Normal Development - Milk - Revision history

Z8600021 at 00:59, 19 August 2020

2020-08-19T00:59:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:59, 19 August 2020
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Z8600021 at 00:25, 23 April 2020

2020-04-23T00:25:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:25, 23 April 2020
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	* '''The stepwise assembly of the neonatal virome is modulated by breastfeeding'''[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2192-1?WT.ec_id=NATURE-202004&sap-outbound-id=8A3EE241BFDAB4B9A1B2308FDEC38F152C501A22 Nature 15 April 2020] "Here we show that the assembly of the viral community in neonates takes place in distinct steps. Fluorescent staining of virus-like particles purified from infant meconium or early stool samples shows few or no particles, but by one month of life particle numbers increase to 109 per gram, and these numbers seem to persist throughout life5,6,7. We investigated the origin of these viral populations using shotgun metagenomic sequencing of virus-enriched preparations and whole microbial communities, followed by targeted microbiological analyses. Results indicate that, early after birth, pioneer bacteria colonize the infant gut and by one month prophages induced from these bacteria provide the predominant population of virus-like particles. By four months of life, identifiable viruses that replicate in human cells become more prominent. Multiple human viruses were more abundant in stool samples from babies who were exclusively fed on formula milk compared with those fed partially or fully on breast milk, paralleling reports that breast milk can be protective against viral infections8,9,10. Bacteriophage populations also differed depending on whether or not the infant was breastfed. We show that the colonization of the infant gut is stepwise, first mainly by temperate bacteriophages induced from pioneer bacteria, and later by viruses that replicate in human cells; this second phase is modulated by breastfeeding."		* '''The stepwise assembly of the neonatal virome is modulated by breastfeeding'''[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2192-1?WT.ec_id=NATURE-202004&sap-outbound-id=8A3EE241BFDAB4B9A1B2308FDEC38F152C501A22 Nature 15 April 2020] "Here we show that the assembly of the viral community in neonates takes place in distinct steps. Fluorescent staining of virus-like particles purified from infant meconium or early stool samples shows few or no particles, but by one month of life particle numbers increase to 109 per gram, and these numbers seem to persist throughout life5,6,7. We investigated the origin of these viral populations using shotgun metagenomic sequencing of virus-enriched preparations and whole microbial communities, followed by targeted microbiological analyses. Results indicate that, early after birth, pioneer bacteria colonize the infant gut and by one month prophages induced from these bacteria provide the predominant population of virus-like particles. By four months of life, identifiable viruses that replicate in human cells become more prominent. Multiple human viruses were more abundant in stool samples from babies who were exclusively fed on formula milk compared with those fed partially or fully on breast milk, paralleling reports that breast milk can be protective against viral infections8,9,10. Bacteriophage populations also differed depending on whether or not the infant was breastfed. We show that the colonization of the infant gut is stepwise, first mainly by temperate bacteriophages induced from pioneer bacteria, and later by viruses that replicate in human cells; this second phase is modulated by breastfeeding."

	* '''~~The human~~ milk ~~microbiota~~'''{{#pmid:~~22974824~~\|~~PMID22974824~~}} "~~Human~~ milk ~~has been traditionally considered sterile; however, recent studies have shown that it represents a continuous supply~~ of ~~commensal, mutualistic~~ and~~/or potentially probiotic bacteria to the infant gut~~. ~~Culture-dependent and -independent techniques have revealed the dominance~~ of ~~staphylococci~~, ~~streptococci~~, ~~lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria in this biological fluid~~, and ~~their role on the colonization of the infant gut~~. ~~These bacteria could protect~~ the ~~infant against infections~~ and ~~contribute~~ to ~~the maturation~~ of the ~~immune system, among other functions."~~		* '''Human milk glycosaminoglycan composition from women of different countries: a pilot study'''{{#pmid:30348026\|PMID30348026}} "In this pilot study, we report the composition, structure and properties of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) present in milk samples of various countries and ethnicities.Methods: Fifty samples of human milk were analyzed, 10 from east Europe, 10 from North Africa, 10 from Central Africa, 10 from South America and 10 from Asia. Moreover, 30 samples were obtained during the first week and 20 between 8 to 30 days of life. Overall, no significant differences were observed for the qualitative composition of GAGs, mainly chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate and hyaluronic acid, comparing the mothers from the various countries and between the 30 milks obtained during the first week and the 20 samples collected thereafter. Moreover, no significant differences in human milk GAGs within the different groups analyzed belonging to various counties and ethnicities were observed. These results may be of useful, as in the case of pilot studies with infant formulas enriched with chondroitin sulfate (CS) and/or heparan sulfate (HS) necessary to verify their possible positive effects on newborns feeding in countries at high risk of infection and/or infestation."

	* '''Breast milk hormones and regulation of glucose homeostasis'''{{#pmid:21760816\|PMID21760816}} "Growing evidence suggests that a complex relationship exists between the central nervous system and peripheral organs involved in energy homeostasis. ...Several hormones, such as leptin, ~~adiponectin, resistin~~, and ~~ghrelin~~, ~~are involved in this complex regulation. These hormones play a role in~~ the ~~regulation of glucose metabolism~~ and ~~are involved in~~ the ~~development of obesity, diabetes,~~ and ~~metabolic syndrome~~. ~~Recently~~, ~~their presence~~ in ~~breast~~ milk ~~has been detected, suggesting that they~~ may be ~~involved~~ in the ~~regulation~~ of ~~growth in early infancy~~ and ~~could influence the programming of energy balance later in life. This paper focuses~~ on ~~hormones present~~ in ~~breast milk~~ and ~~their role in glucose homeostasis~~."

	\|}		\|}

	{\| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
	! More recent papers		! More recent papers
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Breast+Milk ''Breast Milk''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Formula+Milk ''Formula Milk''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lactoferrin ''Lactoferrin''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=β-lactoglobulin ''β-lactoglobulin'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Breast+Milk ''Breast Milk''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Formula+Milk ''Formula Milk''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=human+milk ''human milk''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=human+milk+microbiota ''human milk microbiota''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lactoferrin ''Lactoferrin''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=β-lactoglobulin ''β-lactoglobulin'']


	\|}		\|}
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	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''The human milk microbiota'''{{#pmid:22974824\|PMID22974824}} "Human milk has been traditionally considered sterile; however, recent studies have shown that it represents a continuous supply of commensal, mutualistic and/or potentially probiotic bacteria to the infant gut. Culture-dependent and -independent techniques have revealed the dominance of staphylococci, streptococci, lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria in this biological fluid, and their role on the colonization of the infant gut. These bacteria could protect the infant against infections and contribute to the maturation of the immune system, among other functions."

			* '''Breast milk hormones and regulation of glucose homeostasis'''{{#pmid:21760816\|PMID21760816}} "Growing evidence suggests that a complex relationship exists between the central nervous system and peripheral organs involved in energy homeostasis. ...Several hormones, such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin, are involved in this complex regulation. These hormones play a role in the regulation of glucose metabolism and are involved in the development of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Recently, their presence in breast milk has been detected, suggesting that they may be involved in the regulation of growth in early infancy and could influence the programming of energy balance later in life. This paper focuses on hormones present in breast milk and their role in glucose homeostasis."

	* '''Bioactive proteins in human milk: mechanisms of action'''{{#pmid:20105661\|PMID20105661}} "Human milk contains a multitude of bioactive proteins, with very diverse functions. Some of these proteins are involved in the synthesis and expression of milk, but the majority appears to have evolved to provide physiological activities in the breast-fed infant. These activities are exerted by a wide variety of mechanisms and have largely been unraveled by in vitro studies. To be active in the gastrointestinal tract, these proteins must be able to resist proteolytic degradation, at least for some time. We have evaluated the human milk proteins lactoferrin, haptocorrin, alpha(1)-antitrypsin, and transforming growth factor -beta in an in vitro digestion model, mimicking the conditions of the infant gastrointestinal milieu. These bioactive proteins are resistant against proteolysis and can remain intact or as larger fragments through passage of the gastrointestinal tract. In vitro digestibility assays can be helpful to assess which human milk proteins can resist proteolysis and to what extent."		* '''Bioactive proteins in human milk: mechanisms of action'''{{#pmid:20105661\|PMID20105661}} "Human milk contains a multitude of bioactive proteins, with very diverse functions. Some of these proteins are involved in the synthesis and expression of milk, but the majority appears to have evolved to provide physiological activities in the breast-fed infant. These activities are exerted by a wide variety of mechanisms and have largely been unraveled by in vitro studies. To be active in the gastrointestinal tract, these proteins must be able to resist proteolytic degradation, at least for some time. We have evaluated the human milk proteins lactoferrin, haptocorrin, alpha(1)-antitrypsin, and transforming growth factor -beta in an in vitro digestion model, mimicking the conditions of the infant gastrointestinal milieu. These bioactive proteins are resistant against proteolysis and can remain intact or as larger fragments through passage of the gastrointestinal tract. In vitro digestibility assays can be helpful to assess which human milk proteins can resist proteolysis and to what extent."

Z8600021 at 00:20, 23 April 2020

2020-04-23T00:20:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:20, 23 April 2020
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Breast+Milk ''Breast Milk''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Formula+Milk ''Formula Milk'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Breast+Milk ''Breast Milk''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Formula+Milk ''Formula Milk''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lactoferrin ''Lactoferrin''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=β-lactoglobulin ''β-lactoglobulin'']


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	===Lactoferrin===		===Lactoferrin===
	A bioactive protein in mammal milk with various neonatal actions, such as anti-infective, immunological, and gastrointestinal.{{#pmid:29694997\|PMID29694997}}		A bioactive protein in mammal milk with various neonatal actions, such as anti-infective, immunological, and gastrointestinal.{{#pmid:29694997\|PMID29694997}}


			===Beta-lactoglobulin===

			Beta-lactoglobulin (β-lactoglobulin) is one of the most abundant milk whey proteins in many mammal species.

Z8600021 at 06:30, 21 April 2020

2020-04-21T06:30:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:30, 21 April 2020
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			* '''The stepwise assembly of the neonatal virome is modulated by breastfeeding'''[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2192-1?WT.ec_id=NATURE-202004&sap-outbound-id=8A3EE241BFDAB4B9A1B2308FDEC38F152C501A22 Nature 15 April 2020] "Here we show that the assembly of the viral community in neonates takes place in distinct steps. Fluorescent staining of virus-like particles purified from infant meconium or early stool samples shows few or no particles, but by one month of life particle numbers increase to 109 per gram, and these numbers seem to persist throughout life5,6,7. We investigated the origin of these viral populations using shotgun metagenomic sequencing of virus-enriched preparations and whole microbial communities, followed by targeted microbiological analyses. Results indicate that, early after birth, pioneer bacteria colonize the infant gut and by one month prophages induced from these bacteria provide the predominant population of virus-like particles. By four months of life, identifiable viruses that replicate in human cells become more prominent. Multiple human viruses were more abundant in stool samples from babies who were exclusively fed on formula milk compared with those fed partially or fully on breast milk, paralleling reports that breast milk can be protective against viral infections8,9,10. Bacteriophage populations also differed depending on whether or not the infant was breastfed. We show that the colonization of the infant gut is stepwise, first mainly by temperate bacteriophages induced from pioneer bacteria, and later by viruses that replicate in human cells; this second phase is modulated by breastfeeding."

	* '''The human milk microbiota'''{{#pmid:22974824\|PMID22974824}} "Human milk has been traditionally considered sterile; however, recent studies have shown that it represents a continuous supply of commensal, mutualistic and/or potentially probiotic bacteria to the infant gut. Culture-dependent and -independent techniques have revealed the dominance of staphylococci, streptococci, lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria in this biological fluid, and their role on the colonization of the infant gut. These bacteria could protect the infant against infections and contribute to the maturation of the immune system, among other functions."		* '''The human milk microbiota'''{{#pmid:22974824\|PMID22974824}} "Human milk has been traditionally considered sterile; however, recent studies have shown that it represents a continuous supply of commensal, mutualistic and/or potentially probiotic bacteria to the infant gut. Culture-dependent and -independent techniques have revealed the dominance of staphylococci, streptococci, lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria in this biological fluid, and their role on the colonization of the infant gut. These bacteria could protect the infant against infections and contribute to the maturation of the immune system, among other functions."

	* '''Breast milk hormones and regulation of glucose homeostasis'''{{#pmid:21760816\|PMID21760816}} "Growing evidence suggests that a complex relationship exists between the central nervous system and peripheral organs involved in energy homeostasis. ...Several hormones, such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin, are involved in this complex regulation. These hormones play a role in the regulation of glucose metabolism and are involved in the development of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Recently, their presence in breast milk has been detected, suggesting that they may be involved in the regulation of growth in early infancy and could influence the programming of energy balance later in life. This paper focuses on hormones present in breast milk and their role in glucose homeostasis."		* '''Breast milk hormones and regulation of glucose homeostasis'''{{#pmid:21760816\|PMID21760816}} "Growing evidence suggests that a complex relationship exists between the central nervous system and peripheral organs involved in energy homeostasis. ...Several hormones, such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin, are involved in this complex regulation. These hormones play a role in the regulation of glucose metabolism and are involved in the development of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Recently, their presence in breast milk has been detected, suggesting that they may be involved in the regulation of growth in early infancy and could influence the programming of energy balance later in life. This paper focuses on hormones present in breast milk and their role in glucose homeostasis."

	* '''Bioactive proteins in human milk: mechanisms of action'''{{#pmid:20105661\|PMID20105661}} "Human milk contains a multitude of bioactive proteins, with very diverse functions. Some of these proteins are involved in the synthesis and expression of milk, but the majority appears to have evolved to provide physiological activities in the breast-fed infant. These activities are exerted by a wide variety of mechanisms and have largely been unraveled by in vitro studies. To be active in the gastrointestinal tract, these proteins must be able to resist proteolytic degradation, at least for some time. We have evaluated the human milk proteins lactoferrin, haptocorrin, alpha(1)-antitrypsin, and transforming growth factor -beta in an in vitro digestion model, mimicking the conditions of the infant gastrointestinal milieu. These bioactive proteins are resistant against proteolysis and can remain intact or as larger fragments through passage of the gastrointestinal tract. In vitro digestibility assays can be helpful to assess which human milk proteins can resist proteolysis and to what extent."
	\|}		\|}

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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Breast+Milk ''Breast Milk'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Breast+Milk ''Breast Milk''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Formula+Milk ''Formula Milk'']

			\|}
			{\| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
			! Older papers
			\|-
			\| {{Older papers}}

	~~<pubmed limit=5>Breast Milk</pubmed>~~		* '''Bioactive proteins in human milk: mechanisms of action'''{{#pmid:20105661\|PMID20105661}} "Human milk contains a multitude of bioactive proteins, with very diverse functions. Some of these proteins are involved in the synthesis and expression of milk, but the majority appears to have evolved to provide physiological activities in the breast-fed infant. These activities are exerted by a wide variety of mechanisms and have largely been unraveled by in vitro studies. To be active in the gastrointestinal tract, these proteins must be able to resist proteolytic degradation, at least for some time. We have evaluated the human milk proteins lactoferrin, haptocorrin, alpha(1)-antitrypsin, and transforming growth factor -beta in an in vitro digestion model, mimicking the conditions of the infant gastrointestinal milieu. These bioactive proteins are resistant against proteolysis and can remain intact or as larger fragments through passage of the gastrointestinal tract. In vitro digestibility assays can be helpful to assess which human milk proteins can resist proteolysis and to what extent."
	\|}		\|}
	==Mammary Glands Pregnancy==		==Mammary Glands Pregnancy==
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	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
			{{#pmid:29211381}}

	{{#pmid:28611768}}		{{#pmid:28611768}}

Z8600021 at 08:53, 14 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-14T08:53:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:53, 14 Mayıs 2018
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	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Mammary_anatomy.jpg\|thumb\|Adult female mammary anatomy cartoon]]		[[File:Mammary_anatomy.jpg\|thumb\|Adult female mammary anatomy cartoon]]
	Breast milk makes us mammals! This current page discusses some issues related to milk and neonatal nutrition, it is not a guide to breastfeeding, which is covered by many other resources.		Breast {{milk}} makes us mammals! This current page discusses some issues related to milk and neonatal nutrition, it is not a guide to breastfeeding, which is covered by many other resources.
	The composition of milk can vary over time, with colostrum the initial yellowish, sticky breast milk produced at the end of pregnancy.		The composition of milk can vary over time, with colostrum the initial yellowish, sticky breast milk produced at the end of pregnancy.

	The review article (abstract shown below) by Goldman in 2000{{#pmid:10721920\|PMID10721920}} may provide a way of thinking about gastrointestinal tract and human milk.		The review article (abstract shown below) by Goldman in 2000{{#pmid:10721920\|PMID10721920}} may provide a way of thinking about gastrointestinal tract and human milk.

	There are other resource pages that cover the topic of breast development (More? ~~[[Integumentary_System_-_Mammary_Gland_Development\|Integumentary Development - Mammary Glands]]~~). Milk also has important role in gastrointestinal tract postnatal development (More? {{gastrointestinal}})		There are other resource pages that cover the topic of breast development (More? {{mammary gland}}). Milk also has important role in gastrointestinal tract postnatal development (More? {{gastrointestinal tract}})


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	{\| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
	! More recent papers		! More recent papers
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

Z8600021 at 08:52, 14 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-14T08:52:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:52, 14 Mayıs 2018
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	The review article (abstract shown below) by Goldman in 2000{{#pmid:10721920\|PMID10721920}} may provide a way of thinking about gastrointestinal tract and human milk.		The review article (abstract shown below) by Goldman in 2000{{#pmid:10721920\|PMID10721920}} may provide a way of thinking about gastrointestinal tract and human milk.

	There are other resource pages that cover the topic of breast development (More? [[Integumentary_System_-_Mammary_Gland_Development\|Integumentary Development - Mammary Glands]]). Milk also has important role in gastrointestinal tract postnatal development (More? ~~[[Gastrointestinal Tract Development]]~~)		There are other resource pages that cover the topic of breast development (More? [[Integumentary_System_-_Mammary_Gland_Development\|Integumentary Development - Mammary Glands]]). Milk also has important role in gastrointestinal tract postnatal development (More? {{gastrointestinal}})

Z8600021 at 02:21, 28 April 2018

2018-04-28T02:21:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:21, 28 April 2018
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	==Immunity==		==Immunity==
	The immune system (innate and adaptive) ~~of the neonate~~ is immature and still developing, and there is now good evidence that milk contributes to the developmental process, see review.{{#pmid:28611768\|PMID28611768}}		In addition to maternal antibodies, milk contains maternal lymphocytes (antibody-producing B cells. T cells, and natural killer cells). In a mouse model, maternal cytotoxic T cells within milk have been shown to transfer into to the neonatal intestinal Peyer's patches.{{#pmid:27285085\|27285085}}

			The neonatal immune system (innate and adaptive) is immature and still developing, and there is now good evidence that milk contributes to the developmental process, see review.{{#pmid:28611768\|PMID28611768}}

	==Milk Production==		==Milk Production==

Z8600021 at 02:08, 28 April 2018

2018-04-28T02:08:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:08, 28 April 2018
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	(Text from: Goldman AS. Modulation of the gastrointestinal tract of infants by human milk. Interfaces and interactions. An evolutionary perspective.{{#pmid:10721920\|PMID10721920}})		(Text from: Goldman AS. Modulation of the gastrointestinal tract of infants by human milk. Interfaces and interactions. An evolutionary perspective.{{#pmid:10721920\|PMID10721920}})

			==Immunity==
			The immune system (innate and adaptive) of the neonate is immature and still developing, and there is now good evidence that milk contributes to the developmental process, see review.{{#pmid:28611768\|PMID28611768}}

	==Milk Production==		==Milk Production==

Z8600021 at 02:01, 28 April 2018

2018-04-28T02:01:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:01, 28 April 2018
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	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
			{{#pmid:28611768}}

	{{#pmid:20105664}}		{{#pmid:20105664}}

Z8600021 at 00:45, 28 April 2018

2018-04-28T00:45:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:45, 28 April 2018
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	* Fats: triglycerides and fatty acids (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexanoic acid)		* Fats: triglycerides and fatty acids (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexanoic acid)
	* Minerals		* Minerals
	* Proteins: caseins, alpha-lactalbumin, immunoglobulins, albumin, lactoferrin, nonprotein nitrogen, enzymes, hormones, growth factors, and nucleotides		* Proteins: caseins, alpha-lactalbumin, immunoglobulins, albumin, [[#Lactoferrin\|lactoferrin]], nonprotein nitrogen, enzymes, hormones, growth factors, and nucleotides
	* Trace elements: selenium and iodine		* Trace elements: selenium and iodine
	* Vitamins: A, B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cobalamin), D, and E		* Vitamins: A, B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cobalamin), D, and E
	* Water		* Water

			===Lactoferrin===
			A bioactive protein in mammal milk with various neonatal actions, such as anti-infective, immunological, and gastrointestinal.{{#pmid:29694997\|PMID29694997}}


	==Human Milk==		==Human Milk==