Neural - Thalamus Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 23:16, 23 February 2020

2020-02-23T23:16:24Z

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			* '''Review - Development of the thalamus: From early patterning to regulation of cortical functions'''{{#pmid:31034163\|PMID31034163}} "The thalamus is a brain structure of the vertebrate diencephalon that plays a central role in regulating diverse functions of the cerebral cortex. In traditional view of vertebrate neuroanatomy, the thalamus includes three regions, dorsal thalamus, ventral thalamus, and epithalamus. Recent molecular embryological studies have redefined the thalamus and the associated axial nomenclature of the diencephalon in the context of forebrain patterning. This new view has provided a useful conceptual framework for studies on molecular mechanisms of patterning, neurogenesis and fate specification in the thalamus as well as the guidance mechanisms for thalamocortical axons. Additionally, the availability of genetic tools in mice has led to important findings on how thalamic development is linked to the development of other brain regions, particularly the cerebral cortex. This article will give an overview of the organization of the embryonic thalamus and how progenitor cells in the thalamus generate neurons that are organized into discrete nuclei."

	* '''Thalamus Controls Development and Expression of Arousal States in Visual Cortex'''{{#pmid:30150360\|PMID30150360}} "Two major checkpoints of development in cerebral cortex are the acquisition of continuous spontaneous activity and the modulation of this activity by behavioral state. Despite the critical importance of these functions, the circuit mechanisms of their development remain unknown. Here we use the rodent visual system as a model to test the hypothesis that the locus of circuit change responsible for the developmental acquisition of continuity and state dependence measured in sensory cortex is relay thalamus, rather than the local cortical circuitry or the interconnectivity of the two structures. We conducted simultaneous recordings in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and primary visual cortex (VC) of awake, head-fixed male and female rats using linear multielectrode arrays throughout early development. We find that activity in dLGN becomes continuous and positively correlated with movement (a measure of state dependence) on P13, the same day as VC, and that these properties are not dependent on VC activity. By contrast, silencing dLGN after P13 causes activity in VC to become discontinuous and movement to suppress, rather than augment, cortical firing, effectively reversing development. Thalamic bursting, a core characteristic of non-aroused states, emerged later, on P16, suggesting these processes are developmentally independent. Together our results indicate that cellular or circuit changes in relay thalamus are critical drivers for the maturation of background activity, which occurs around term in humans.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The developing brain acquires two crucial features, continuous spontaneous activity and its modulation by arousal state, around term in humans and before the onset of sensory experience in rodents. This developmental transition in cortical activity, as measured by electroencephalogram (EEG), is an important milestone for normal brain development and indicates a good prognosis for babies born preterm and/or suffering brain damage such as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy."		* '''Thalamus Controls Development and Expression of Arousal States in Visual Cortex'''{{#pmid:30150360\|PMID30150360}} "Two major checkpoints of development in cerebral cortex are the acquisition of continuous spontaneous activity and the modulation of this activity by behavioral state. Despite the critical importance of these functions, the circuit mechanisms of their development remain unknown. Here we use the rodent visual system as a model to test the hypothesis that the locus of circuit change responsible for the developmental acquisition of continuity and state dependence measured in sensory cortex is relay thalamus, rather than the local cortical circuitry or the interconnectivity of the two structures. We conducted simultaneous recordings in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and primary visual cortex (VC) of awake, head-fixed male and female rats using linear multielectrode arrays throughout early development. We find that activity in dLGN becomes continuous and positively correlated with movement (a measure of state dependence) on P13, the same day as VC, and that these properties are not dependent on VC activity. By contrast, silencing dLGN after P13 causes activity in VC to become discontinuous and movement to suppress, rather than augment, cortical firing, effectively reversing development. Thalamic bursting, a core characteristic of non-aroused states, emerged later, on P16, suggesting these processes are developmentally independent. Together our results indicate that cellular or circuit changes in relay thalamus are critical drivers for the maturation of background activity, which occurs around term in humans.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The developing brain acquires two crucial features, continuous spontaneous activity and its modulation by arousal state, around term in humans and before the onset of sensory experience in rodents. This developmental transition in cortical activity, as measured by electroencephalogram (EEG), is an important milestone for normal brain development and indicates a good prognosis for babies born preterm and/or suffering brain damage such as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy."

Z8600021 at 23:14, 23 February 2020

2020-02-23T23:14:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:14, 24 February 2020
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	<references/>		<references/>
	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
			{{#pmid:31034163}}

	{{#pmid:19206138}}		{{#pmid:19206138}}

Z8600021 at 21:37, 13 October 2018

2018-10-13T21:37:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:37, 14 October 2018
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	===Week 8===		===Week 8===
			[[File:Stage 22 image 322.jpg\|thumb]]
	[[File:Stage 22 image 205.jpg\|600px]]		[[File:Stage 22 image 205.jpg\|600px]]

Z8600021 at 21:35, 13 October 2018

2018-10-13T21:35:51Z

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	{{Neural Links 2}}		{{Neural Links 2}}
	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==
			[[File:Gray0654.jpg\|thumb\|Human Fetal Brain (3 months)]]
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Z8600021 at 21:22, 13 October 2018

2018-10-13T21:22:17Z

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 [[File:Stage10_sem6.jpg|right|150px]]
 ==Introduction==
-[[File:Stage10_neural_sm.jpg|thumb|300px|Neural groove closing to neural tube, early week 4 <br>([[Carnegie_stage_10|Stage 10]])]]
+[[File:Adult diencephalon.jpg|thumb|300px|Adult diencephalon]]
 Neural development is one of the earliest systems to begin and the last to be completed after birth. This development generates the most complex structure within the embryo and the long time period of development means in utero insult during pregnancy may have consequences to development of the nervous system.
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 <pubmed limit=5>Thalamus Embryology</pubmed>
 |}
 ==Fetal Thalamus==
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 Brain lateral view 13, 15, and 19 weeks the developing thalamus is shown in yellow.{{#pmid:19339620|PMID19339620}}
 == Development Overview ==
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 '''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Thalamus%20Embryology Thalamus Embryology] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Thalamus%20Development Thalamus Development]
-{{Template:Footer}}
+{{Footer}}

Z8600021 at 20:58, 13 October 2018

2018-10-13T20:58:31Z

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	* '''Wnt3 and Wnt3a are required for induction of the mid-diencephalic organizer in the caudal forebrain'''~~<ref><pubmed>~~22475147~~</pubmed></ref>~~ "The thalamus is located in the caudal diencephalon and is the central relay station between the sense organs and higher brain areas. The mid-diencephalic organizer (MDO) orchestrates the development of the thalamus by releasing secreted signaling molecules such as Shh. Here we show that canonical Wnt signaling in the caudal forebrain is required for the formation of the Shh-secreting MD organizer in zebrafish. "		* '''Thalamus Controls Development and Expression of Arousal States in Visual Cortex'''{{#pmid:30150360\|PMID30150360}} "Two major checkpoints of development in cerebral cortex are the acquisition of continuous spontaneous activity and the modulation of this activity by behavioral state. Despite the critical importance of these functions, the circuit mechanisms of their development remain unknown. Here we use the rodent visual system as a model to test the hypothesis that the locus of circuit change responsible for the developmental acquisition of continuity and state dependence measured in sensory cortex is relay thalamus, rather than the local cortical circuitry or the interconnectivity of the two structures. We conducted simultaneous recordings in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and primary visual cortex (VC) of awake, head-fixed male and female rats using linear multielectrode arrays throughout early development. We find that activity in dLGN becomes continuous and positively correlated with movement (a measure of state dependence) on P13, the same day as VC, and that these properties are not dependent on VC activity. By contrast, silencing dLGN after P13 causes activity in VC to become discontinuous and movement to suppress, rather than augment, cortical firing, effectively reversing development. Thalamic bursting, a core characteristic of non-aroused states, emerged later, on P16, suggesting these processes are developmentally independent. Together our results indicate that cellular or circuit changes in relay thalamus are critical drivers for the maturation of background activity, which occurs around term in humans.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The developing brain acquires two crucial features, continuous spontaneous activity and its modulation by arousal state, around term in humans and before the onset of sensory experience in rodents. This developmental transition in cortical activity, as measured by electroencephalogram (EEG), is an important milestone for normal brain development and indicates a good prognosis for babies born preterm and/or suffering brain damage such as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy."
	* '''Dynamic imaging of mammalian neural tube closure'''~~<ref><pubmed>~~20558153~~</pubmed></ref>~~
			* '''Wnt3 and Wnt3a are required for induction of the mid-diencephalic organizer in the caudal forebrain'''{{#pmid:22475147\|PMID22475147}} "The thalamus is located in the caudal diencephalon and is the central relay station between the sense organs and higher brain areas. The mid-diencephalic organizer (MDO) orchestrates the development of the thalamus by releasing secreted signaling molecules such as Shh. Here we show that canonical Wnt signaling in the caudal forebrain is required for the formation of the Shh-secreting MD organizer in zebrafish. "
			* '''Dynamic imaging of mammalian neural tube closure'''{{#pmid:20558153\|PMID20558153}}
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	[[File:Brain tract development 06.jpg\|600px]]		[[File:Brain tract development 06.jpg\|600px]]

	Brain lateral view 13, 15, and 19 weeks the developing thalamus is shown in yellow.~~<ref name=~~PMID19339620~~><pubmed>19339620</pubmed></ref>~~		Brain lateral view 13, 15, and 19 weeks the developing thalamus is shown in yellow.{{#pmid:19339620\|PMID19339620}}

	== Development Overview ==		== Development Overview ==
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	<references/>		<references/>
	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
	~~<pubmed>~~19206138~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:19206138}}

	===Articles===		===Articles===
	~~<pubmed>~~18230116~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:18230116}}

	===Search PubMed===		===Search PubMed===

Z8600021 at 21:03, 13 April 2017

2017-04-13T21:03:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:03, 14 April 2017
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	* '''Dynamic imaging of mammalian neural tube closure'''<ref><pubmed>20558153</pubmed></ref>		* '''Dynamic imaging of mammalian neural tube closure'''<ref><pubmed>20558153</pubmed></ref>
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! More recent papers		! More recent papers
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}
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	<pubmed limit=5>Thalamus Embryology</pubmed>		<pubmed limit=5>Thalamus Embryology</pubmed>
	\|}		\|}

			==Fetal Thalamus==
			[[File:Brain tract development 06.jpg\|600px]]

			Brain lateral view 13, 15, and 19 weeks the developing thalamus is shown in yellow.<ref name=PMID19339620><pubmed>19339620</pubmed></ref>

	== Development Overview ==		== Development Overview ==

	Neuralation begins at the trilaminar embryo with formation of the notochord and somites, both of which underly the ectoderm and do not contribute to the nervous system, but are involved with patterning its initial formation. The central portion of the ectoderm then forms the neural plate that folds to form the neural tube, that will eventually form the entire central nervous system.		Neuralation begins at the trilaminar embryo with formation of the notochord and somites, both of which underly the ectoderm and do not contribute to the nervous system, but are involved with patterning its initial formation. The central portion of the ectoderm then forms the neural plate that folds to form the neural tube, that will eventually form the entire central nervous system.

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	{{~~Template:~~Neural Table}}		{{Neural Table}}

	==Early Brain Vesicles==		==Early Brain Vesicles==

Z8600021 at 11:15, 11 March 2014

2014-03-11T11:15:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:15, 11 March 2014
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	<div style="background:#F5FFFA; border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 1em; margin: auto; width: 98%; float:left;"><div style="margin:0;background-color:#cef2e0;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3bfb1;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Notice - Mark Hill</div>Currently this is only a template page and is being updated (this notice removed when completed).</div>		{{Header}}

	[[File:Stage10_sem6.jpg\|right\|150px]]		[[File:Stage10_sem6.jpg\|right\|150px]]
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
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	~~:{{Template:Neural Links}}~~

			{{Neural Links}}

			{{Neural Links 2}}
	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==
	{\|		{\|
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	* '''Dynamic imaging of mammalian neural tube closure'''<ref><pubmed>20558153</pubmed></ref>		* '''Dynamic imaging of mammalian neural tube closure'''<ref><pubmed>20558153</pubmed></ref>
	\|}		\|}
			{\| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
			! More recent papers
			\|-
			\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	[~~[Talk~~:~~Neural_-_Thalamus_Development\|Recent References]] \| [[#References\|References]~~]		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Thalamus+Embryology ''Thalamus Embryology'']

			<pubmed limit=5>Thalamus Embryology</pubmed>
			\|}
	== Development Overview ==		== Development Overview ==
	Neuralation begins at the trilaminar embryo with formation of the notochord and somites, both of which underly the ectoderm and do not contribute to the nervous system, but are involved with patterning its initial formation. The central portion of the ectoderm then forms the neural plate that folds to form the neural tube, that will eventually form the entire central nervous system.		Neuralation begins at the trilaminar embryo with formation of the notochord and somites, both of which underly the ectoderm and do not contribute to the nervous system, but are involved with patterning its initial formation. The central portion of the ectoderm then forms the neural plate that folds to form the neural tube, that will eventually form the entire central nervous system.
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	{{Template:Glossary}}		{{Template:Glossary}}


	{{Template:Footer}}		{{Template:Footer}}

Z8600021: /* Some Recent Findings */

2012-05-13T03:20:19Z

Some Recent Findings

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:20, 13 Mayıs 2012
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	* '''Dynamic imaging of mammalian neural tube closure'''<ref><pubmed>20558153</pubmed></ref>		* '''Dynamic imaging of mammalian neural tube closure'''<ref><pubmed>20558153</pubmed></ref>
	\|}		\|}

			[[Talk:Neural_-_Thalamus_Development\|Recent References]] \| [[#References\|References]]

	== Development Overview ==		== Development Overview ==

Z8600021 at 03:19, 13 Mayıs 2012

2012-05-13T03:19:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:19, 13 Mayıs 2012
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			* '''Wnt3 and Wnt3a are required for induction of the mid-diencephalic organizer in the caudal forebrain'''<ref><pubmed>22475147</pubmed></ref> "The thalamus is located in the caudal diencephalon and is the central relay station between the sense organs and higher brain areas. The mid-diencephalic organizer (MDO) orchestrates the development of the thalamus by releasing secreted signaling molecules such as Shh. Here we show that canonical Wnt signaling in the caudal forebrain is required for the formation of the Shh-secreting MD organizer in zebrafish. "
	* '''Dynamic imaging of mammalian neural tube closure'''<ref><pubmed>20558153</pubmed></ref>		* '''Dynamic imaging of mammalian neural tube closure'''<ref><pubmed>20558153</pubmed></ref>
	\|}		\|}