P - Revision history

Z8600021 at 02:46, 31 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-31T02:46:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:46, 31 Mayıs 2019
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	:(PDMS-2) An early postnatal neurological assessment scale used in screening and diagnosis of neural development.		:(PDMS-2) An early postnatal neurological assessment scale used in screening and diagnosis of neural development.

	:(More? [[Neural ~~System Development~~\|Neural~~]] \| [[Neural System - Postnatal]]~~)		:(More? {{Neural{{ \| {{Neural postnatal}})

	===parenchymal===		===parenchymal===
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	:(PID, [[E#endometritis\|endometritis]], salpingitis) Pathology due to an ascending infection of the upper female genital tract, usually a sexually transmitted disease (STD), mainly by Gram-negative bacteria. May also occur following childbirth, miscarriage, or a surgical procedure.		:(PID, [[E#endometritis\|endometritis]], salpingitis) Pathology due to an ascending infection of the upper female genital tract, usually a sexually transmitted disease (STD), mainly by Gram-negative bacteria. May also occur following childbirth, miscarriage, or a surgical procedure.

	:(More? [[Uterus Development~~]] \| [[Abnormal_Development_-_Ectopic_Implantation~~\|Ectopic ~~Implantation]]~~)		:(More? {{Uterus Development}} \| {{Ectopic implantation}})

	===pelvis===		===pelvis===
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	:Each early developing pharyngeal arch contains a horseshoe shaped band of cartilage that acts as a template and contributes to the development of head and neck bony and cartilagenous features, including the middle ear bones. Pharyngeal Arch 1 cartilage (Meckel's cartilage) dorsal ends form malleus and incus midpart forms ligaments (ant. malleus, sphenomandibular) ventral part forms mandible template. Pharyngeal Arch 2 cartilage (Reichert's cartilage) dorsal ends form stapes and Temporal bone styloid process, ventral part ossifies to form hyoid bone components, lesser cornu and superior body. Pharyngeal Arch 3 cartilage forms hyoid components, greater cornu and inferior part of hyoid. Pharyngeal Arch 4 and 6 cartilage forms laryngeal cartilages except epiglottis (from hypobranchial eminence).		:Each early developing pharyngeal arch contains a horseshoe shaped band of cartilage that acts as a template and contributes to the development of head and neck bony and cartilagenous features, including the middle ear bones. Pharyngeal Arch 1 cartilage (Meckel's cartilage) dorsal ends form malleus and incus midpart forms ligaments (ant. malleus, sphenomandibular) ventral part forms mandible template. Pharyngeal Arch 2 cartilage (Reichert's cartilage) dorsal ends form stapes and Temporal bone styloid process, ventral part ossifies to form hyoid bone components, lesser cornu and superior body. Pharyngeal Arch 3 cartilage forms hyoid components, greater cornu and inferior part of hyoid. Pharyngeal Arch 4 and 6 cartilage forms laryngeal cartilages except epiglottis (from hypobranchial eminence).

	:(More? [[Head ~~Development]]~~ \| [[Lecture - Sensory Development]] \| ~~[[Neural Crest Development\|~~Neural ~~Crest]] \| [[Hearing_-_Middle_Ear_Development~~\|Middle ~~Ear]]~~)		:(More? {{Head}} \| [[Lecture - Sensory Development]] \| {{Neural crest}} \| {{Middle ear}})

	===pharyngeal arch nerve===		===pharyngeal arch nerve===
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	:(More? Review - PMID 17185323)		:(More? Review - PMID 17185323)

	~~===polyembryoma of the ovary===~~

	:A rare form of mixed germ cell tumour that can occur in both gonads (polyembryoma of the testes). The tumour recapitulates early embryonic development with an embryoid body, yolk sac, and amniotic cavity. Many embryoid bodies (poly) can be present and also contain teratomatous glands.

	~~:(More? [[Genital_System_-_Abnormalities\|Genital Abnormalities]] \| [[Ovary Development]] \| Testis Development]] \| PMID 15761467 PMID 6176314)~~
	~~[[File:Fetal polyhydramnios MRI-01.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|Fetal polyhydramnios]]~~
	~~===polyhydramnios===~~
	:(hydramnios, amniotic fluid disorder) A term referring to an excess volume of amniotic fluid, often measured by ultrasound. The opposite term for low amniotic fluid volume is [[O#oligohydramnios\|oligohydramnios]].

	===polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon===		===polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon===
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	:(PAH) A family of multiphasic fused aromatic rings of carbon compounds generated in the air mainly by fossil fuel combustion. Maternal exposure to some specific PAHs during pregnancy may induce fetal DNA damage, histone modification, and chromosome abnormalities.		:(PAH) A family of multiphasic fused aromatic rings of carbon compounds generated in the air mainly by fossil fuel combustion. Maternal exposure to some specific PAHs during pregnancy may induce fetal DNA damage, histone modification, and chromosome abnormalities.

	:(More? ~~[[Abnormal Development - Chemicals]]~~ \| PMID 22545107)		:(More? {{chemicals}} \| PMID 22545107)

	===polycystic ovary syndrome===		===polycystic ovary syndrome===
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	:(PCOS) or Stein-Leventhal syndrome (1930s researchers) Clinical term for a metabolic syndrome leading to [[A#anovulation\|anovulation]] and with many other symptoms ( hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance). Ovarian cysts arise through incomplete follicular development or failure of ovulation (anovulation). A range of drugs can be used to induce ovulation in these women. PCOS is a relatively common disorder, affecting 5 million women of reproductive-age in the United States. Symptoms include: irregular or no menstrual periods in women of reproductive age (ovulatory dysfunction), acne, weight gain, excess hair growth on the face and body (hirsutism), thinning scalp hair, ovarian cysts (polycystic ovarian morphology) and mental health problems.		:(PCOS) or Stein-Leventhal syndrome (1930s researchers) Clinical term for a metabolic syndrome leading to [[A#anovulation\|anovulation]] and with many other symptoms ( hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance). Ovarian cysts arise through incomplete follicular development or failure of ovulation (anovulation). A range of drugs can be used to induce ovulation in these women. PCOS is a relatively common disorder, affecting 5 million women of reproductive-age in the United States. Symptoms include: irregular or no menstrual periods in women of reproductive age (ovulatory dysfunction), acne, weight gain, excess hair growth on the face and body (hirsutism), thinning scalp hair, ovarian cysts (polycystic ovarian morphology) and mental health problems.

	:(More? [[Genital ~~System - Abnormalities]]~~ \| [[Ovary_Development#Polycystic_Ovary_Syndrome\|Ovary Abnormalities]] \| [[Menstrual Cycle]])		:(More? {{Genital abnormalities}} \| [[Ovary_Development#Polycystic_Ovary_Syndrome\|Ovary Abnormalities]] \| [[Menstrual Cycle]])

			===polydactyly===
			[[Image:Polydactylia.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|link=Musculoskeletal_System_-_Limb_Abnormalities#Polydactyly\|Polydactyly]]
			:(polydactylia or polydactylism) A developmental abnormality resulting in an additional fingers or toes. Occasional there is aslo a combination of polydactyly with [[S#syndactyly\|syndactyly]] is known as [[P#polysyndactyly\|polysyndactyly]].

			:(More? {{Limb abnormalities}} \| [[Lecture - Limb Development]])

	===polyestrous===		===polyestrous===
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	:(More? [[Estrous Cycle]])		:(More? [[Estrous Cycle]])

			===polyembryoma of the ovary===

			:A rare form of mixed germ cell tumour that can occur in both gonads (polyembryoma of the testes). The tumour recapitulates early embryonic development with an embryoid body, yolk sac, and amniotic cavity. Many embryoid bodies (poly) can be present and also contain teratomatous glands.

			:(More? [[Genital_System_-_Abnormalities\|Genital Abnormalities]] \| [[Ovary Development]] \| Testis Development]] \| PMID 15761467 PMID 6176314)
			[[File:Fetal polyhydramnios MRI-01.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|Fetal polyhydramnios]]

			===polyhydramnios===
			:(hydramnios, amniotic fluid disorder) A term referring to an excess volume of amniotic fluid, often measured by ultrasound. The opposite term for low amniotic fluid volume is [[O#oligohydramnios\|oligohydramnios]].


	===polysialic acid===		===polysialic acid===
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	:(More? [[Abnormal_Development_-_Hydatidiform_Mole\|Hydatidiform Mole]] \| [[Fertilization]] \| )		:(More? [[Abnormal_Development_-_Hydatidiform_Mole\|Hydatidiform Mole]] \| [[Fertilization]] \| )

	~~===polydactyly===~~
	~~[[Image:Polydactylia.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|link=Musculoskeletal_System_-_Limb_Abnormalities#Polydactyly\|Polydactyly]]~~
	:(polydactylia or polydactylism) A developmental abnormality resulting in an additional fingers or toes. Occasional there is aslo a combination of polydactyly with [[S#syndactyly\|syndactyly]] is known as [[P#polysyndactyly\|polysyndactyly]].

	~~:(More? [[Musculoskeletal_System_-_Limb_Abnormalities\|Limb Abnormalities]] \| [[Lecture - Limb Development]])~~

	===polyploidy===		===polyploidy===
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	:An abnormal digit (finger or toe) development resulting in a combination of [[P#polydactyly\|polydactyly]] (additional digit) with [[S#syndactyly\|syndactyly]] (digit fusion).		:An abnormal digit (finger or toe) development resulting in a combination of [[P#polydactyly\|polydactyly]] (additional digit) with [[S#syndactyly\|syndactyly]] (digit fusion).

	:(More? ~~[[Musculoskeletal_System_-_Limb_Abnormalities\|~~Limb ~~Abnormalities]]~~ \| [[Lecture - Limb Development]])		:(More? {{Limb abnormalities}} \| [[Lecture - Limb Development]])

			===polytocous===
			:Polytocous animals (for example {{pig}}, {{mouse}}, {{rat}}) produce many eggs or young at one time, compared to humans that mainly monotocous.

	===ponderal index===		===ponderal index===

Z8600021 at 03:55, 27 March 2019

2019-03-27T03:55:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:55, 27 March 2019
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	==={{polar body}}===		==={{polar body}}===

	:A small cytoplasmic exclusion body formed from the excess DNA formed during the oocyte (egg) ~~[[M#~~meiosis~~\|meiotic cycle]]~~ and following ~~sperm [[F#fertilization\|~~fertilization]]. There are 2-3 polar bodies derived from the oocyte present in the zygote, the number is dependent upon whether polar body 1 (the first polar body formed during meiosis 1) divides during meiosis 2. This exclusion body contains the excess DNA from the reductive division (the second and third polar bodies are formed from meiosis 2 at [[F#fertilization\|fertilization]]). These polar bodies do not contribute to the genetic complement of the zygote, [[E#embryo\|embryo]] or [[F#fetus\|fetus]]. Recent research in some species suggest that the space formed by the peripheral polar body (between the oocyte and the zona pellucia) can influence site of spermatozoa ~~[[F#fertilization\|~~fertilization]].		:The {{polar body}} is a small cytoplasmic exclusion body formed from the excess DNA formed during the oocyte (egg) {{meiosis}} and following spermatozoa {{fertilization}}. There are 2-3 polar bodies derived from the oocyte present in the zygote, the number is dependent upon whether polar body 1 (the first polar body formed during meiosis 1) divides during meiosis 2. This exclusion body contains the excess DNA from the reductive division (the second and third polar bodies are formed from meiosis 2 at [[F#fertilization\|fertilization]]). These polar bodies do not contribute to the genetic complement of the zygote, [[E#embryo\|embryo]] or [[F#fetus\|fetus]]. Recent research in some species suggest that the space formed by the peripheral polar body (between the oocyte and the zona pellucia) can influence site of spermatozoa {{fertilization}}.

	:(More? {{polar body}} \| {{Oocyte}} \| {{meiosis}} \| [[Week 1]])		:(More? {{polar body}} \| {{Oocyte}} \| {{meiosis}} \| {{fertilization}} \| [[Week 1]])

	===polar body biopsy===		===polar body biopsy===

Z8600021 at 03:53, 27 March 2019

2019-03-27T03:53:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:53, 27 March 2019
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	===perivitelline space===		===perivitelline space===

	:(PVS) space between the oocyte (egg) and the surrounding zona pellucida, enlarged in the region where the polar body lies. In mice this has been shown to influence the site sperm entry independent of any asymmetry of the oocyte membrane.		:(PVS) space between the oocyte (egg) and the surrounding zona pellucida, enlarged in the region where the {{polar body}} lies. In mice this has been shown to influence the site sperm entry independent of any asymmetry of the oocyte membrane.

	:(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_5.htm Week 1 - Fertilization] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16620153 PMID16620153])		:(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_5.htm Week 1 - Fertilization] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16620153 PMID16620153])
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	[[File:Early_zygote_labelled.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|link=Oocyte Development\|Polar bodies]]		[[File:Early_zygote_labelled.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|link=Oocyte Development\|Polar bodies]]
	===polar body===		==={{polar body}}===

	:A small cytoplasmic exclusion body formed from the excess DNA formed during the oocyte (egg) [[M#meiosis\|meiotic cycle]] and following sperm [[F#fertilization\|fertilization]]. There are 2-3 polar bodies derived from the oocyte present in the zygote, the number is dependent upon whether polar body 1 (the first polar body formed during meiosis 1) divides during meiosis 2. This exclusion body contains the excess DNA from the reductive division (the second and third polar bodies are formed from meiosis 2 at [[F#fertilization\|fertilization]]). These polar bodies do not contribute to the genetic complement of the zygote, [[E#embryo\|embryo]] or [[F#fetus\|fetus]]. Recent research in some species suggest that the space formed by the peripheral polar body (between the oocyte and the zona pellucia) can influence site of spermatozoa [[F#fertilization\|fertilization]].		:A small cytoplasmic exclusion body formed from the excess DNA formed during the oocyte (egg) [[M#meiosis\|meiotic cycle]] and following sperm [[F#fertilization\|fertilization]]. There are 2-3 polar bodies derived from the oocyte present in the zygote, the number is dependent upon whether polar body 1 (the first polar body formed during meiosis 1) divides during meiosis 2. This exclusion body contains the excess DNA from the reductive division (the second and third polar bodies are formed from meiosis 2 at [[F#fertilization\|fertilization]]). These polar bodies do not contribute to the genetic complement of the zygote, [[E#embryo\|embryo]] or [[F#fetus\|fetus]]. Recent research in some species suggest that the space formed by the peripheral polar body (between the oocyte and the zona pellucia) can influence site of spermatozoa [[F#fertilization\|fertilization]].

	:(More? [[Oocyte ~~Development]]~~ \| {{meiosis}} \| [[Week 1]])		:(More? {{polar body}} \| {{Oocyte}} \| {{meiosis}} \| [[Week 1]])

	===polar body biopsy===		===polar body biopsy===

Z8600021 at 01:26, 5 March 2019

2019-03-05T01:26:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:26, 5 March 2019
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	:(More? [[Stem Cells]])		:(More? [[Stem Cells]])

			===PM2.5===
			:Acronym for particulate matter, fine inhalable particles with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller. Particulate matter {{air pollution}} has been recently identified as having adverse effects on prenatal development.

			:(More? {{air pollution}})
			===PM10===
			:Acronym for particulate matter, inhalable particles with diameters that are generally 10 micrometers and smaller;. Particulate matter {{air pollution}} has been recently identified as having adverse effects on prenatal development.

			:(More? {{air pollution}})
	===PMS===		===PMS===

Z8600021 at 01:03, 22 November 2018

2018-11-22T01:03:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:03, 22 November 2018
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	:(More? [[Neural System Development]] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10753959 PMID10753959])		:(More? [[Neural System Development]] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10753959 PMID10753959])
	[[File:~~Pancreas adult~~.jpg\|150px\|link=Endocrine_-_Pancreas_Development\|{{pancreas}}]]		[[File:Pancreatic duct developing.jpg\|150px\|link=Endocrine_-_Pancreas_Development\|{{pancreas}}]]
	===pancreas===		===pancreas===

Z8600021 at 01:02, 22 November 2018

2018-11-22T01:02:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:02, 22 November 2018
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	:(More? [[Neural System Development]] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10753959 PMID10753959])		:(More? [[Neural System Development]] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10753959 PMID10753959])
			[[File:Pancreas adult.jpg\|150px\|link=Endocrine_-_Pancreas_Development\|{{pancreas}}]]
	===pancreas===		===pancreas===

	:The gastrointestinal tract associated organ with both exocrine (pH change and digestive enzyme secretion) and endocrine (hormone secretion) functions. In humans, the pancreas develops at the foregut/midgut junction (the septum transversum) and initially form connected to the gastrointestinal tract as two pancreatic buds (dorsal and ventral ~~[[E#~~endoderm~~\|endoderm]]~~) which later fuse to form a single organ. The pancreas exocrine function (alkylate acidic stomach contents and amylase protein digestion) begins mainly fter birth. The endocrine function (alpha cell - glucagon, delta cell - somatostatin, beta cell - insulin) can be measured from 10 to 15 weeks onward.		:The gastrointestinal tract associated organ with both exocrine (pH change and digestive enzyme secretion) and endocrine (hormone secretion) functions. In humans, the pancreas develops at the foregut/midgut junction (the septum transversum) and initially form connected to the gastrointestinal tract as two pancreatic buds (dorsal and ventral {{endoderm}}) which later fuse to form a single organ. The pancreas exocrine function (alkylate acidic stomach contents and amylase protein digestion) begins mainly fter birth. The endocrine function (alpha cell - glucagon, delta cell - somatostatin, beta cell - insulin) can be measured from 10 to 15 weeks onward.

	:(More? [[Gastrointestinal_Tract_-_Pancreas_Development\|Gastrointestinal Tract ~~- Pancreas]] \| [[Endocrine_-_Pancreas_Development\|Endocrine Development~~ - Pancreas]])		:(More? {{Pancreas}} \| [[Gastrointestinal_Tract_-_Pancreas_Development\|Gastrointestinal Tract - Pancreas]])

	===pancreatitis-associated protein -III===		===pancreatitis-associated protein -III===
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	:(PAP-III) a macrophage chemoattractant, implicated in nerve regeneration as it has been shown to be induced and released from injured nerves.		:(PAP-III) a macrophage chemoattractant, implicated in nerve regeneration as it has been shown to be induced and released from injured nerves.

	:(More? [http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/26/28/7460 ~~Journal of~~ Neuroscience Paper])		:(More? [http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/26/28/7460 J Neuroscience Paper])

	===Paneth cell===		===Paneth cell===
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	:([[M#Müllerian_duct\|Müllerian duct]]) (Greek, ''para'' = "beside") The paired ducts that lie beside the [[M#mesonephric_duct\|mesonephric ducts]], that will differentiate in the female [[E#embryo\|embryo]] to form the female internal genital tract (uterine tubes, [[U#uterus\|uterus]], upper vaginal canal). Paramesonephric duct differentiation in females requires [[W#Wnt\|Wnt (Wnt7a, Wnt5a) signaling]] through the intracellular β-catenin pathway.		:([[M#Müllerian_duct\|Müllerian duct]]) (Greek, ''para'' = "beside") The paired ducts that lie beside the [[M#mesonephric_duct\|mesonephric ducts]], that will differentiate in the female [[E#embryo\|embryo]] to form the female internal genital tract (uterine tubes, [[U#uterus\|uterus]], upper vaginal canal). Paramesonephric duct differentiation in females requires [[W#Wnt\|Wnt (Wnt7a, Wnt5a) signaling]] through the intracellular β-catenin pathway.

	:(More? [[Uterus ~~Development]]~~ \| [[Genital - Female Development]] \| [[Genital ~~System Development]]~~)		:(More? {{Uterus}} \| [[Genital - Female Development]] \| {{Genital}})

	===paranasal sinuses===		===paranasal sinuses===

Z8600021 at 22:20, 20 Haziran 2018

2018-06-20T22:20:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:20, 21 Haziran 2018
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	:'''p''' used to identify the chromosome short arm (possibly French, ''petit'') and used along with chromosome and band number to indicate genes located on this arm of the chromosome. The chromosome long arm is identified as [[Q#q\|'''q''']] (possibly French, ''tall'') chosen as next letter in alphabet after p. These chromosomal arms are only seen when the chromosome is folded for cell division.		:'''p''' used to identify the chromosome short arm (possibly French, ''petit'') and used along with chromosome and band number to indicate genes located on this arm of the chromosome. The chromosome long arm is identified as [[Q#q\|'''q''']] (possibly French, ''tall'') chosen as next letter in alphabet after p. These chromosomal arms are only seen when the chromosome is folded for cell division.

	:(More? ~~[[Molecular Development - Genetics\|Genetics]]~~ \| {{mitosis}} \| {{meiosis}})		:(More? {{genetics}} \| {{mitosis}} \| {{meiosis}})
	===p16===		===p16===

Z8600021 at 04:09, 20 Haziran 2018

2018-06-20T04:09:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:09, 20 Haziran 2018
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	:(pars tuberalis of the hypophysis) Anatomically the region of anterior {{pituitary}} (adenohypophysis) extending along the anterior and lateral surfaces of the hypophyseal stalk. Tuberalis principal cells are low columnar, with cytoplasm containing lipid droplets, glycogen granules, and some colloid droplets. Region also contains part of the hypophyseal portal system. In some species ([[Ovine Development\|sheep]]) melatonin acts on these cells through melatonin (MT1) receptors to regulate prolactin secretion.		:(pars tuberalis of the hypophysis) Anatomically the region of anterior {{pituitary}} (adenohypophysis) extending along the anterior and lateral surfaces of the hypophyseal stalk. Tuberalis principal cells are low columnar, with cytoplasm containing lipid droplets, glycogen granules, and some colloid droplets. Region also contains part of the hypophyseal portal system. In some species ([[Ovine Development\|sheep]]) melatonin acts on these cells through melatonin (MT1) receptors to regulate prolactin secretion.

	:(More? ~~[[Endocrine - Pituitary Development\|Pituitary]]~~ \| [[Paper - The development of the hypophysis cerebri in man\|1926 Hypophysis Pars Tuberalis]] \| PMID 9414453)		:(More? {{pituitary}} \| [[Paper - The development of the hypophysis cerebri in man\|1926 Hypophysis Pars Tuberalis]] \| PMID 9414453)
	===parthenogenesis===		===parthenogenesis===

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	===prolactin===		===prolactin===

	:(PRL) An anterior {{pituitary}} hormone which stimulates breast development and milk production in pregnancy. Also has a role in regulating follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) effect on the [[O#ovary\|ovary]]. Protein hormone is similar in structure to both growth hormone (anterior pituitary) and chorionic somatomammotropin ([[P#placenta\|placenta]]). Anterior pituitary release of prolactin is in turn regulated by the hypothalamus [[#prolactin-releasing_hormone\|prolactin-releasing hormone]] (PRLH, prolactin-releasing peptide). Recently been shown to to mimic in pregnancy effects of increased maternal myelination processes (oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation).		:(PRL) An anterior {{pituitary}} hormone which stimulates breast development and {{milk}} production in pregnancy. Also has a role in regulating follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) effect on the [[O#ovary\|ovary]]. Protein hormone is similar in structure to both growth hormone (anterior pituitary) and chorionic somatomammotropin ([[P#placenta\|placenta]]). Anterior pituitary release of prolactin is in turn regulated by the hypothalamus [[#prolactin-releasing_hormone\|prolactin-releasing hormone]] (PRLH, prolactin-releasing peptide). Recently been shown to to mimic in pregnancy effects of increased maternal myelination processes (oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation).

	:(More? ~~[[Endocrine - Pituitary Development]] \| [[Integumentary_System_-_Mammary_Gland_Development~~\|~~Mammary Gland Development]]~~ \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=176760 OMIM - PRL])		:Prolactin receptors - mammillary glands, ovaries, pituitary glands, heart, lung, thymus, spleen, liver, pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, uterus, skeletal muscle, skin and areas of the central nervous system.

			:(More? {{pituitary}} \| {{mammary gland}} \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=176760 OMIM - PRL])

	===prolactin-releasing hormone===		===prolactin-releasing hormone===
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	:(PRLH, prolactin-releasing peptide, PRRP) an 87 amino acid peptide hypothalamus hormone which regulates anterior {{pituitary}} release of prolactin.		:(PRLH, prolactin-releasing peptide, PRRP) an 87 amino acid peptide hypothalamus hormone which regulates anterior {{pituitary}} release of prolactin.

	:(More? ~~[[Endocrine - Hypothalamus Development]]~~ \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=602663 OMIM - PRLH])		:(More? {{hypothalamus}} \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=602663 OMIM - PRLH])

	===prometaphase===		===prometaphase===
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	::'''Kidney Stages:''' [[P#pronephros\|pronephros]] - [[M#mesonephros\|mesonephros]] - [[M#metanephros\|metanephros]]		::'''Kidney Stages:''' [[P#pronephros\|pronephros]] - [[M#mesonephros\|mesonephros]] - [[M#metanephros\|metanephros]]

	:(More? ~~[[Renal System Development]]~~ \| [[Lecture - Renal Development]])		:(More? {{renal}} \| [[Lecture - Renal Development]])

	[[File:Early_zygote_labelled.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|alt=human zygote\|link=Zygote\|Pronuclei]]		[[File:Early_zygote_labelled.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|alt=human zygote\|link=Zygote\|Pronuclei]]
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	:(Greek, ''pro'' = before) The process of the fusion of the two haploid nuclear structures ([[#pronucleus\|pronuclei]]) contributed from the spermatazoa and oocyte to form the first diploid nucleus cell. Can also be called fusion of pronuclei.		:(Greek, ''pro'' = before) The process of the fusion of the two haploid nuclear structures ([[#pronucleus\|pronuclei]]) contributed from the spermatazoa and oocyte to form the first diploid nucleus cell. Can also be called fusion of pronuclei.

	:(More? ~~[[Zygote]]~~ \| [[Week 1]] \| [[Lecture - Fertilization]])		:(More? {{fertilization}} \| {{zygote}} \| [[Week 1]] \| [[Lecture - Fertilization]])

	===pronuclear transfer===		===pronuclear transfer===

Z8600021 at 23:34, 18 April 2018

2018-04-18T23:34:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:34, 19 April 2018
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	:'''p''' used to identify the chromosome short arm (possibly French, ''petit'') and used along with chromosome and band number to indicate genes located on this arm of the chromosome. The chromosome long arm is identified as [[Q#q\|'''q''']] (possibly French, ''tall'') chosen as next letter in alphabet after p. These chromosomal arms are only seen when the chromosome is folded for cell division.		:'''p''' used to identify the chromosome short arm (possibly French, ''petit'') and used along with chromosome and band number to indicate genes located on this arm of the chromosome. The chromosome long arm is identified as [[Q#q\|'''q''']] (possibly French, ''tall'') chosen as next letter in alphabet after p. These chromosomal arms are only seen when the chromosome is folded for cell division.

	:(More? [[Molecular Development - Genetics\|Genetics]] \| ~~[[Cell Division - Mitosis~~\|~~Mitosis]] \| [[Cell Division - Meiosis\|Meiosis]]~~)		:(More? [[Molecular Development - Genetics\|Genetics]] \| {{mitosis}} \| {{meiosis}})
	===p16===		===p16===

	:a cell cycle protein in mammals that suppresses G1-Cdk activity in G1 and is frequently inactivated in cancer. Belongs to a class of Cdk inhibitory proteins. Nomenclature is '''p''' for protein and '''16''' is molecular size (16,000 daltons).		:a cell cycle protein in mammals that suppresses G1-Cdk activity in G1 and is frequently inactivated in cancer. Belongs to a class of Cdk inhibitory proteins. Nomenclature is '''p''' for protein and '''16''' is molecular size (16,000 daltons).

	:(More? ~~[[Cell_Division_-_Mitosis\|Mitosis]]~~ \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=600160 OMIM Entry for p16])		:(More? {{mitosis}} \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=600160 OMIM Entry for p16])

	===p53===		===p53===
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	===pachytene stage===		===pachytene stage===
	:(pachytene phase, pachynema; Greek, ''pachytene'' = "thick threads") A ~~[[M#~~meiosis~~\|meiotic]]~~ cell division stage seen during prophase I. Prophase I is further divided into 5 stages based upon changes associated with the [[S#synaptonemal_complex\|synaptonemal complex]] structure that forms between two pairs of homologous [[C#chromosome\|chromosomes]]. In pachytene, the synaptonemal complex is complete and can be stable for some time. Autosomal non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes can now extensively exchange segments in regions of homology.		:(pachytene phase, pachynema; Greek, ''pachytene'' = "thick threads") A {{meiosis}} cell division stage seen during prophase I. Prophase I is further divided into 5 stages based upon changes associated with the [[S#synaptonemal_complex\|synaptonemal complex]] structure that forms between two pairs of homologous [[C#chromosome\|chromosomes]]. In pachytene, the synaptonemal complex is complete and can be stable for some time. Autosomal non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes can now extensively exchange segments in regions of homology.

	::'''Prophase I stages:''' [[L#leptotene stage\|leptotene]] - [[Z#zygotene stage\|zygotene]] - [[P#pachytene stage\|pachytene]] - [[D#diplotene stage\|diplotene]] - [[D#diakinesis stage\|diakinesis]]		::'''Prophase I stages:''' [[L#leptotene stage\|leptotene]] - [[Z#zygotene stage\|zygotene]] - [[P#pachytene stage\|pachytene]] - [[D#diplotene stage\|diplotene]] - [[D#diakinesis stage\|diakinesis]]

	:(More? ~~[[Cell Division - Meiosis]]~~ \| ~~[[Oocyte Development]]~~ \| ~~[[Spermatozoa Development]]~~ \| [[Week 1]] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4&part=A3686 MBoC])		:(More? {{meiosis}} \| {{oocyte}} \| {{spermatozoa}} \| [[Week 1]] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4&part=A3686 MBoC])

	===PAHO===		===PAHO===
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	:A small cytoplasmic exclusion body formed from the excess DNA formed during the oocyte (egg) [[M#meiosis\|meiotic cycle]] and following sperm [[F#fertilization\|fertilization]]. There are 2-3 polar bodies derived from the oocyte present in the zygote, the number is dependent upon whether polar body 1 (the first polar body formed during meiosis 1) divides during meiosis 2. This exclusion body contains the excess DNA from the reductive division (the second and third polar bodies are formed from meiosis 2 at [[F#fertilization\|fertilization]]). These polar bodies do not contribute to the genetic complement of the zygote, [[E#embryo\|embryo]] or [[F#fetus\|fetus]]. Recent research in some species suggest that the space formed by the peripheral polar body (between the oocyte and the zona pellucia) can influence site of spermatozoa [[F#fertilization\|fertilization]].		:A small cytoplasmic exclusion body formed from the excess DNA formed during the oocyte (egg) [[M#meiosis\|meiotic cycle]] and following sperm [[F#fertilization\|fertilization]]. There are 2-3 polar bodies derived from the oocyte present in the zygote, the number is dependent upon whether polar body 1 (the first polar body formed during meiosis 1) divides during meiosis 2. This exclusion body contains the excess DNA from the reductive division (the second and third polar bodies are formed from meiosis 2 at [[F#fertilization\|fertilization]]). These polar bodies do not contribute to the genetic complement of the zygote, [[E#embryo\|embryo]] or [[F#fetus\|fetus]]. Recent research in some species suggest that the space formed by the peripheral polar body (between the oocyte and the zona pellucia) can influence site of spermatozoa [[F#fertilization\|fertilization]].

	:(More? [[Oocyte Development]] \| ~~[[Cell Division - Meiosis]]~~ \| [[Week 1]])		:(More? [[Oocyte Development]] \| {{meiosis}} \| [[Week 1]])

	===polar body biopsy===		===polar body biopsy===
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	:(PB biopsy) A clinical preimplantation genetic diagnosis technique that removes either the first or second polar body from the zygote. As these are generated by oocyte meiosis they provide information only on the female genetics, that can be useful in some monogenetic diseases. For recessive diseases, polar body analysis only determines if the oocyte carries the normal or the affected allele. Note that this technique does not detect mitochondrial abnormalities, that could be determined separately from analysis of maternal cells. Technique was first used in 1990 (PMID 2266156) by Yury Verlinsky (1943–2009) a Russian-American medical researcher.		:(PB biopsy) A clinical preimplantation genetic diagnosis technique that removes either the first or second polar body from the zygote. As these are generated by oocyte meiosis they provide information only on the female genetics, that can be useful in some monogenetic diseases. For recessive diseases, polar body analysis only determines if the oocyte carries the normal or the affected allele. Note that this technique does not detect mitochondrial abnormalities, that could be determined separately from analysis of maternal cells. Technique was first used in 1990 (PMID 2266156) by Yury Verlinsky (1943–2009) a Russian-American medical researcher.

	:(More? [[Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis]] \| [[Abnormal Development - Genetic\|Genetic Abnormalities]] \| ~~[[Cell Division - Meiosis]]~~)		:(More? [[Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis]] \| [[Abnormal Development - Genetic\|Genetic Abnormalities]] \| {{meiosis}})
	===polychlorinated biphenyls===		===polychlorinated biphenyls===

Line 1,222:		Line 1,222:
	::'''Spermatozoa development:''' [[P#primordial germ cell\|primordial germ cell]] - [[S#spermatogonia\|spermatogonia]] - [[P#primary spermatocyte\|primary spermatocyte]] - [[S#secondary spermatocyte\|secondary spermatocytes]] - [[S#spermatid\|spermatid]] - [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]]		::'''Spermatozoa development:''' [[P#primordial germ cell\|primordial germ cell]] - [[S#spermatogonia\|spermatogonia]] - [[P#primary spermatocyte\|primary spermatocyte]] - [[S#secondary spermatocyte\|secondary spermatocytes]] - [[S#spermatid\|spermatid]] - [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]]

	:(More? ~~[[Spermatozoa Development]]~~ \| [[Testis Development]] \| [[Fertilization]] \| [[2009 Lecture 2\|Lecture - Cell Division/Fertilization]])		:(More? {{spermatozoa}} \| {{meiosis}} \| [[Testis Development]] \| [[Fertilization]] \| [[2009 Lecture 2\|Lecture - Cell Division/Fertilization]])

	===primary villi===		===primary villi===
Line 1,356:		Line 1,356:
	::'''Mitosis Phases:''' [[P#prophase\|prophase]] - [[P#prometaphase\|prometaphase]] - [[M#metaphase\|metaphase]] - [[A#anaphase\|anaphase]] - [[T#telophase\|telophase]]		::'''Mitosis Phases:''' [[P#prophase\|prophase]] - [[P#prometaphase\|prometaphase]] - [[M#metaphase\|metaphase]] - [[A#anaphase\|anaphase]] - [[T#telophase\|telophase]]

	:(More? ~~[[Cell Division - Mitosis]]~~ \| ~~[[Cell Division - Meiosis]]~~ \| [[Week 1]])		:(More? {{mitosis}} \| {{meiosis}} \| [[Week 1]])
	===promyelocytic leukemia protein===		===promyelocytic leukemia protein===
	:(PML, Tripartite Motif 19, TRIM19) The main protein organizer of the small nuclear-matrix structures called nuclear bodies (NBs) found in almost all mammalian cells.		:(PML, Tripartite Motif 19, TRIM19) The main protein organizer of the small nuclear-matrix structures called nuclear bodies (NBs) found in almost all mammalian cells.
Line 1,398:		Line 1,398:
	::'''Mitosis Phases:''' [[P#prophase\|prophase]] - [[P#prometaphase\|prometaphase]] - [[M#metaphase\|metaphase]] - [[A#anaphase\|anaphase]] - [[T#telophase\|telophase]]		::'''Mitosis Phases:''' [[P#prophase\|prophase]] - [[P#prometaphase\|prometaphase]] - [[M#metaphase\|metaphase]] - [[A#anaphase\|anaphase]] - [[T#telophase\|telophase]]

	:(More? ~~[[Cell Division - Mitosis]]~~ \| ~~[[Cell Division - Meiosis]]~~ \| [[Week 1]])		:(More? {{mitosis}} \| {{meiosis}} \| [[Week 1]])

	===prophase I===		===prophase I===
Line 1,404:		Line 1,404:
	:First phase of [[M#meiosis I\|meiosis I]], which together with [[M#meiosis II\|meiosis II]] results in the reductive cell division only occurring gametes. Prophase can be further divided into a number of stages: leptotene zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis.		:First phase of [[M#meiosis I\|meiosis I]], which together with [[M#meiosis II\|meiosis II]] results in the reductive cell division only occurring gametes. Prophase can be further divided into a number of stages: leptotene zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis.

	:(More? ~~[[Cell Division - Meiosis]]~~)		:(More? {{meiosis}})

	===proprioception===		===proprioception===
Line 1,564:		Line 1,564:
	:(PUM) A highly conserved translational regulator, acts as a purine-binding transcription factor. In [[Fly Development\|drosophila]], pumilio is required for germline establishment and fertility. In mammals, the homolog Pumilio 1 (PUM1, 1p35.2) functions in the establishing the primordial follicle pool, meiosis, and female reproductive competency. The second homolog, Pumilio 2 (PUM2, 2p24.1) is not involved in these processes.		:(PUM) A highly conserved translational regulator, acts as a purine-binding transcription factor. In [[Fly Development\|drosophila]], pumilio is required for germline establishment and fertility. In mammals, the homolog Pumilio 1 (PUM1, 1p35.2) functions in the establishing the primordial follicle pool, meiosis, and female reproductive competency. The second homolog, Pumilio 2 (PUM2, 2p24.1) is not involved in these processes.

	:(More? ~~[[Ovary Development]]~~ \| [[Molecular Development]] \| [http://omim.org/entry/607204 OMIM PUM1] \| [http://omim.org/entry/607205 OMIM PUM2] \| PMID 27170441)		:(More? {{ovary}} \| [[Molecular Development]] \| [http://omim.org/entry/607204 OMIM PUM1] \| [http://omim.org/entry/607205 OMIM PUM2] \| PMID 27170441)
	===purulent meningitus===		===purulent meningitus===

Z8600021 at 06:20, 18 April 2018

2018-04-18T06:20:19Z

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