Neural - Mesencephalon Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 03:19, 25 February 2020

2020-02-25T03:19:42Z

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	[[File:Brain stem subdivisions 01.jpg\|alt=Brain stem subdivisions\|~~600px~~]]		[[File:Brain stem subdivisions 01.jpg\|alt=Brain stem subdivisions\|700px]]
	* '''Review - Time for Radical Changes in Brain Stem Nomenclature-Applying the Lessons From Developmental Gene Patterns'''{{#pmid:30809133\|PMID30809133}} "The traditional subdivision of the brain stem into {{midbrain}}, {{pons}}, and {{medulla oblongata}} is based purely on the external appearance of the human brain stem. There is an urgent need to update the names of brain stem structures to be consistent with the discovery of rhomobomeric segmentation based on gene expression. The most important mistakes are the belief that the pons occupies the upper half of the {{hindbrain}}, the failure to recognize the isthmus as the first segment of the hindbrain, and the mistaken inclusion of diencephalic structures in the midbrain. The new nomenclature will apply to all mammals. This essay recommends a new brain stem nomenclature based on developmental gene expression, progeny analysis, and fate mapping."		* '''Review - Time for Radical Changes in Brain Stem Nomenclature-Applying the Lessons From Developmental Gene Patterns'''{{#pmid:30809133\|PMID30809133}} "The traditional subdivision of the brain stem into {{midbrain}}, {{pons}}, and {{medulla oblongata}} is based purely on the external appearance of the human brain stem. There is an urgent need to update the names of brain stem structures to be consistent with the discovery of rhomobomeric segmentation based on gene expression. The most important mistakes are the belief that the pons occupies the upper half of the {{hindbrain}}, the failure to recognize the isthmus as the first segment of the hindbrain, and the mistaken inclusion of diencephalic structures in the midbrain. The new nomenclature will apply to all mammals. This essay recommends a new brain stem nomenclature based on developmental gene expression, progeny analysis, and fate mapping."
	[[File:Rat neural cadherin 01.jpg\|thumb\|Midbrain-Hindbrain boundary cad7 and cad20{{#pmid:18801203\|PMID18801203}}]]		[[File:Rat neural cadherin 01.jpg\|thumb\|Midbrain-Hindbrain boundary cad7 and cad20{{#pmid:18801203\|PMID18801203}}]]

Z8600021 at 03:19, 25 February 2020

2020-02-25T03:19:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:19, 25 February 2020
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	{{Neural Links 2}}		{{Neural Links 2}}
	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==
	~~[[File:Rat neural cadherin 01.jpg\|thumb\|Midbrain-Hindbrain boundary cad7 and cad20{{#pmid:18801203\|PMID18801203}}]]~~
	{\|		{\|
	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
	[[File:Brain stem subdivisions 01.jpg\|alt=Brain stem subdivisions\|600px]]		[[File:Brain stem subdivisions 01.jpg\|alt=Brain stem subdivisions\|600px]]
	* '''Review - Time for Radical Changes in Brain Stem Nomenclature-Applying the Lessons From Developmental Gene Patterns'''{{#pmid:30809133\|PMID30809133}} "The traditional subdivision of the brain stem into {{midbrain}}, {{pons}}, and {{medulla oblongata}} is based purely on the external appearance of the human brain stem. There is an urgent need to update the names of brain stem structures to be consistent with the discovery of rhomobomeric segmentation based on gene expression. The most important mistakes are the belief that the pons occupies the upper half of the hindbrain, the failure to recognize the isthmus as the first segment of the hindbrain, and the mistaken inclusion of diencephalic structures in the midbrain. The new nomenclature will apply to all mammals. This essay recommends a new brain stem nomenclature based on developmental gene expression, progeny analysis, and fate mapping."		* '''Review - Time for Radical Changes in Brain Stem Nomenclature-Applying the Lessons From Developmental Gene Patterns'''{{#pmid:30809133\|PMID30809133}} "The traditional subdivision of the brain stem into {{midbrain}}, {{pons}}, and {{medulla oblongata}} is based purely on the external appearance of the human brain stem. There is an urgent need to update the names of brain stem structures to be consistent with the discovery of rhomobomeric segmentation based on gene expression. The most important mistakes are the belief that the pons occupies the upper half of the {{hindbrain}}, the failure to recognize the isthmus as the first segment of the hindbrain, and the mistaken inclusion of diencephalic structures in the midbrain. The new nomenclature will apply to all mammals. This essay recommends a new brain stem nomenclature based on developmental gene expression, progeny analysis, and fate mapping."
			[[File:Rat neural cadherin 01.jpg\|thumb\|Midbrain-Hindbrain boundary cad7 and cad20{{#pmid:18801203\|PMID18801203}}]]
	* '''Autotaxin controls caudal diencephalon-mesencephalon development in the chick'''{{#pmid:20737506\|PMID0737506}} "RNA interference against ATX altered the expression pattern of Pax6-regualted genes, Tcf4, Lim1, and En1, implying that ATX is required for the maintenance of the regional identity of the caudal diencephalon and the diencephalon-mesencephalon boundary (DMB). Furthermore, ATX-RNAi inhibited neuroepithelial cell proliferation on both sides of the DMB. We propose a dual role of ATX in chick brain development, in which ATX not only contributes to the formation of caudal diencephalon as a short-range signal, but also regulates the growth of mesencephalon as a long-range signal."		* '''Autotaxin controls caudal diencephalon-mesencephalon development in the chick'''{{#pmid:20737506\|PMID0737506}} "RNA interference against ATX altered the expression pattern of Pax6-regualted genes, Tcf4, Lim1, and En1, implying that ATX is required for the maintenance of the regional identity of the caudal diencephalon and the diencephalon-mesencephalon boundary (DMB). Furthermore, ATX-RNAi inhibited neuroepithelial cell proliferation on both sides of the DMB. We propose a dual role of ATX in chick brain development, in which ATX not only contributes to the formation of caudal diencephalon as a short-range signal, but also regulates the growth of mesencephalon as a long-range signal."

	* '''Otx2 and Otx1 protect diencephalon and mesencephalon from caudalization into metencephalon during early brain regionalization.'''{{#pmid:20816794\|PMID20816794}} "Otx2 is expressed in each step and site of head development. ...In rostral forebrain, neopallium, ganglionic eminences and hypothalamus in front of prethalamus develop; we propose that they become insensitive to the caudalization with the switch from the Otx2 expression under the AN enhancer to that under FM1 and FM2 enhancers. In contrast, the medial pallium requires Otx1 and Otx2 for its development later than E9.5, and the Otx2 expression in diencepalon and mesencephalon later than E9.5 is also directed by an enhancer other than FM1 and FM2 enhancers."

	* '''Organization of the human embryonic ventral mesencephalon'''{{#pmid:19825428\|PMID19825428}} "The neurons in the ventral mesencephalon (VM) are organized into several nuclei consisting of distinct neuronal populations. These include the dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substania nigra and ventral tegmental area, the oculomotor (OM) neurons that innervate the muscles controlling eye movement, and the reticular neurons of the red nucleus (RN) involved in motor control and coordination reviewed in Puelles (2007). We report that BLBP and LMX1A mark the floor plate and that FOXA2 is expressed in both the floor plate and basal plate of the human VM. The proneural transcription factors NGN2 and MASH1 are expressed in the ventricular zone of the human VM within and lateral to the floor plate. The post-mitotic DA neurons express TH as well as NURR1 and PITX3. ISL1 and BRN3A can be used to detect the cells of OM and RN, respectively. We show that many key developmental control factors are expressed in a temporal and spatial manner in the human VM essentially corresponding to what has been observed in the mouse."
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mesencephalon+Embryology ''Mesencephalon Embryology'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mesencephalon+Development ''Mesencephalon Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mesencephalon+Embryology ''Mesencephalon Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Midbrain+Development ''Midbrain Development'']

	~~<pubmed limit~~=5~~>Mesencephalon Embryology</pubmed>~~		\|}
			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! Older papers
			\|-
			\| {{Older papers}}

			* '''Otx2 and Otx1 protect diencephalon and mesencephalon from caudalization into metencephalon during early brain regionalization.'''{{#pmid:20816794\|PMID20816794}} "Otx2 is expressed in each step and site of head development. ...In rostral forebrain, neopallium, ganglionic eminences and hypothalamus in front of prethalamus develop; we propose that they become insensitive to the caudalization with the switch from the Otx2 expression under the AN enhancer to that under FM1 and FM2 enhancers. In contrast, the medial pallium requires Otx1 and Otx2 for its development later than E9.5, and the Otx2 expression in diencepalon and mesencephalon later than E9.5 is also directed by an enhancer other than FM1 and FM2 enhancers."

			* '''Organization of the human embryonic ventral mesencephalon'''{{#pmid:19825428\|PMID19825428}} "The neurons in the ventral mesencephalon (VM) are organized into several nuclei consisting of distinct neuronal populations. These include the dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substania nigra and ventral tegmental area, the oculomotor (OM) neurons that innervate the muscles controlling eye movement, and the reticular neurons of the red nucleus (RN) involved in motor control and coordination reviewed in Puelles (2007). We report that BLBP and LMX1A mark the floor plate and that FOXA2 is expressed in both the floor plate and basal plate of the human VM. The proneural transcription factors NGN2 and MASH1 are expressed in the ventricular zone of the human VM within and lateral to the floor plate. The post-mitotic DA neurons express TH as well as NURR1 and PITX3. ISL1 and BRN3A can be used to detect the cells of OM and RN, respectively. We show that many key developmental control factors are expressed in a temporal and spatial manner in the human VM essentially corresponding to what has been observed in the mouse."
	\|}		\|}
	== Development Overview ==		== Development Overview ==

Z8600021 at 03:16, 25 February 2020

2020-02-25T03:16:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:16, 25 February 2020
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	\|		\|
			[[File:Brain stem subdivisions 01.jpg\|alt=Brain stem subdivisions\|600px]]
	* '''Review - Time for Radical Changes in Brain Stem Nomenclature-Applying the Lessons From Developmental Gene Patterns'''{{#pmid:30809133\|PMID30809133}} "The traditional subdivision of the brain stem into {{midbrain}}, {{pons}}, and {{medulla oblongata}} is based purely on the external appearance of the human brain stem. There is an urgent need to update the names of brain stem structures to be consistent with the discovery of rhomobomeric segmentation based on gene expression. The most important mistakes are the belief that the pons occupies the upper half of the hindbrain, the failure to recognize the isthmus as the first segment of the hindbrain, and the mistaken inclusion of diencephalic structures in the midbrain. The new nomenclature will apply to all mammals. This essay recommends a new brain stem nomenclature based on developmental gene expression, progeny analysis, and fate mapping."		* '''Review - Time for Radical Changes in Brain Stem Nomenclature-Applying the Lessons From Developmental Gene Patterns'''{{#pmid:30809133\|PMID30809133}} "The traditional subdivision of the brain stem into {{midbrain}}, {{pons}}, and {{medulla oblongata}} is based purely on the external appearance of the human brain stem. There is an urgent need to update the names of brain stem structures to be consistent with the discovery of rhomobomeric segmentation based on gene expression. The most important mistakes are the belief that the pons occupies the upper half of the hindbrain, the failure to recognize the isthmus as the first segment of the hindbrain, and the mistaken inclusion of diencephalic structures in the midbrain. The new nomenclature will apply to all mammals. This essay recommends a new brain stem nomenclature based on developmental gene expression, progeny analysis, and fate mapping."

Z8600021 at 01:47, 25 February 2020

2020-02-25T01:47:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:47, 25 February 2020
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	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Stage10_sem6.jpg\|right\|150px]]		[[File:Stage10_sem6.jpg\|right\|150px]]
	Mesencephalon (midbrain) forms the adult tectum, cerebral peduncle, pretectum and cerebral aqueduct. In the adult, this region has functions associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.		Mesencephalon ({{midbrain}}) forms the adult tectum, cerebral peduncle, pretectum and cerebral aqueduct. In the adult, this region has functions associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.

	Neural development is one of the earliest systems to begin and the last to be completed after birth. This development generates the most complex structure within the embryo and the long time period of development means in utero insult during pregnancy may have consequences to development of the nervous system.		Neural development is one of the earliest systems to begin and the last to be completed after birth. This development generates the most complex structure within the embryo and the long time period of development means in utero insult during pregnancy may have consequences to development of the nervous system.

Z8600021 at 01:45, 25 February 2020

2020-02-25T01:45:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:45, 25 February 2020
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			* '''Review - Time for Radical Changes in Brain Stem Nomenclature-Applying the Lessons From Developmental Gene Patterns'''{{#pmid:30809133\|PMID30809133}} "The traditional subdivision of the brain stem into {{midbrain}}, {{pons}}, and {{medulla oblongata}} is based purely on the external appearance of the human brain stem. There is an urgent need to update the names of brain stem structures to be consistent with the discovery of rhomobomeric segmentation based on gene expression. The most important mistakes are the belief that the pons occupies the upper half of the hindbrain, the failure to recognize the isthmus as the first segment of the hindbrain, and the mistaken inclusion of diencephalic structures in the midbrain. The new nomenclature will apply to all mammals. This essay recommends a new brain stem nomenclature based on developmental gene expression, progeny analysis, and fate mapping."

	* '''Autotaxin controls caudal diencephalon-mesencephalon development in the chick'''{{#pmid:20737506\|PMID0737506}} "RNA interference against ATX altered the expression pattern of Pax6-regualted genes, Tcf4, Lim1, and En1, implying that ATX is required for the maintenance of the regional identity of the caudal diencephalon and the diencephalon-mesencephalon boundary (DMB). Furthermore, ATX-RNAi inhibited neuroepithelial cell proliferation on both sides of the DMB. We propose a dual role of ATX in chick brain development, in which ATX not only contributes to the formation of caudal diencephalon as a short-range signal, but also regulates the growth of mesencephalon as a long-range signal."		* '''Autotaxin controls caudal diencephalon-mesencephalon development in the chick'''{{#pmid:20737506\|PMID0737506}} "RNA interference against ATX altered the expression pattern of Pax6-regualted genes, Tcf4, Lim1, and En1, implying that ATX is required for the maintenance of the regional identity of the caudal diencephalon and the diencephalon-mesencephalon boundary (DMB). Furthermore, ATX-RNAi inhibited neuroepithelial cell proliferation on both sides of the DMB. We propose a dual role of ATX in chick brain development, in which ATX not only contributes to the formation of caudal diencephalon as a short-range signal, but also regulates the growth of mesencephalon as a long-range signal."

Z8600021 at 04:02, 26 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-26T04:02:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:02, 26 Mayıs 2018
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	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! Historic Embryology		! Historic Embryology - Medulla and Midbrain
	\|-		\|-
	\| Sabin, F., & Knower, H. (1901). [[Book - An Atlas of the Medulla and Midbrain\|''An atlas of the medulla and midbrain, a laboratory manual'']],. Baltimore: Friedenwald.		\| Sabin, F., & Knower, H. (1901). [[Book - An Atlas of the Medulla and Midbrain\|''An atlas of the medulla and midbrain, a laboratory manual'']],. Baltimore: Friedenwald.

Z8600021 at 03:07, 26 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-26T03:07:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:07, 26 Mayıs 2018
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	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! More recent papers		! More recent papers
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

Z8600021 at 03:06, 26 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-26T03:06:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:06, 26 Mayıs 2018
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	{{Neural Links 2}}		{{Neural Links 2}}
	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==
	[[File:Rat neural cadherin 01.jpg\|thumb\|Midbrain-Hindbrain boundary cad7 and cad20~~<ref><pubmed>~~18801203~~</pubmed>\| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564927 PMC2564927]~~ \| ~~[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/8/87 BMC Dev Biol.]</ref>~~]]		[[File:Rat neural cadherin 01.jpg\|thumb\|Midbrain-Hindbrain boundary cad7 and cad20{{#pmid:18801203\|PMID18801203}}]]
	{\|		{\|
	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
	* '''Autotaxin controls caudal diencephalon-mesencephalon development in the chick'''~~<ref><pubmed>~~20737506~~</pubmed></ref>~~ "RNA interference against ATX altered the expression pattern of Pax6-regualted genes, Tcf4, Lim1, and En1, implying that ATX is required for the maintenance of the regional identity of the caudal diencephalon and the diencephalon-mesencephalon boundary (DMB). Furthermore, ATX-RNAi inhibited neuroepithelial cell proliferation on both sides of the DMB. We propose a dual role of ATX in chick brain development, in which ATX not only contributes to the formation of caudal diencephalon as a short-range signal, but also regulates the growth of mesencephalon as a long-range signal."		* '''Autotaxin controls caudal diencephalon-mesencephalon development in the chick'''{{#pmid:20737506\|PMID0737506}} "RNA interference against ATX altered the expression pattern of Pax6-regualted genes, Tcf4, Lim1, and En1, implying that ATX is required for the maintenance of the regional identity of the caudal diencephalon and the diencephalon-mesencephalon boundary (DMB). Furthermore, ATX-RNAi inhibited neuroepithelial cell proliferation on both sides of the DMB. We propose a dual role of ATX in chick brain development, in which ATX not only contributes to the formation of caudal diencephalon as a short-range signal, but also regulates the growth of mesencephalon as a long-range signal."
	* '''Otx2 and Otx1 protect diencephalon and mesencephalon from caudalization into metencephalon during early brain regionalization.'''PMID20816794 "Otx2 is expressed in each step and site of head development. ...In rostral forebrain, neopallium, ganglionic eminences and hypothalamus in front of prethalamus develop; we propose that they become insensitive to the caudalization with the switch from the Otx2 expression under the AN enhancer to that under FM1 and FM2 enhancers. In contrast, the medial pallium requires Otx1 and Otx2 for its development later than E9.5, and the Otx2 expression in diencepalon and mesencephalon later than E9.5 is also directed by an enhancer other than FM1 and FM2 enhancers."
	* '''Organization of the human embryonic ventral mesencephalon'''~~<ref><pubmed>~~19825428~~</pubmed></ref>~~ "The neurons in the ventral mesencephalon (VM) are organized into several nuclei consisting of distinct neuronal populations. These include the dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substania nigra and ventral tegmental area, the oculomotor (OM) neurons that innervate the muscles controlling eye movement, and the reticular neurons of the red nucleus (RN) involved in motor control and coordination reviewed in Puelles (2007). We report that BLBP and LMX1A mark the floor plate and that FOXA2 is expressed in both the floor plate and basal plate of the human VM. The proneural transcription factors NGN2 and MASH1 are expressed in the ventricular zone of the human VM within and lateral to the floor plate. The post-mitotic DA neurons express TH as well as NURR1 and PITX3. ISL1 and BRN3A can be used to detect the cells of OM and RN, respectively. We show that many key developmental control factors are expressed in a temporal and spatial manner in the human VM essentially corresponding to what has been observed in the mouse."		* '''Otx2 and Otx1 protect diencephalon and mesencephalon from caudalization into metencephalon during early brain regionalization.'''{{#pmid:20816794\|PMID20816794}} "Otx2 is expressed in each step and site of head development. ...In rostral forebrain, neopallium, ganglionic eminences and hypothalamus in front of prethalamus develop; we propose that they become insensitive to the caudalization with the switch from the Otx2 expression under the AN enhancer to that under FM1 and FM2 enhancers. In contrast, the medial pallium requires Otx1 and Otx2 for its development later than E9.5, and the Otx2 expression in diencepalon and mesencephalon later than E9.5 is also directed by an enhancer other than FM1 and FM2 enhancers."

			* '''Organization of the human embryonic ventral mesencephalon'''{{#pmid:19825428\|PMID19825428}} "The neurons in the ventral mesencephalon (VM) are organized into several nuclei consisting of distinct neuronal populations. These include the dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substania nigra and ventral tegmental area, the oculomotor (OM) neurons that innervate the muscles controlling eye movement, and the reticular neurons of the red nucleus (RN) involved in motor control and coordination reviewed in Puelles (2007). We report that BLBP and LMX1A mark the floor plate and that FOXA2 is expressed in both the floor plate and basal plate of the human VM. The proneural transcription factors NGN2 and MASH1 are expressed in the ventricular zone of the human VM within and lateral to the floor plate. The post-mitotic DA neurons express TH as well as NURR1 and PITX3. ISL1 and BRN3A can be used to detect the cells of OM and RN, respectively. We show that many key developmental control factors are expressed in a temporal and spatial manner in the human VM essentially corresponding to what has been observed in the mouse."
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	Genes differentially expressed in the Mouse Posterior Midbrain~~<ref><pubmed>~~21858141~~</pubmed>~~\| ~~[http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0023483 PLoS One.]</ref>~~		Genes differentially expressed in the Mouse Posterior Midbrain{{#pmid:21858141\|PMID21858141}}

	In situ hybridizations on E15 brains from wild-type mouse embryos with specific cDNA probes of the transcription factors Pitx2, Mef2c, Bhlhb4 and Pou4f3.		In situ hybridizations on E15 brains from wild-type mouse embryos with specific cDNA probes of the transcription factors Pitx2, Mef2c, Bhlhb4 and Pou4f3.
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	<references/>		<references/>
	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
	~~<pubmed>~~19206138~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:19206138}}
	~~<pubmed>~~9509514~~</pubmed>~~
			{{#pmid:9509514}}

	===Articles===		===Articles===
	~~<pubmed>~~19386913~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:19386913}}
	~~<pubmed>~~17178831~~</pubmed>~~
	~~<pubmed>~~12399317~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:17178831}}
	~~<pubmed>~~10984659~~</pubmed>~~
	~~<pubmed>~~10974535~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:12399317}}
	~~<pubmed>~~1360404~~</pubmed>~~
			{{#pmid:10984659}}

			{{#pmid:10974535}}

			{{#pmid:1360404}}

	===Search PubMed===		===Search PubMed===
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	'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Mesencephalon%20Embryology Mesencephalon Embryology] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Mesencephalon%20Development Mesencephalon Development] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Mesencephalon Mesencephalon]		'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Mesencephalon%20Embryology Mesencephalon Embryology] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Mesencephalon%20Development Mesencephalon Development] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Mesencephalon Mesencephalon]

			==Terms==
			{{Neural terms}}

	{{~~Template:~~Glossary}}		{{Glossary}}


	{{~~Template:~~Footer}}		{{Footer}}

Z8600021 at 04:48, 25 July 2016

2016-07-25T04:48:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:48, 25 July 2016
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	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Stage10_sem6.jpg\|right\|150px]]		[[File:Stage10_sem6.jpg\|right\|150px]]
			Mesencephalon (midbrain) forms the adult tectum, cerebral peduncle, pretectum and cerebral aqueduct. In the adult, this region has functions associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.

	Neural development is one of the earliest systems to begin and the last to be completed after birth. This development generates the most complex structure within the embryo and the long time period of development means in utero insult during pregnancy may have consequences to development of the nervous system.		Neural development is one of the earliest systems to begin and the last to be completed after birth. This development generates the most complex structure within the embryo and the long time period of development means in utero insult during pregnancy may have consequences to development of the nervous system.

Z8600021 at 03:02, 16 Haziran 2015

2015-06-16T03:02:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:02, 16 Haziran 2015
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	* Development of the neural crest and sensory systems (hearing/vision/smell) are only introduced in these notes and are covered in other notes sections.		* Development of the neural crest and sensory systems (hearing/vision/smell) are only introduced in these notes and are covered in other notes sections.

			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	~~:[[~~Embryology ~~History~~\|~~'''Historic Embryology''']]:~~ Sabin, F., & Knower, H. (1901). [[Book - An Atlas of the Medulla and Midbrain\|''An atlas of the medulla and midbrain, a laboratory manual'']],. Baltimore: Friedenwald.		! Historic Embryology
			\|-
			\| Sabin, F., & Knower, H. (1901). [[Book - An Atlas of the Medulla and Midbrain\|''An atlas of the medulla and midbrain, a laboratory manual'']],. Baltimore: Friedenwald.
			\|}