Neural - Cerebellum Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 22:32, 18 August 2020

2020-08-18T22:32:06Z

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	===Medulloblastoma===		===Medulloblastoma===

	Medulloblastomas are the most common childhood primary central nervous system tumour. They are thought to arise in the developing cerebellum from the precursors of the granule cell.		Medulloblastomas are the most common childhood primary central nervous system tumour (in children). They are thought to arise in the developing cerebellum from the precursors of the granule cell. A recent PNAS paper has suggested a role for {{SHH}} pathway in development of this disease.


			'''Modeling SHH-driven medulloblastoma with patient iPS cell-derived neural stem cells''' [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920521117 DOI]

			"Here we describe and utilize a model of medulloblastoma, a malignancy accounting for 20% of all childhood brain cancers. We used iPS-derived neural stem cells with a familial mutation causing aberrant SHH signaling. We show that these cells, when transplanted into mouse cerebellum, form tumors that mimics SHH-driven medulloblastoma, demonstrating the development of cancer from healthy neural stem cells in vivo. Our results show that reprogramming of somatic cells carrying familial cancer mutations can be used to model the initiation and progression of childhood cancer."

	===Rhombencephalosynapsis===		===Rhombencephalosynapsis===

Z8600021 at 23:36, 14 Mayıs 2020

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	===Historic===		===Historic===
			{{Ref-Herrick1895}}

	{{Ref-Stroud1895}}		{{Ref-Stroud1895}}

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	===Historic===		===Historic===
			{{Ref-Stroud1895}}

	{{Ref-Bradley1904a}}		{{Ref-Bradley1904a}}

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	File:Keith1902 fig165.jpg\|'''Fig. 165.''' Median Section of the Cerebellum and 4th Ventricle of a Frog.		File:Keith1902 fig165.jpg\|'''Fig. 165.''' Median Section of the Cerebellum and 4th Ventricle of a Frog.
	File:Keith1902 fig166.jpg\|'''Fig. 166.''' Diagrammatic Section of the Cerebellum of a 3rd month Human Foetus showing the folding of the Cerebellar Plate.		File:Keith1902 fig166.jpg\|'''Fig. 166.''' Diagrammatic Section of the Cerebellum of a 3rd month Human Foetus showing the folding of the Cerebellar Plate.
			</gallery>

			{{Ref-Bradley1904a}}
			<gallery>
			File:Bradley1904a plate46.jpg\|Plate 46
			File:Bradley1904a plate47.jpg\|Plate 47
			File:Bradley1904a plate48.jpg\|Plate 48
			File:Bradley1904a plate49.jpg\|Plate 49
			File:Bradley1904a plate50.jpg\|Plate 50
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Z8600021 at 02:34, 14 Mayıs 2020

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	{{Ref-Myers1920}}		{{Ref-Myers1920}}

			{{Ref-Palmgren1921}}

	==Terms==		==Terms==

Z8600021 at 01:18, 14 Mayıs 2020

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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cerebellum+Development ''Cerebellum Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cerebellum+Embryology ''Cerebellum Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Bergmann+glia ''Bergmann glia''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Dentate+Nucleus+Development ''Dentate Nucleus Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fastigial+Nucleus+Development ''Fastigial Nucleus Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Interposed+Nuclei+Development ''Interposed Nuclei Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Vestibular+Nuclei+Development ''Vestibular Nuclei Development''] \|		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cerebellum+Development ''Cerebellum Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cerebellum+Embryology ''Cerebellum Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Purkinje+cell+Development ''Purkinje cell Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Bergmann+glia ''Bergmann glia''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Dentate+Nucleus+Development ''Dentate Nucleus Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fastigial+Nucleus+Development ''Fastigial Nucleus Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Interposed+Nuclei+Development ''Interposed Nuclei Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Vestibular+Nuclei+Development ''Vestibular Nuclei Development''] \|
	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Dandy-Walker+Syndrome ''Dandy-Walker Syndrome''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Foliation+Defects ''Foliation Defects''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Joubert+Syndrome ''Joubert Syndrome''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pontocerebellar+Hypoplasia ''Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Medulloblastoma ''Medulloblastoma'']		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Dandy-Walker+Syndrome ''Dandy-Walker Syndrome''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Foliation+Defects ''Foliation Defects''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Joubert+Syndrome ''Joubert Syndrome''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pontocerebellar+Hypoplasia ''Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Medulloblastoma ''Medulloblastoma'']

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	</gallery>		</gallery>

			===Purkinje Cell===


			'''Search:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Purkinje+cell+Development ''Purkinje cell Development'']

	===Historic Description===		===Historic Description===

Z8600021 at 00:42, 14 Mayıs 2020

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	</gallery>		</gallery>

	{{Ref-~~BaileyMiller1921~~}} [[Book_-_Text-Book_of_Embryology_17#The_Cerebellum_2\|The Cerebellum]]		{{Ref-Bailey1921}} [[Book_-_Text-Book_of_Embryology_17#The_Cerebellum_2\|The Cerebellum]]
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	File:Bailey370.jpg\|The cerebellum is shown in black.		File:Bailey370.jpg\|The cerebellum is shown in black.

Z8600021 at 00:42, 14 Mayıs 2020

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	{{Ref-Bradley1904b}}		{{Ref-Bradley1904b}}

			{{Ref-Myers1920}}

	==Terms==		==Terms==
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	</gallery>		</gallery>

	~~Gray, Henry. Anatomy of the Human Body. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918.~~		{{Ref-Gray1918}}

	<gallery>		<gallery>
	File:Gray0677.jpg\|Scheme showing the connections of the several parts of the brain. (After Schwalbe)		File:Gray0677.jpg\|Scheme showing the connections of the several parts of the brain. (After Schwalbe)
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	~~Bailey, F.R. and Miller, A.M. (1921). Text~~-~~Book of Embryology. New York: William Wood and Co.~~ [[Book_-_Text-Book_of_Embryology_17#The_Cerebellum_2\|The Cerebellum]]		{{Ref-BaileyMiller1921}} [[Book_-_Text-Book_of_Embryology_17#The_Cerebellum_2\|The Cerebellum]]
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	File:Bailey370.jpg\|The cerebellum is shown in black.		File:Bailey370.jpg\|The cerebellum is shown in black.

Z8600021 at 00:37, 14 Mayıs 2020

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	'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Cerebellum%20Embryology Cerebellum Embryology] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Cerebellum%20Development Cerebellum Development] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Medulloblastoma Medulloblastoma]		'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Cerebellum%20Embryology Cerebellum Embryology] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Cerebellum%20Development Cerebellum Development] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Medulloblastoma Medulloblastoma]

			===Historic===
			{{Ref-Bradley1904a}}

			{{Ref-Bradley1904b}}

	==Terms==		==Terms==

Z8600021 at 14:14, 20 February 2020

2020-02-20T14:14:09Z

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			* '''Morphometric development of the human fetal {{cerebellum}} during the early {{second trimester}}'''{{#pmid:31751665\|PMID31751665}} "The protracted nature of development makes the cerebellum vulnerable to a broad spectrum of pathologic conditions, especially during the early fetal period. This study aims to characterize normal cerebellar growth in human fetuses during the early second trimester. We manually segmented the fetal cerebellum using 7.0-T high-resolution MR images obtained in 35 specimens with gestational ages ranging from 15 to 22 weeks. Volume measurements and shape analysis were performed to quantitatively evaluate global and regional cerebellar growth. The absolute volume of the fetal cerebellum showed a quadratic growth with increasing gestational age, while the pattern of relative volume changes revealed that the cerebellum grew at a greater pace than the cerebrum after 17 gestational weeks. Shape analysis was used to examine the distinctive development of subregions of the cerebellum. The extreme lateral portions of both cerebellar hemispheres showed the lowest rate of growth. The anterior lobe grew faster than most of the posterior lobe. These findings expand our understanding of the early growth pattern of the human cerebellum and could be further used to assess the developmental conditions of the fetal brain."

	* '''Fetal Growth Restriction Alters Cerebellar Development in Fetal and Neonatal {{Sheep}}'''{{#pmid:31191328\|PMID31191328}} "Fetal growth restriction (FGR) complicates 5-10% of pregnancies and is associated with increased risks of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The development of cerebellar neuropathology in utero, in response to chronic fetal hypoxia, and over the period of high risk for preterm birth, has not been previously studied. ... FGR lambs demonstrated neuropathology within the cerebellum after birth, with a significant, ~18% decrease in the number of granule cell bodies (NeuN+ immunoreactivity) within the internal granular layer (IGL) and an ~80% reduction in neuronal extension and branching (MAP+ immunoreactivity) within the molecular layer (ML). Oxidative stress (8-OHdG+ immunoreactivity) was significantly higher in FGR lambs within the ML and the white matter (WM) compared to control lambs. The structural integrity of neurons was already aberrant in the FGR cerebellum at 115 d GA, and by 124 d GA, inflammatory cells (Iba-1+ immunoreactivity) were significantly upregulated and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was compromised (Pearls, albumin, and GFAP+ immunoreactivity). We confirm that cerebellar injuries develop antenatally in FGR, and therefore, interventions to prevent long-term motor and coordination deficits should be implemented either antenatally or perinatally, thereby targeting neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress pathways."		* '''Fetal Growth Restriction Alters Cerebellar Development in Fetal and Neonatal {{Sheep}}'''{{#pmid:31191328\|PMID31191328}} "Fetal growth restriction (FGR) complicates 5-10% of pregnancies and is associated with increased risks of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The development of cerebellar neuropathology in utero, in response to chronic fetal hypoxia, and over the period of high risk for preterm birth, has not been previously studied. ... FGR lambs demonstrated neuropathology within the cerebellum after birth, with a significant, ~18% decrease in the number of granule cell bodies (NeuN+ immunoreactivity) within the internal granular layer (IGL) and an ~80% reduction in neuronal extension and branching (MAP+ immunoreactivity) within the molecular layer (ML). Oxidative stress (8-OHdG+ immunoreactivity) was significantly higher in FGR lambs within the ML and the white matter (WM) compared to control lambs. The structural integrity of neurons was already aberrant in the FGR cerebellum at 115 d GA, and by 124 d GA, inflammatory cells (Iba-1+ immunoreactivity) were significantly upregulated and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was compromised (Pearls, albumin, and GFAP+ immunoreactivity). We confirm that cerebellar injuries develop antenatally in FGR, and therefore, interventions to prevent long-term motor and coordination deficits should be implemented either antenatally or perinatally, thereby targeting neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress pathways."