activate receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, regulates the number of CVPs."

	* '''Fate mapping of mammalian embryonic taste bud progenitors'''{{#pmid:19363153\|PMID19363153}} "Mammalian taste buds have properties of both epithelial and neuronal cells, and are thus developmentally intriguing. Taste buds differentiate at birth within epithelial appendages, termed taste papillae, which arise at mid-gestation as epithelial thickenings or placodes. ...we demonstrate that Shh-expressing embryonic taste placodes are taste bud progenitors, which give rise to at least two different adult taste cell types, but do not contribute to taste papillae. Strikingly, placodally descendant taste cells disappear early in adult life."
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Taste+Development ''Taste Development'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Taste+Development ''Taste Development'']

	~~<pubmed limit~~=5>Taste~~+Development</pubmed>~~		\|}
			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! Older papers
			\|-
			\|
			* '''FGF Signaling Regulates the Number of Posterior Taste Papillae by Controlling Progenitor Field Size'''{{#pmid:21655085\|PMID21655085}} "The sense of taste is fundamental to our ability to ingest nutritious substances and to detect and avoid potentially toxic ones. Sensory taste buds are housed in papillae that develop from epithelial placodes. Three distinct types of gustatory papillae reside on the rodent tongue: small fungiform papillae are found in the anterior tongue, whereas the posterior tongue contains the larger foliate papillae and a single midline circumvallate papilla (CVP). ...Here, we report that a balance between Sprouty (Spry) genes and Fgf10, which respectively antagonize and activate receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, regulates the number of CVPs."

			* '''Fate mapping of mammalian embryonic taste bud progenitors'''{{#pmid:19363153\|PMID19363153}} "Mammalian taste buds have properties of both epithelial and neuronal cells, and are thus developmentally intriguing. Taste buds differentiate at birth within epithelial appendages, termed taste papillae, which arise at mid-gestation as epithelial thickenings or placodes. ...we demonstrate that Shh-expressing embryonic taste placodes are taste bud progenitors, which give rise to at least two different adult taste cell types, but do not contribute to taste papillae. Strikingly, placodally descendant taste cells disappear early in adult life."
	\|}		\|}
	==Development Timing==		==Development Timing==

Z8600021 at 13:13, 11 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-11T13:13:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:13, 11 Mayıs 2019
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	==Tongue Development==		==Tongue Development==
	[[File:Developing_tongue_histology_001.jpg\|thumb\|Neonatal rat tongue]]		[[File:Developing_tongue_histology_001.jpg\|thumb\|Neonatal rat tongue]]
	~~<gallery>~~
	~~File:~~Tongue ~~01.jpg~~		{{Tongue cartoon gallery}}
	~~File:Tongue 02.jpg~~
	~~File:Tongue 03.jpg~~
	~~</gallery>~~

	==Taste Buds==		==Taste Buds==

Z8600021 at 06:31, 31 Ocak 2019

2019-01-31T06:31:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:31, 31 Ocak 2019
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	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
			{{#pmid:25878207}}

	{{#pmid:21184814}}		{{#pmid:21184814}}

			{{#pmid:21048297}}

	{{#pmid:20696704}}		{{#pmid:20696704}}

			{{#pmid:3911888}}
	===Articles===		===Articles===
	{{#pmid:19505346}}		{{#pmid:19505346}}

Z8600021 at 06:29, 31 Ocak 2019

2019-01-31T06:29:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:29, 31 Ocak 2019
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	{{#pmid:20696704}}		{{#pmid:20696704}}
	===Articles===		===Articles===
			{{#pmid:19505346}}

	===Search PubMed===		===Search PubMed===

Z8600021 at 00:28, 3 July 2018

2018-07-03T00:28:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:28, 3 July 2018
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	'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=taste%20system%20development Taste System Development] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=tongue%20development Tongue Development]		'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=taste%20system%20development Taste System Development] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=tongue%20development Tongue Development]

			===Historic===
			{{Ref-Torrey1940}}


	==Additional Images==		==Additional Images==

Z8600021 at 11:28, 13 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-13T11:28:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:28, 13 Mayıs 2018
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	Images and data.{{#pmid:25299669\|PMID25299669}}		Images and data.{{#pmid:25299669\|PMID25299669}}

	:'''Links:''' {{mouse}} \| {{~~Pax~~}}		:'''Links:''' {{mouse}} \| {{PAX}}

	==Abnormalities==		==Abnormalities==

Z8600021 at 11:27, 13 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-13T11:27:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:27, 13 Mayıs 2018
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	Images and data.{{#pmid:25299669\|PMID25299669}}		Images and data.{{#pmid:25299669\|PMID25299669}}

	:'''Links:''' ~~[[Mouse Development]]~~ \| ~~[[Developmental Signals -~~ Pax~~\|Pax]]~~		:'''Links:''' {{mouse}} \| {{Pax}}

			==Abnormalities==



	== References ==		== References ==
	<references/>		<references/>

Z8600021 at 08:47, 10 March 2018

2018-03-10T08:47:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:47, 10 March 2018
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	{{Header}}		{{Header}}
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Tongue_-_taste_cartoon.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Tongue taste map~~<ref><pubmed>~~17108952~~</pubmed></ref>~~]]		[[File:Tongue_-_taste_cartoon.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Tongue taste map{{#pmid:17108952\|PMID17108952}}]]
	[[File:Taste- gustatory system neuroanatomy.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Gustatory system neuroanatomy~~<ref><pubmed>~~17903280~~</pubmed></ref>~~]]		[[File:Taste- gustatory system neuroanatomy.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Gustatory system neuroanatomy{{#pmid:17903280\|PMID17903280}}]]
	These notes introduce the development of the sense of taste which can divided into five basic tastes: bitter, salty, sweet, [[U#umami\|umami]] (savoury) and sour. Current research appears to have displaced the historic concept of a tongue "map".		These notes introduce the development of the sense of taste which can divided into five basic tastes: bitter, salty, sweet, [[U#umami\|umami]] (savoury) and sour. Current research appears to have displaced the historic concept of a tongue "map".


	A study in rat suggests that neonatal changes in circumvallate papillae may result in postnatal changes in "taste".~~<ref><pubmed>~~11474141~~</pubmed></ref>~~		A study in rat suggests that neonatal changes in circumvallate papillae may result in postnatal changes in "taste".{{#pmid:11474141\|PMID11474141}}


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	* '''Review - Developing and regenerating a sense of taste'''~~<ref name=~~PMID25662267~~><pubmed>25662267</pubmed></ref>~~ "In this review, we highlight new findings in the field of taste development, including how taste buds are patterned and how taste cell fate is regulated. We discuss whether a specialized taste bud stem cell population exists and how extrinsic signals can define which cell lineages are generated. We also address the question of whether molecular regulation of taste cell renewal is analogous to that of taste bud development."		* '''Review - Developing and regenerating a sense of taste'''{{#pmid:25662267\|PMID25662267}} "In this review, we highlight new findings in the field of taste development, including how taste buds are patterned and how taste cell fate is regulated. We discuss whether a specialized taste bud stem cell population exists and how extrinsic signals can define which cell lineages are generated. We also address the question of whether molecular regulation of taste cell renewal is analogous to that of taste bud development."
	* '''Induction of ectopic taste buds by SHH reveals the competency and plasticity of adult lingual epithelium'''~~<ref name=~~PMID24993944~~><pubmed>24993944</pubmed></ref>~~ "Taste buds are assemblies of elongated epithelial cells, which are innervated by gustatory nerves that transmit taste information to the brain stem. Taste cells are continuously renewed throughout life via proliferation of epithelial progenitors, but the molecular regulation of this process remains unknown. During embryogenesis, sonic hedgehog (SHH) negatively regulates taste bud patterning, such that inhibition of SHH causes the formation of more and larger taste bud primordia, including in regions of the tongue normally devoid of taste buds. ... As innervation is required for SHH expression by endogenous taste buds, our data suggest that SHH can replace the need for innervation to drive the entire program of taste bud differentiation."
	* '''CALHM1 ion channel mediates purinergic neurotransmission of sweet, bitter and umami tastes'''~~<ref name=PMID23467090><pubmed>~~23467090~~</pubmed>~~\| ~~[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11906.html Nature]</ref>~~ "Recognition of sweet, bitter and umami tastes requires the non-vesicular release from taste bud cells of ATP, which acts as a neurotransmitter to activate afferent neural gustatory pathways. However, how ATP is released to fulfil this function is not fully understood. Here we show that calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1), a voltage-gated ion channel, is indispensable for taste-stimuli-evoked ATP release from sweet-, bitter- and umami-sensing taste bud cells."		* '''Induction of ectopic taste buds by SHH reveals the competency and plasticity of adult lingual epithelium'''{{#pmid:24993944\|PMID24993944}} "Taste buds are assemblies of elongated epithelial cells, which are innervated by gustatory nerves that transmit taste information to the brain stem. Taste cells are continuously renewed throughout life via proliferation of epithelial progenitors, but the molecular regulation of this process remains unknown. During embryogenesis, sonic hedgehog (SHH) negatively regulates taste bud patterning, such that inhibition of SHH causes the formation of more and larger taste bud primordia, including in regions of the tongue normally devoid of taste buds. ... As innervation is required for SHH expression by endogenous taste buds, our data suggest that SHH can replace the need for innervation to drive the entire program of taste bud differentiation."
	* '''Developing a sense of taste'''~~<ref name=~~PMID23182899~~><pubmed>23182899</pubmed></ref>~~ "Taste buds are found in a distributed array on the tongue surface, and are innervated by cranial nerves that convey taste information to the brain. For nearly a century, taste buds were thought to be induced by nerves late in embryonic development. However, this view has shifted dramatically. A host of studies now indicate that taste bud development is initiated and proceeds via processes that are nerve-independent, occur long before birth, and governed by cellular and molecular mechanisms intrinsic to the developing tongue. Here we review the state of our understanding of the molecular and cellular regulation of taste bud development, incorporating important new data obtained through the use of two powerful genetic systems, mouse and zebrafish."
	* '''FGF Signaling Regulates the Number of Posterior Taste Papillae by Controlling Progenitor Field Size'''~~<ref><pubmed>~~21655085~~</pubmed>\| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107195 PMC3107195]~~ \| ~~http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002098 PLoS Genetics]</ref>~~ "The sense of taste is fundamental to our ability to ingest nutritious substances and to detect and avoid potentially toxic ones. Sensory taste buds are housed in papillae that develop from epithelial placodes. Three distinct types of gustatory papillae reside on the rodent tongue: small fungiform papillae are found in the anterior tongue, whereas the posterior tongue contains the larger foliate papillae and a single midline circumvallate papilla (CVP). ...Here, we report that a balance between Sprouty (Spry) genes and Fgf10, which respectively antagonize and activate receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, regulates the number of CVPs."		* '''CALHM1 ion channel mediates purinergic neurotransmission of sweet, bitter and umami tastes'''{{#pmid:23467090\|PMID23467090}} "Recognition of sweet, bitter and umami tastes requires the non-vesicular release from taste bud cells of ATP, which acts as a neurotransmitter to activate afferent neural gustatory pathways. However, how ATP is released to fulfil this function is not fully understood. Here we show that calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1), a voltage-gated ion channel, is indispensable for taste-stimuli-evoked ATP release from sweet-, bitter- and umami-sensing taste bud cells."
	* '''Fate mapping of mammalian embryonic taste bud progenitors'''~~<ref><pubmed>~~19363153~~</pubmed></ref>~~"Mammalian taste buds have properties of both epithelial and neuronal cells, and are thus developmentally intriguing. Taste buds differentiate at birth within epithelial appendages, termed taste papillae, which arise at mid-gestation as epithelial thickenings or placodes. ...we demonstrate that Shh-expressing embryonic taste placodes are taste bud progenitors, which give rise to at least two different adult taste cell types, but do not contribute to taste papillae. Strikingly, placodally descendant taste cells disappear early in adult life."
			* '''Developing a sense of taste'''{{#pmid:23182899\|PMID23182899}} "Taste buds are found in a distributed array on the tongue surface, and are innervated by cranial nerves that convey taste information to the brain. For nearly a century, taste buds were thought to be induced by nerves late in embryonic development. However, this view has shifted dramatically. A host of studies now indicate that taste bud development is initiated and proceeds via processes that are nerve-independent, occur long before birth, and governed by cellular and molecular mechanisms intrinsic to the developing tongue. Here we review the state of our understanding of the molecular and cellular regulation of taste bud development, incorporating important new data obtained through the use of two powerful genetic systems, mouse and zebrafish."

			* '''FGF Signaling Regulates the Number of Posterior Taste Papillae by Controlling Progenitor Field Size'''{{#pmid:21655085\|PMID21655085}} "The sense of taste is fundamental to our ability to ingest nutritious substances and to detect and avoid potentially toxic ones. Sensory taste buds are housed in papillae that develop from epithelial placodes. Three distinct types of gustatory papillae reside on the rodent tongue: small fungiform papillae are found in the anterior tongue, whereas the posterior tongue contains the larger foliate papillae and a single midline circumvallate papilla (CVP). ...Here, we report that a balance between Sprouty (Spry) genes and Fgf10, which respectively antagonize and activate receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, regulates the number of CVPs."

			* '''Fate mapping of mammalian embryonic taste bud progenitors'''{{#pmid:19363153\|PMID19363153}} "Mammalian taste buds have properties of both epithelial and neuronal cells, and are thus developmentally intriguing. Taste buds differentiate at birth within epithelial appendages, termed taste papillae, which arise at mid-gestation as epithelial thickenings or placodes. ...we demonstrate that Shh-expressing embryonic taste placodes are taste bud progenitors, which give rise to at least two different adult taste cell types, but do not contribute to taste papillae. Strikingly, placodally descendant taste cells disappear early in adult life."
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	\|}		\|}
	==Development Timing==		==Development Timing==
	These are human embryonic timings~~<ref><pubmed>~~8955790~~</pubmed></ref>~~, not clinical which is based on last menstral period +2 weeks {{GA}}.		These are human embryonic timings{{#pmid:8955790\|PMID8955790}}, not clinical which is based on last menstral period +2 weeks {{GA}}.

	'''Week 6''' - gustatory papilla, caudal midline near the foramen caecum		'''Week 6''' - gustatory papilla, caudal midline near the foramen caecum
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	* project to non-gustatory hindbrain regions (spinal trigeminal nucleus)		* project to non-gustatory hindbrain regions (spinal trigeminal nucleus)

	(text based on: Embryonic origin of gustatory cranial sensory neurons.~~<ref><pubmed>~~17826760~~</pubmed></ref>~~)		(text based on: Embryonic origin of gustatory cranial sensory neurons.{{#pmid:17826760\|PMID17826760}})

	==Stage 22==		==Stage 22==
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	\|}		\|}

	Images and data.~~<ref name=PMID25299669><pubmed>~~25299669~~</pubmed>~~\| ~~[http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004709 PLoS Genet.]</ref>~~		Images and data.{{#pmid:25299669\|PMID25299669}}

	:'''Links:''' [[Mouse Development]] \| [[Developmental Signals - Pax\|Pax]]		:'''Links:''' [[Mouse Development]] \| [[Developmental Signals - Pax\|Pax]]
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	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
	~~<pubmed>~~21184814~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:21184814}}
	~~<pubmed>20696704</pubmed>\| [http://jcb.rupress.org/content/190/3/285.full JCB]~~

			{{#pmid:20696704}}
	===Articles===		===Articles===
	~~<pubmed></pubmed>~~

	===Search PubMed===		===Search PubMed===