Musculoskeletal System - Skull Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 18:14, 4 July 2022

2022-07-04T18:14:31Z

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	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
			{{#pmid:35220463}}

	{{#pmid:1522265}}		{{#pmid:1522265}}

Z8600021 at 02:53, 23 February 2022

2022-02-23T02:53:19Z

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			* '''Candidate positive targets of LHX6 and LHX8 transcription factors in the developing upper jaw'''{{#pmid:34861428\|PMID34861428}} "Craniofacial development is controlled by a large number of genes, which interact with one another to form a complex gene regulatory network (GRN). Key components of GRN are signaling molecules and transcription factors. Therefore, identifying targets of core transcription factors is an important part of the overall efforts toward building a comprehensive and accurate model of GRN. LHX6 and LHX8 are transcription factors expressed in the oral mesenchyme of the first pharyngeal arch (PA1), and they are crucial regulators of palate and tooth development. Previously, we performed genome-wide transcriptional profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation to identify target genes of LHX6 and LHX8 in PA1, and described a set of genes repressed by LHX. However, there has not been any discussion of the genes positively regulated by LHX6 and LHX8. In this paper, we revisited the above datasets to identify candidate positive targets of LHX in PA1. Focusing on those with known connections to craniofacial development, we performed RNA in situ hybridization to confirm the changes in expression in Lhx6;Lhx8 mutant. We also confirmed the binding of LHX6 to several putative enhancers near the candidate target genes. Together, we have uncovered novel connections between Lhx and other important regulators of craniofacial development, including Eya1, Barx1, Rspo2, Rspo3, and Wnt11."

	* '''Association between the developing sphenoid and adult morphology: A study using sagittal sections of the skull base from human embryos and fetuses'''{{#pmid:34268732\|PMID34268732}} "The developing sphenoid is regarded as a median cartilage mass (basisphenoid [BS]) with three cartilaginous processes (orbitosphenoid [OS], ala temporalis [AT], and alar process [AP]). The relationships of this initial configuration with the adult morphology are difficult to determine because of extensive membranous ossification along the cartilaginous elements. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate the anatomical connections between each element of the fetal sphenoid and adult morphology. Sagittal sections from 25 embryos and fetuses of gestational age 6-34 weeks and crown-rump length 12-295 mm were therefore examined and compared with horizontal and frontal sections from the other 25 late-term fetuses (217-340 mm). The OS was identified as a set of three mutually attached cartilage bars in early fetuses. At all stages, the OS-post was continuous with the anterolateral part of the BS. The BS included the notochord and Rathke's pouch remnant in embryos and early fetuses. The dorsum sellae was absent from embryos, but it protruded from the BS in early fetuses before a fossa for the hypophysis became evident. Although not higher than the hypophysis at midterm, the dorsum sellae elongated superiorly after gestational age 25 weeks. In early fetuses, the AP was located on the side immediately anterior to the otic capsule. The AT developed on the side immediately posterior to the extraocular rectus muscles. At late term, the greater wing was formed by membranous bones from the AT and AP. The AT and AP formed a complex bridge between the BS and the greater wing. A small cartilage, future medial pterygoid process (PTmed) was located inferior to the AT in early fetuses. At midterm, one endochondral bone and multiple membranous bones formed the PTmed. The lateral pterygoid process (PTlat) was formed by a single membranous bone plate. Therefore, we connected fetal elements and the adult morphology as follows. (1) Derivative of the OS makes not only the lesser wing but also the anterior margin of the body of the sphenoid. (2) Derivatives of the BS are the body of the sphenoid including the sella turcica and the dorsum sellae. (3) Most of the greater wing including the foramen rotundum and the foramen oval originate from the AT and AP and multiple membranous bones. (4) The PTmed originate from endochondral bones and multiple membranous bones, while the PTlat derive from a single membranous bone."		* '''Association between the developing sphenoid and adult morphology: A study using sagittal sections of the skull base from human embryos and fetuses'''{{#pmid:34268732\|PMID34268732}} "The developing sphenoid is regarded as a median cartilage mass (basisphenoid [BS]) with three cartilaginous processes (orbitosphenoid [OS], ala temporalis [AT], and alar process [AP]). The relationships of this initial configuration with the adult morphology are difficult to determine because of extensive membranous ossification along the cartilaginous elements. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate the anatomical connections between each element of the fetal sphenoid and adult morphology. Sagittal sections from 25 embryos and fetuses of gestational age 6-34 weeks and crown-rump length 12-295 mm were therefore examined and compared with horizontal and frontal sections from the other 25 late-term fetuses (217-340 mm). The OS was identified as a set of three mutually attached cartilage bars in early fetuses. At all stages, the OS-post was continuous with the anterolateral part of the BS. The BS included the notochord and Rathke's pouch remnant in embryos and early fetuses. The dorsum sellae was absent from embryos, but it protruded from the BS in early fetuses before a fossa for the hypophysis became evident. Although not higher than the hypophysis at midterm, the dorsum sellae elongated superiorly after gestational age 25 weeks. In early fetuses, the AP was located on the side immediately anterior to the otic capsule. The AT developed on the side immediately posterior to the extraocular rectus muscles. At late term, the greater wing was formed by membranous bones from the AT and AP. The AT and AP formed a complex bridge between the BS and the greater wing. A small cartilage, future medial pterygoid process (PTmed) was located inferior to the AT in early fetuses. At midterm, one endochondral bone and multiple membranous bones formed the PTmed. The lateral pterygoid process (PTlat) was formed by a single membranous bone plate. Therefore, we connected fetal elements and the adult morphology as follows. (1) Derivative of the OS makes not only the lesser wing but also the anterior margin of the body of the sphenoid. (2) Derivatives of the BS are the body of the sphenoid including the sella turcica and the dorsum sellae. (3) Most of the greater wing including the foramen rotundum and the foramen oval originate from the AT and AP and multiple membranous bones. (4) The PTmed originate from endochondral bones and multiple membranous bones, while the PTlat derive from a single membranous bone."

Z8600021 at 07:05, 7 December 2021

2021-12-07T07:05:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:05, 7 December 2021
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			* '''Association between the developing sphenoid and adult morphology: A study using sagittal sections of the skull base from human embryos and fetuses'''{{#pmid:34268732\|PMID34268732}} "The developing sphenoid is regarded as a median cartilage mass (basisphenoid [BS]) with three cartilaginous processes (orbitosphenoid [OS], ala temporalis [AT], and alar process [AP]). The relationships of this initial configuration with the adult morphology are difficult to determine because of extensive membranous ossification along the cartilaginous elements. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate the anatomical connections between each element of the fetal sphenoid and adult morphology. Sagittal sections from 25 embryos and fetuses of gestational age 6-34 weeks and crown-rump length 12-295 mm were therefore examined and compared with horizontal and frontal sections from the other 25 late-term fetuses (217-340 mm). The OS was identified as a set of three mutually attached cartilage bars in early fetuses. At all stages, the OS-post was continuous with the anterolateral part of the BS. The BS included the notochord and Rathke's pouch remnant in embryos and early fetuses. The dorsum sellae was absent from embryos, but it protruded from the BS in early fetuses before a fossa for the hypophysis became evident. Although not higher than the hypophysis at midterm, the dorsum sellae elongated superiorly after gestational age 25 weeks. In early fetuses, the AP was located on the side immediately anterior to the otic capsule. The AT developed on the side immediately posterior to the extraocular rectus muscles. At late term, the greater wing was formed by membranous bones from the AT and AP. The AT and AP formed a complex bridge between the BS and the greater wing. A small cartilage, future medial pterygoid process (PTmed) was located inferior to the AT in early fetuses. At midterm, one endochondral bone and multiple membranous bones formed the PTmed. The lateral pterygoid process (PTlat) was formed by a single membranous bone plate. Therefore, we connected fetal elements and the adult morphology as follows. (1) Derivative of the OS makes not only the lesser wing but also the anterior margin of the body of the sphenoid. (2) Derivatives of the BS are the body of the sphenoid including the sella turcica and the dorsum sellae. (3) Most of the greater wing including the foramen rotundum and the foramen oval originate from the AT and AP and multiple membranous bones. (4) The PTmed originate from endochondral bones and multiple membranous bones, while the PTlat derive from a single membranous bone."

	* '''Review - A comprehensive review of the anterior fontanelle: embryology, anatomy, and clinical considerations.'''{{#pmid:28396968\|PMID28396968}} "Fontanelles are a regular feature of infant development in which two segments of bone remain separated, leaving an area of fibrous membrane or a "soft spot" that acts to accommodate growth of the brain without compression by the skull. Of the six fontanelles in the human skull, the anterior fontanelle, located between the frontal and parietal bones, serves as an important anatomical diagnostic tool in the assessment of impairments of the skull and brain and allows access to the brain and ventricles in the infant. The diagnostic value of the anterior fontanelle, through observation of its shape, size, and palpability, makes the area of significant clinical value."		* '''Review - A comprehensive review of the anterior fontanelle: embryology, anatomy, and clinical considerations.'''{{#pmid:28396968\|PMID28396968}} "Fontanelles are a regular feature of infant development in which two segments of bone remain separated, leaving an area of fibrous membrane or a "soft spot" that acts to accommodate growth of the brain without compression by the skull. Of the six fontanelles in the human skull, the anterior fontanelle, located between the frontal and parietal bones, serves as an important anatomical diagnostic tool in the assessment of impairments of the skull and brain and allows access to the brain and ventricles in the infant. The diagnostic value of the anterior fontanelle, through observation of its shape, size, and palpability, makes the area of significant clinical value."

Z8600021 at 12:32, 13 August 2020

2020-08-13T12:32:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:32, 13 August 2020
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	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! [[~~Embryology_History~~\|Historic Embryology]] - Skull		! [[Historic Embryology Papers\|Historic Embryology]] - Skull
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_11E\|1910 Textbook Skull]] \| [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_-_Figures#Skull\|1910 Textbook Skull Images]] \| [[Paper - Description of a reconstruction of the head of a thirty-millimetre embryo (1910)\|1910 30mm Embryo Skull]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.24\|1921 Human Brain Vascular]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.71\|1923 Head Subcutaneous Plexus]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.39\|1919 21mm Embryo Skull]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.55\|1920 Human Embryo Head Size]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.48\|1921 43 mm Fetal Skull]] \| [[Paper_-_The_Monotreme_Skull_-_A_Contribution_to_Mammalian_Morphogenesis\|1915 The Monotreme Skull]] \| [[Embryology_History#Historic_Disclaimer\|Historic Disclaimer]]		\| [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_11E\|1910 Textbook Skull]] \| [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_-_Figures#Skull\|1910 Textbook Skull Images]] \| [[Paper - Description of a reconstruction of the head of a thirty-millimetre embryo (1910)\|1910 30mm Embryo Skull]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.24\|1921 Human Brain Vascular]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.71\|1923 Head Subcutaneous Plexus]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.39\|1919 21mm Embryo Skull]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.55\|1920 Human Embryo Head Size]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.48\|1921 43 mm Fetal Skull]] \| [[Paper_-_The_Monotreme_Skull_-_A_Contribution_to_Mammalian_Morphogenesis\|1915 The Monotreme Skull]] \| [[Embryology_History#Historic_Disclaimer\|Historic Disclaimer]]

Z8600021 at 12:32, 13 August 2020

2020-08-13T12:32:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:32, 13 August 2020
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	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! [[Embryology_History\|Historic Embryology]] - Skull		! [[Embryology_History\|Historic Embryology]] - Skull
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_11E\|1910 Textbook Skull]] \| [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_-_Figures#Skull\|1910 Textbook Skull Images]] \| [[Paper - Description of a reconstruction of the head of a thirty-millimetre embryo (1910)\|1910 30mm Embryo Skull]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.24\|1921 Human Brain Vascular]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.71\|1923 Head Subcutaneous Plexus]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.39\|1919 21mm Embryo Skull]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.55\|1920 Human Embryo Head Size]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.48\|1921 43 mm Fetal Skull]] \| [[Paper_-_The_Monotreme_Skull_-_A_Contribution_to_Mammalian_Morphogenesis\|1915 The Monotreme Skull]] \| [[Embryology_History#Historic_Disclaimer\|Historic Disclaimer]]		\| [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_11E\|1910 Textbook Skull]] \| [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_-_Figures#Skull\|1910 Textbook Skull Images]] \| [[Paper - Description of a reconstruction of the head of a thirty-millimetre embryo (1910)\|1910 30mm Embryo Skull]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.24\|1921 Human Brain Vascular]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.71\|1923 Head Subcutaneous Plexus]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.39\|1919 21mm Embryo Skull]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.55\|1920 Human Embryo Head Size]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.48\|1921 43 mm Fetal Skull]] \| [[Paper_-_The_Monotreme_Skull_-_A_Contribution_to_Mammalian_Morphogenesis\|1915 The Monotreme Skull]] \| [[Embryology_History#Historic_Disclaimer\|Historic Disclaimer]]

Z8600021 at 12:30, 13 August 2020

2020-08-13T12:30:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:30, 13 August 2020
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	[[:Category:Skull\|Category:Skull]] \| {{head}} \| {{neural crest}} \| {{palate}} \| {{temporomandibular joint}} \| {{joint}}		[[:Category:Skull\|Category:Skull]] \| {{head}} \| {{neural crest}} \| {{palate}} \| {{temporomandibular joint}} \| {{joint}}

	~~{{Musculoskeletal Links}}~~

	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! [[Embryology_History\|Historic Embryology]]		! [[Embryology_History\|Historic Embryology]] - Skull
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_11E\|1910 Textbook Skull]] \| [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_-_Figures#Skull\|1910 Textbook Skull Images]] \| [[Paper - Description of a ~~Reconstruction~~ of the ~~Head~~ of a ~~Thirty~~-~~Millimetre Embryo~~\|1910 30mm Embryo Skull]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.24\|1921 Human Brain Vascular]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.71\|1923 Head Subcutaneous Plexus]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.39\|1919 21mm Embryo Skull]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.55\|1920 Human Embryo Head Size]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.48\|1921 43 mm Fetal Skull]] \| [[Paper_-_The_Monotreme_Skull_-_A_Contribution_to_Mammalian_Morphogenesis\|1915 The Monotreme Skull]] \| [[Embryology_History#Historic_Disclaimer\|Historic Disclaimer]]		\| [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_11E\|1910 Textbook Skull]] \| [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_-_Figures#Skull\|1910 Textbook Skull Images]] \| [[Paper - Description of a reconstruction of the head of a thirty-millimetre embryo (1910)\|1910 30mm Embryo Skull]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.24\|1921 Human Brain Vascular]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.71\|1923 Head Subcutaneous Plexus]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.39\|1919 21mm Embryo Skull]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.55\|1920 Human Embryo Head Size]] \| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.48\|1921 43 mm Fetal Skull]] \| [[Paper_-_The_Monotreme_Skull_-_A_Contribution_to_Mammalian_Morphogenesis\|1915 The Monotreme Skull]] \| [[Embryology_History#Historic_Disclaimer\|Historic Disclaimer]]
	\|}		\|}
			<br>
			{{Musculoskeletal Links}}
	== Some Recent Findings ==		== Some Recent Findings ==
	[[File:Vesalius_Skull.jpg\|thumb\|Historic images of the skull by Vesalius]]		[[File:Vesalius_Skull.jpg\|thumb\|Historic images of the skull by Vesalius]]
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	\|}		\|}

	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! More recent papers		! More recent papers

Z8600021 at 00:09, 14 February 2020

2020-02-14T00:09:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:09, 14 February 2020
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	Meckel's cartilage, located within the first pharyngeal arch mandibular prominence, forms a cartilage "template" besides which the {{mandible}} bone develops by the process of intramembranous ossification. It is important to note that this cartilage template does not ossify (endochondral ossification) but provides a transient structure where the mandible will form, and later degenerates.		Meckel's cartilage, located within the first pharyngeal arch mandibular prominence, forms a cartilage "template" besides which the {{mandible}} bone develops by the process of intramembranous ossification. It is important to note that this cartilage template does not ossify (endochondral ossification) but provides a transient structure where the mandible will form, and later degenerates.

	See also the 1957 historic paper on temporomandibular joint development.<ref name=Moffatt1957>{{Ref-Moffatt1957}}</ref>		See also the 1957 historic paper on {{temporomandibular joint}} development.<ref name=Moffatt1957>{{Ref-Moffatt1957}}</ref>
	===Embryonic and Fetal Mandible===		===Embryonic and Fetal Mandible===

Z8600021 at 23:03, 18 Haziran 2019

2019-06-18T23:03:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:03, 19 Haziran 2019
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	</gallery>		</gallery>

	===Historic ~~Images~~===		===Historic===
	[[Embryology_History\|Historic Embryology]]		[[Embryology_History\|Historic Embryology]]

			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! Johns Hopkins Fetal Skull Collection (1918–1951)
			\|-
			\|{{Johns Hopkins Fetal Skull Collection simplified table}}
			\|}

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	* '''intramembranous ossification''' - bone formation from a membrane where no pre-existing cartilage is found, such as the calvarial vault component.		* '''intramembranous ossification''' - bone formation from a membrane where no pre-existing cartilage is found, such as the calvarial vault component.
	* '''neurocranium''' - the portion of the skull that surrounds the brain. Ossification of bones in cranial base (endochondral) and vault (intramembranous).		* '''neurocranium''' - the portion of the skull that surrounds the brain. Ossification of bones in cranial base (endochondral) and vault (intramembranous).

	* '''opisthion''' - anatomical region located on the occipital bone, located at the midpoint of the posterior margin of the foramen magnum.		* '''opisthion''' - anatomical region located on the occipital bone, located at the midpoint of the posterior margin of the foramen magnum.
	* '''posterior fontanel''' - developing skull region that closes by about 3 months postnatally.		* '''posterior fontanel''' - developing skull region that closes by about 3 months postnatally.

	* '''primary craniosynostosis''' - an intrinsic defect in a suture.		* '''primary craniosynostosis''' - an intrinsic defect in a suture.

	* '''secondary craniosynostosis''' - premature closure of normal sutures due to systemic and metabolic (hyperthyroidism, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatasia, vitamin D deficiency, renal osteodystrophy, Hurler's Syndrome, sickle cell disease and thalassemia) and those that can affect brain growth.		* '''secondary craniosynostosis''' - premature closure of normal sutures due to systemic and metabolic (hyperthyroidism, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatasia, vitamin D deficiency, renal osteodystrophy, Hurler's Syndrome, sickle cell disease and thalassemia) and those that can affect brain growth.

	* '''simple craniosynostosis''' - premature fusion involving only one suture.		* '''simple craniosynostosis''' - premature fusion involving only one suture.

	* '''synostosis''' - premature fusion.		* '''synostosis''' - premature fusion.

	* '''viscerocranium''' - facial skeleton and some anterior neck structures.		* '''viscerocranium''' - facial skeleton and some anterior neck structures.

Z8600021 at 10:03, 4 Haziran 2019

2019-06-04T10:03:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:03, 4 Haziran 2019
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	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_11E\|1910 Development of the Skeleton]]		! [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_11E\|1910 Development of the Skeleton]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
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	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! [[Paper - The skull of a human fetus of 40 mm 1\|1914 Human Fetus 40 mm Skull]]		! [[Paper - The skull of a human fetus of 40 mm 1\|1914 Human Fetus 40 mm Skull]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
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	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.48\|1921 43 mm Fetal Skull]]		! [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.48\|1921 43 mm Fetal Skull]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
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	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! [[Anatomy_of_the_Human_Body_by_Henry_Gray#1_Development\|1918 Gray's Anatomy]]		! [[Anatomy_of_the_Human_Body_by_Henry_Gray#1_Development\|1918 Gray's Anatomy]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|

Z8600021 at 00:27, 15 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-15T00:27:31Z

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	=== Craniosynostosis ===		=== Craniosynostosis ===
	Attenuation of signaling pathways stimulated by pathologically activated FGF-receptor 2 mutants prevents craniosynostosis.{{#pmid:17132737\|PMID17132737}} "Craniosynostosis, the fusion of one or more of the sutures of the skull vault before the brain completes its growth, is a common (1 in 2,500 births) craniofacial abnormality, approximately 20% of which occurrences are caused by gain-of-function mutations in FGF receptors (FGFRs). ...These experiments show that attenuation of FGFR signaling by pharmacological intervention could be applied for the treatment of craniosynostosis or other severe bone disorders caused by mutations in FGFRs that currently have no treatment."		Attenuation of signaling pathways stimulated by pathologically activated FGF-receptor 2 mutants prevents craniosynostosis.{{#pmid:17132737\|PMID17132737}} "Craniosynostosis, the fusion of one or more of the sutures of the skull vault before the brain completes its growth, is a common (1 in 2,500 births) craniofacial abnormality, approximately 20% of which occurrences are caused by gain-of-function mutations in FGF receptors (FGFRs). ...These experiments show that attenuation of FGFR signaling by pharmacological intervention could be applied for the treatment of craniosynostosis or other severe bone disorders caused by mutations in FGFRs that currently have no treatment."

			See also {{Crouzon syndrome}}.

	====Dolichocephaly and scaphocephaly====		====Dolichocephaly and scaphocephaly====