Neural - Pons Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 03:32, 25 February 2020

2020-02-25T03:32:24Z

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	[[File:Fetal head section 01.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|alt=Fetal brain showing developing pons\|Fetal Head showing developing Pons.]]		[[File:Fetal head section 01.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|alt=Fetal brain showing developing pons\|Fetal Head showing developing Pons.]]
	[[File:Gray0677.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|alt=Right lateral view of adult brain showing Pons\|Adult brain showing Pons.]]		[[File:Gray0677.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|alt=Right lateral view of adult brain showing Pons\|Adult brain showing Pons.]]
	(Latin, ''pons'' = "bridge") A brain stem region within the central nervous system, anatomically lying above the medulla before the nervous system becomes the spinal cord.		(Latin, ''pons'' = "bridge") A brain stem region within the central nervous system, anatomically lying above the medulla before the nervous system becomes the spinal cord.

			Historically, the pons was described as originating from rhombomere r1 to r6, molecular studies have shown that the basilar pons is located only within rhombomeres r3 and r4.{{#pmid:30809133\|PMID30809133}}

	Neural development is one of the earliest systems to begin and the last to be completed after birth. This development generates the most complex structure within the embryo and the long time period of development means in utero insult during pregnancy may have consequences to development of the nervous system.

			Neural development is one of the earliest systems to begin and the last to be completed after birth. This development generates the most complex structure within the embryo and the long time period of development means in utero insult during pregnancy may have consequences to development of the nervous system. The early central nervous system begins as a simple neural plate that folds to form a groove then tube, open initially at each end. Failure of these opening to close contributes a major class of neural abnormalities (neural tube defects). Within the neural tube stem cells generate the 2 major classes of cells that make the majority of the nervous system : neurons and glia. Both these classes of cells differentiate into many different types generated with highly specialized functions and shapes. This section covers the establishment of neural populations, the inductive influences of surrounding tissues and the sequential generation of neurons establishing the layered structure seen in the brain and spinal cord.

	The early central nervous system begins as a simple neural plate that folds to form a groove then tube, open initially at each end. Failure of these opening to close contributes a major class of neural abnormalities (neural tube defects).


	Within the neural tube stem cells generate the 2 major classes of cells that make the majority of the nervous system : neurons and glia. Both these classes of cells differentiate into many different types generated with highly specialized functions and shapes. This section covers the establishment of neural populations, the inductive influences of surrounding tissues and the sequential generation of neurons establishing the layered structure seen in the brain and spinal cord.

	* Neural development beginnings quite early, therefore also look at notes covering Week 3 neural tube and Week 4 early nervous system.

	{{Neural Links}}		{{Neural Links}}
			<br>
			{{Neural Links 2}}
	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==
	[[File:Stage10_sem6.jpg\|right\|150px]]		[[File:Stage10_sem6.jpg\|right\|150px]]

Z8600021 at 03:20, 25 February 2020

2020-02-25T03:20:03Z

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			[[File:Brain stem subdivisions 01.jpg\|alt=Brain stem subdivisions\|700px]]
	* '''Review - Time for Radical Changes in Brain Stem Nomenclature-Applying the Lessons From Developmental Gene Patterns'''{{#pmid:30809133\|PMID30809133}} "The traditional subdivision of the brain stem into {{midbrain}}, {{pons}}, and {{medulla oblongata}} is based purely on the external appearance of the human brain stem. There is an urgent need to update the names of brain stem structures to be consistent with the discovery of rhomobomeric segmentation based on gene expression. The most important mistakes are the belief that the pons occupies the upper half of the hindbrain, the failure to recognize the isthmus as the first segment of the hindbrain, and the mistaken inclusion of diencephalic structures in the midbrain. The new nomenclature will apply to all mammals. This essay recommends a new brain stem nomenclature based on developmental gene expression, progeny analysis, and fate mapping."		* '''Review - Time for Radical Changes in Brain Stem Nomenclature-Applying the Lessons From Developmental Gene Patterns'''{{#pmid:30809133\|PMID30809133}} "The traditional subdivision of the brain stem into {{midbrain}}, {{pons}}, and {{medulla oblongata}} is based purely on the external appearance of the human brain stem. There is an urgent need to update the names of brain stem structures to be consistent with the discovery of rhomobomeric segmentation based on gene expression. The most important mistakes are the belief that the pons occupies the upper half of the hindbrain, the failure to recognize the isthmus as the first segment of the hindbrain, and the mistaken inclusion of diencephalic structures in the midbrain. The new nomenclature will apply to all mammals. This essay recommends a new brain stem nomenclature based on developmental gene expression, progeny analysis, and fate mapping."

Z8600021 at 01:43, 25 February 2020

2020-02-25T01:43:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:43, 25 February 2020
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			* '''Review - Time for Radical Changes in Brain Stem Nomenclature-Applying the Lessons From Developmental Gene Patterns'''{{#pmid:30809133\|PMID30809133}} "The traditional subdivision of the brain stem into {{midbrain}}, {{pons}}, and {{medulla oblongata}} is based purely on the external appearance of the human brain stem. There is an urgent need to update the names of brain stem structures to be consistent with the discovery of rhomobomeric segmentation based on gene expression. The most important mistakes are the belief that the pons occupies the upper half of the hindbrain, the failure to recognize the isthmus as the first segment of the hindbrain, and the mistaken inclusion of diencephalic structures in the midbrain. The new nomenclature will apply to all mammals. This essay recommends a new brain stem nomenclature based on developmental gene expression, progeny analysis, and fate mapping."

	* '''The Long Journey of Pontine Nuclei Neurons: From Rhombic Lip to Cortico-Ponto-Cerebellar Circuitry'''{{#pmid:28567005\|PMID28567005}} "The pontine nuclei (PN) are the largest of the precerebellar nuclei, neuronal assemblies in the hindbrain providing principal input to the cerebellum. The PN are predominantly innervated by the cerebral cortex and project as mossy fibers to the cerebellar hemispheres. Here, we comprehensively review the development of the PN from specification to migration, nucleogenesis and circuit formation. PN neurons originate at the posterior rhombic lip and migrate tangentially crossing several rhombomere derived territories to reach their final position in ventral part of the pons. The developing PN provide a classical example of tangential neuronal migration and a study system for understanding its molecular underpinnings."		* '''The Long Journey of Pontine Nuclei Neurons: From Rhombic Lip to Cortico-Ponto-Cerebellar Circuitry'''{{#pmid:28567005\|PMID28567005}} "The pontine nuclei (PN) are the largest of the precerebellar nuclei, neuronal assemblies in the hindbrain providing principal input to the cerebellum. The PN are predominantly innervated by the cerebral cortex and project as mossy fibers to the cerebellar hemispheres. Here, we comprehensively review the development of the PN from specification to migration, nucleogenesis and circuit formation. PN neurons originate at the posterior rhombic lip and migrate tangentially crossing several rhombomere derived territories to reach their final position in ventral part of the pons. The developing PN provide a classical example of tangential neuronal migration and a study system for understanding its molecular underpinnings."

	* '''Postnatal growth of the human pons: a morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis'''{{#pmid:25307966\|PMID25307966}} "In the present study, we first performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based morphometric analyses of the postnatal human pons (0-18 years; n = 6-14/timepoint). Pons volume increased 6-fold from birth to 5 years, followed by continued slower growth throughout childhood. The observed growth was primarily due to expansion of the basis pontis. T2-based MRI analysis suggests that this growth is linked to increased myelination, and histological analysis of myelin basic protein in human postmortem specimens confirmed a dramatic increase in myelination during infancy. ...Together, our data reveal remarkable postnatal growth in the ventral pons, particularly during infancy when cells are most proliferative and myelination increases."		* '''Postnatal growth of the human pons: a morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis'''{{#pmid:25307966\|PMID25307966}} "In the present study, we first performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based morphometric analyses of the postnatal human pons (0-18 years; n = 6-14/timepoint). Pons volume increased 6-fold from birth to 5 years, followed by continued slower growth throughout childhood. The observed growth was primarily due to expansion of the basis pontis. T2-based MRI analysis suggests that this growth is linked to increased myelination, and histological analysis of myelin basic protein in human postmortem specimens confirmed a dramatic increase in myelination during infancy. ...Together, our data reveal remarkable postnatal growth in the ventral pons, particularly during infancy when cells are most proliferative and myelination increases."

	* '''Development of the pons in human fetuses'''{{#pmid:17504389\|PMID17504389}} "Morphometric and histological studies of the pons were performed by light microscopy in 28 cases of externally normal human fetuses ranging from 90 to 246 mm in crown-rump length (CRL) and from 13 to 28 weeks of gestation."

	* '''Cerebellar haemorrhages and pons development in extremely low birth weight infants'''{{#pmid:19482668\|PMID19482668}} "The anteroposterior diameter of the pons was measured manually on the midline sagittal T1 Magnetic Resonance Image ...Cerebellar haemorrhages seem to affect the development of the pons in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) with the youngest gestational age (GA)."

	\|}		\|}
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	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Development of the pons in human fetuses'''{{#pmid:17504389\|PMID17504389}} "Morphometric and histological studies of the pons were performed by light microscopy in 28 cases of externally normal human fetuses ranging from 90 to 246 mm in crown-rump length (CRL) and from 13 to 28 weeks of gestation."

			* '''Cerebellar haemorrhages and pons development in extremely low birth weight infants'''{{#pmid:19482668\|PMID19482668}} "The anteroposterior diameter of the pons was measured manually on the midline sagittal T1 Magnetic Resonance Image ...Cerebellar haemorrhages seem to affect the development of the pons in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) with the youngest gestational age (GA)."

	* '''Development of the human fetal pons: in utero ultrasonographic study'''{{#pmid:15459939\|PMID15459939}} "By using the transfontanel approach, evaluation of the fetal pons is feasible via the mid-sagittal plane. The nomograms developed and the ratio to fetal vermis provides reference data that may be helpful when evaluating anomalies of the brainstem."		* '''Development of the human fetal pons: in utero ultrasonographic study'''{{#pmid:15459939\|PMID15459939}} "By using the transfontanel approach, evaluation of the fetal pons is feasible via the mid-sagittal plane. The nomograms developed and the ratio to fetal vermis provides reference data that may be helpful when evaluating anomalies of the brainstem."
	\|}		\|}

Z8600021 at 21:42, 2 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-02T21:42:02Z

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	! More recent papers		! More recent papers
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}
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Z8600021 at 21:41, 2 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-02T21:41:29Z

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	* ''The Long Journey of Pontine Nuclei Neurons: From Rhombic Lip to Cortico-Ponto-Cerebellar Circuitry''{{#pmid:28567005\|PMID28567005}} "The pontine nuclei (PN) are the largest of the precerebellar nuclei, neuronal assemblies in the hindbrain providing principal input to the cerebellum. The PN are predominantly innervated by the cerebral cortex and project as mossy fibers to the cerebellar hemispheres. Here, we comprehensively review the development of the PN from specification to migration, nucleogenesis and circuit formation. PN neurons originate at the posterior rhombic lip and migrate tangentially crossing several rhombomere derived territories to reach their final position in ventral part of the pons. The developing PN provide a classical example of tangential neuronal migration and a study system for understanding its molecular underpinnings."		* '''The Long Journey of Pontine Nuclei Neurons: From Rhombic Lip to Cortico-Ponto-Cerebellar Circuitry'''{{#pmid:28567005\|PMID28567005}} "The pontine nuclei (PN) are the largest of the precerebellar nuclei, neuronal assemblies in the hindbrain providing principal input to the cerebellum. The PN are predominantly innervated by the cerebral cortex and project as mossy fibers to the cerebellar hemispheres. Here, we comprehensively review the development of the PN from specification to migration, nucleogenesis and circuit formation. PN neurons originate at the posterior rhombic lip and migrate tangentially crossing several rhombomere derived territories to reach their final position in ventral part of the pons. The developing PN provide a classical example of tangential neuronal migration and a study system for understanding its molecular underpinnings."

	* '''Postnatal growth of the human pons: a morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis'''{{#pmid:25307966\|PMID25307966}} "In the present study, we first performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based morphometric analyses of the postnatal human pons (0-18 years; n = 6-14/timepoint). Pons volume increased 6-fold from birth to 5 years, followed by continued slower growth throughout childhood. The observed growth was primarily due to expansion of the basis pontis. T2-based MRI analysis suggests that this growth is linked to increased myelination, and histological analysis of myelin basic protein in human postmortem specimens confirmed a dramatic increase in myelination during infancy. ...Together, our data reveal remarkable postnatal growth in the ventral pons, particularly during infancy when cells are most proliferative and myelination increases."		* '''Postnatal growth of the human pons: a morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis'''{{#pmid:25307966\|PMID25307966}} "In the present study, we first performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based morphometric analyses of the postnatal human pons (0-18 years; n = 6-14/timepoint). Pons volume increased 6-fold from birth to 5 years, followed by continued slower growth throughout childhood. The observed growth was primarily due to expansion of the basis pontis. T2-based MRI analysis suggests that this growth is linked to increased myelination, and histological analysis of myelin basic protein in human postmortem specimens confirmed a dramatic increase in myelination during infancy. ...Together, our data reveal remarkable postnatal growth in the ventral pons, particularly during infancy when cells are most proliferative and myelination increases."

Z8600021 at 21:40, 2 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-02T21:40:49Z

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	* '''Cerebellar haemorrhages and pons development in extremely low birth weight infants'''{{#pmid:19482668\|PMID19482668}} "The anteroposterior diameter of the pons was measured manually on the midline sagittal T1 Magnetic Resonance Image ...Cerebellar haemorrhages seem to affect the development of the pons in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) with the youngest gestational age (GA)."		* '''Cerebellar haemorrhages and pons development in extremely low birth weight infants'''{{#pmid:19482668\|PMID19482668}} "The anteroposterior diameter of the pons was measured manually on the midline sagittal T1 Magnetic Resonance Image ...Cerebellar haemorrhages seem to affect the development of the pons in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) with the youngest gestational age (GA)."

	* '''Development of the human fetal pons: in utero ultrasonographic study'''{{#pmid:15459939\|PMID15459939}} "By using the transfontanel approach, evaluation of the fetal pons is feasible via the mid-sagittal plane. The nomograms developed and the ratio to fetal vermis provides reference data that may be helpful when evaluating anomalies of the brainstem."
	\|}		\|}
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: ''Pons Embryology''		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pons+Development ''Pons Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pons+Embryology ''Pons Embryology'']

	~~<pubmed limit~~=~~5>Pons Embryology</pubmed>~~		\|}
			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! Older papers
			\|-
			\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Development of the human fetal pons: in utero ultrasonographic study'''{{#pmid:15459939\|PMID15459939}} "By using the transfontanel approach, evaluation of the fetal pons is feasible via the mid-sagittal plane. The nomograms developed and the ratio to fetal vermis provides reference data that may be helpful when evaluating anomalies of the brainstem."
	\|}		\|}
	== Development Overview ==		== Development Overview ==

Z8600021 at 22:39, 28 March 2018

2018-03-28T22:39:24Z

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			* ''The Long Journey of Pontine Nuclei Neurons: From Rhombic Lip to Cortico-Ponto-Cerebellar Circuitry''{{#pmid:28567005\|PMID28567005}} "The pontine nuclei (PN) are the largest of the precerebellar nuclei, neuronal assemblies in the hindbrain providing principal input to the cerebellum. The PN are predominantly innervated by the cerebral cortex and project as mossy fibers to the cerebellar hemispheres. Here, we comprehensively review the development of the PN from specification to migration, nucleogenesis and circuit formation. PN neurons originate at the posterior rhombic lip and migrate tangentially crossing several rhombomere derived territories to reach their final position in ventral part of the pons. The developing PN provide a classical example of tangential neuronal migration and a study system for understanding its molecular underpinnings."

	* '''Postnatal growth of the human pons: a morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis'''{{#pmid:25307966\|PMID25307966}} "In the present study, we first performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based morphometric analyses of the postnatal human pons (0-18 years; n = 6-14/timepoint). Pons volume increased 6-fold from birth to 5 years, followed by continued slower growth throughout childhood. The observed growth was primarily due to expansion of the basis pontis. T2-based MRI analysis suggests that this growth is linked to increased myelination, and histological analysis of myelin basic protein in human postmortem specimens confirmed a dramatic increase in myelination during infancy. ...Together, our data reveal remarkable postnatal growth in the ventral pons, particularly during infancy when cells are most proliferative and myelination increases."		* '''Postnatal growth of the human pons: a morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis'''{{#pmid:25307966\|PMID25307966}} "In the present study, we first performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based morphometric analyses of the postnatal human pons (0-18 years; n = 6-14/timepoint). Pons volume increased 6-fold from birth to 5 years, followed by continued slower growth throughout childhood. The observed growth was primarily due to expansion of the basis pontis. T2-based MRI analysis suggests that this growth is linked to increased myelination, and histological analysis of myelin basic protein in human postmortem specimens confirmed a dramatic increase in myelination during infancy. ...Together, our data reveal remarkable postnatal growth in the ventral pons, particularly during infancy when cells are most proliferative and myelination increases."

Z8600021 at 22:35, 28 March 2018

2018-03-28T22:35:38Z

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	* '''Postnatal growth of the human pons: a morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis'''~~<ref name="~~PMID25307966~~"><pubmed>25307966</pubmed></ref>~~ "In the present study, we first performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based morphometric analyses of the postnatal human pons (0-18 years; n = 6-14/timepoint). Pons volume increased 6-fold from birth to 5 years, followed by continued slower growth throughout childhood. The observed growth was primarily due to expansion of the basis pontis. T2-based MRI analysis suggests that this growth is linked to increased myelination, and histological analysis of myelin basic protein in human postmortem specimens confirmed a dramatic increase in myelination during infancy. ...Together, our data reveal remarkable postnatal growth in the ventral pons, particularly during infancy when cells are most proliferative and myelination increases."		* '''Postnatal growth of the human pons: a morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis'''{{#pmid:25307966\|PMID25307966}} "In the present study, we first performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based morphometric analyses of the postnatal human pons (0-18 years; n = 6-14/timepoint). Pons volume increased 6-fold from birth to 5 years, followed by continued slower growth throughout childhood. The observed growth was primarily due to expansion of the basis pontis. T2-based MRI analysis suggests that this growth is linked to increased myelination, and histological analysis of myelin basic protein in human postmortem specimens confirmed a dramatic increase in myelination during infancy. ...Together, our data reveal remarkable postnatal growth in the ventral pons, particularly during infancy when cells are most proliferative and myelination increases."
	* '''Development of the pons in human fetuses'''~~<ref name="~~PMID17504389~~"><pubmed>17504389</pubmed></ref>~~ "Morphometric and histological studies of the pons were performed by light microscopy in 28 cases of externally normal human fetuses ranging from 90 to 246 mm in crown-rump length (CRL) and from 13 to 28 weeks of gestation."
	* '''Cerebellar haemorrhages and pons development in extremely low birth weight infants'''~~<ref name="~~PMID19482668~~"><pubmed>19482668</pubmed></ref>~~ "The anteroposterior diameter of the pons was measured manually on the midline sagittal T1 Magnetic Resonance Image ...Cerebellar haemorrhages seem to affect the development of the pons in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) with the youngest gestational age (GA)."		* '''Development of the pons in human fetuses'''{{#pmid:17504389\|PMID17504389}} "Morphometric and histological studies of the pons were performed by light microscopy in 28 cases of externally normal human fetuses ranging from 90 to 246 mm in crown-rump length (CRL) and from 13 to 28 weeks of gestation."
	* '''Development of the human fetal pons: in utero ultrasonographic study'''~~<ref name="~~PMID15459939~~"><pubmed>15459939</pubmed></ref>~~ "By using the transfontanel approach, evaluation of the fetal pons is feasible via the mid-sagittal plane. The nomograms developed and the ratio to fetal vermis provides reference data that may be helpful when evaluating anomalies of the brainstem."
			* '''Cerebellar haemorrhages and pons development in extremely low birth weight infants'''{{#pmid:19482668\|PMID19482668}} "The anteroposterior diameter of the pons was measured manually on the midline sagittal T1 Magnetic Resonance Image ...Cerebellar haemorrhages seem to affect the development of the pons in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) with the youngest gestational age (GA)."

			* '''Development of the human fetal pons: in utero ultrasonographic study'''{{#pmid:15459939\|PMID15459939}} "By using the transfontanel approach, evaluation of the fetal pons is feasible via the mid-sagittal plane. The nomograms developed and the ratio to fetal vermis provides reference data that may be helpful when evaluating anomalies of the brainstem."
	\|}		\|}
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	\| [[File:Human-_adult_brain_MRI.jpg\|500px]]		\| [[File:Human-_adult_brain_MRI.jpg\|500px]]

	~~<ref><pubmed>~~16359556~~</pubmed>~~\| ~~[http://www.cerebrospinalfluidresearch.com/content/2/1/11 Cerebrospinal Fluid Res.]</ref>~~		{{#pmid:16359556\|PMID16359556}}

	\| valign=top\|A T1-weighted sagittal MR image from a control subject, showing the midline structures of the posterior cranial fossa and the brainstem and the cerebellum.		\| valign=top\|A T1-weighted sagittal MR image from a control subject, showing the midline structures of the posterior cranial fossa and the brainstem and the cerebellum.

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	==Images==		== References ==
			<references/>
			===Reviews===
			{{#pmid:20483389}}

			===Articles===
			{{#pmid:11461149}}

			{{#pmid:9512304}}

			===Search PubMed===

			'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Pons%20Embryology Pons Embryology] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Pons%20Development Pons Development]

			==Additional Images==

	===Historic Images===		===Historic Images===
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	</gallery>		</gallery>

	~~== References ==~~
	~~<references/>~~
	~~===Reviews===~~
	~~<pubmed>20483389</pubmed>~~

	~~===Articles===~~
	~~<pubmed>11461149</pubmed>~~
	~~<pubmed>9512304</pubmed>~~

	~~===Search PubMed===~~

	'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Pons%20Embryology Pons Embryology] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Pons%20Development Pons Development]

	==External Links==		==External Links==

Z8600021 at 12:00, 12 November 2015

2015-11-12T12:00:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:00, 12 November 2015
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	===Secondary Vesicles===		===Secondary Vesicles===
	[[Image:CNS secondary vesicles.jpg\|600px]]		[[Image:CNS secondary vesicles.jpg\|600px]]


			==Fetal Pons==

			* 130 -140 mm CRL - first myelinated fibers in each motor root of the trigeminal, abducent, and facial nerves.<ref name="PMID17504389"><pubmed>17504389</pubmed></ref>

Z8600021 at 05:22, 17 September 2015

2015-09-17T05:22:13Z

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			* '''Postnatal growth of the human pons: a morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis'''<ref name="PMID25307966"><pubmed>25307966</pubmed></ref> "In the present study, we first performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based morphometric analyses of the postnatal human pons (0-18 years; n = 6-14/timepoint). Pons volume increased 6-fold from birth to 5 years, followed by continued slower growth throughout childhood. The observed growth was primarily due to expansion of the basis pontis. T2-based MRI analysis suggests that this growth is linked to increased myelination, and histological analysis of myelin basic protein in human postmortem specimens confirmed a dramatic increase in myelination during infancy. ...Together, our data reveal remarkable postnatal growth in the ventral pons, particularly during infancy when cells are most proliferative and myelination increases."
	* '''Development of the pons in human fetuses'''<ref name="PMID17504389"><pubmed>17504389</pubmed></ref> "Morphometric and histological studies of the pons were performed by light microscopy in 28 cases of externally normal human fetuses ranging from 90 to 246 mm in crown-rump length (CRL) and from 13 to 28 weeks of gestation."		* '''Development of the pons in human fetuses'''<ref name="PMID17504389"><pubmed>17504389</pubmed></ref> "Morphometric and histological studies of the pons were performed by light microscopy in 28 cases of externally normal human fetuses ranging from 90 to 246 mm in crown-rump length (CRL) and from 13 to 28 weeks of gestation."
	* '''Cerebellar haemorrhages and pons development in extremely low birth weight infants'''<ref name="PMID19482668"><pubmed>19482668</pubmed></ref> "The anteroposterior diameter of the pons was measured manually on the midline sagittal T1 Magnetic Resonance Image ...Cerebellar haemorrhages seem to affect the development of the pons in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) with the youngest gestational age (GA)."		* '''Cerebellar haemorrhages and pons development in extremely low birth weight infants'''<ref name="PMID19482668"><pubmed>19482668</pubmed></ref> "The anteroposterior diameter of the pons was measured manually on the midline sagittal T1 Magnetic Resonance Image ...Cerebellar haemorrhages seem to affect the development of the pons in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) with the youngest gestational age (GA)."
	* '''Development of the human fetal pons: in utero ultrasonographic study'''<ref name="PMID15459939"><pubmed>15459939</pubmed></ref> "By using the transfontanel approach, evaluation of the fetal pons is feasible via the mid-sagittal plane. The nomograms developed and the ratio to fetal vermis provides reference data that may be helpful when evaluating anomalies of the brainstem."		* '''Development of the human fetal pons: in utero ultrasonographic study'''<ref name="PMID15459939"><pubmed>15459939</pubmed></ref> "By using the transfontanel approach, evaluation of the fetal pons is feasible via the mid-sagittal plane. The nomograms developed and the ratio to fetal vermis provides reference data that may be helpful when evaluating anomalies of the brainstem."

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