Musculoskeletal System - Muscle Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 11:43, 31 Ocak 2019

2019-01-31T11:43:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:43, 31 Ocak 2019
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	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
	{{#pmid:28811217}}		{{#pmid:28811217}}

			{{#pmid:26589919}}

	{{#pmid:22274696}}		{{#pmid:22274696}}

Z8600021 at 11:36, 31 Ocak 2019

2019-01-31T11:36:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:36, 31 Ocak 2019
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Muscle+Development ''Muscle Development'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Muscle+Development ''Muscle Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Skeletal+Muscle+Development ''Skeletal Muscle Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Myogenesis ''Myogenesis'']

	~~<pubmed limit=5>Muscle Development</pubmed>~~
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! Older papers		! Older papers
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\| {{Older papers}}
	* '''Tbx15 controls skeletal muscle fibre-type determination and muscle metabolism'''{{#pmid:26299309\|PMID26299309}} "Skeletal muscle is composed of both slow-twitch oxidative myofibers and fast-twitch glycolytic myofibers that differentially impact muscle metabolism, function and eventually whole-body physiology. Here we show that the mesodermal transcription factor T-box 15 (Tbx15) is highly and specifically expressed in glycolytic myofibers. Ablation of Tbx15 in vivo leads to a decrease in muscle size due to a decrease in the number of glycolytic fibres, associated with a small increase in the number of oxidative fibres. This shift in fibre composition results in muscles with slower myofiber contraction and relaxation, and also decreases whole-body oxygen consumption, reduces spontaneous activity, increases adiposity and glucose intolerance. Mechanistically, ablation of Tbx15 leads to activation of AMPK signalling and a decrease in Igf2 expression. Thus, Tbx15 is one of a limited number of transcription factors to be identified with a critical role in regulating glycolytic fibre identity and muscle metabolism." {{TBX}}		* '''Tbx15 controls skeletal muscle fibre-type determination and muscle metabolism'''{{#pmid:26299309\|PMID26299309}} "Skeletal muscle is composed of both slow-twitch oxidative myofibers and fast-twitch glycolytic myofibers that differentially impact muscle metabolism, function and eventually whole-body physiology. Here we show that the mesodermal transcription factor T-box 15 (Tbx15) is highly and specifically expressed in glycolytic myofibers. Ablation of Tbx15 in vivo leads to a decrease in muscle size due to a decrease in the number of glycolytic fibres, associated with a small increase in the number of oxidative fibres. This shift in fibre composition results in muscles with slower myofiber contraction and relaxation, and also decreases whole-body oxygen consumption, reduces spontaneous activity, increases adiposity and glucose intolerance. Mechanistically, ablation of Tbx15 leads to activation of AMPK signalling and a decrease in Igf2 expression. Thus, Tbx15 is one of a limited number of transcription factors to be identified with a critical role in regulating glycolytic fibre identity and muscle metabolism." {{TBX}}

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	===Articles===		===Articles===
	{{#pmid:30106515}}		{{#pmid:30106515}}

			{{#pmid:25344669}}

	{{#pmid:21859860}}		{{#pmid:21859860}}

Z8600021 at 03:14, 10 September 2018

2018-09-10T03:14:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:14, 10 September 2018
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	==Satellite Cells==		==Satellite Cells==

	These cells remain as muscle stem cells under the basal lamina around each skeletal muscle fibre. They have a role in postnatal growth and also regeneration of muscle fibres.		These cells remain as muscle stem cells under the basal lamina around each skeletal muscle fibre. They have a role in postnatal growth and also regeneration of muscle fibres. (see review{{#pmid:28811217\|PMID28811217}})

	[[File:Muscle satellite cell EM02.jpg\|600px]]		[[File:Muscle satellite cell EM02.jpg\|600px]]

	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! More recent papers		! More recent papers
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}
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	<pubmed limit=5>Satellite Cell</pubmed>		<pubmed limit=5>Satellite Cell</pubmed>
	\|}		\|}
	:'''Links:''' [[Stem ~~Cells]]~~		:'''Links:''' {{Stem cells}}

	==Abnormalities==		==Abnormalities==

Z8600021 at 03:13, 10 September 2018

2018-09-10T03:13:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:13, 10 September 2018
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	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
			{{#pmid:28811217}}

	{{#pmid:22274696}}		{{#pmid:22274696}}

Z8600021 at 03:10, 10 September 2018

2018-09-10T03:10:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:10, 10 September 2018
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	* '''Review - Making muscle: skeletal myogenesis in vivo and in vitro'''{{#pmid:28634270\|PMID28634270}} "In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of skeletal myogenesis from the earliest premyogenic progenitor stage to terminally differentiated myofibers, and discuss how this knowledge has been applied to differentiate PSCs into muscle fibers and their progenitors in vitro."		* '''Review - Making muscle: skeletal myogenesis in vivo and in vitro'''{{#pmid:28634270\|PMID28634270}} "In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of skeletal myogenesis from the earliest premyogenic progenitor stage to terminally differentiated myofibers, and discuss how this knowledge has been applied to differentiate PSCs into muscle fibers and their progenitors in vitro."

	* '''Development of the ventral body wall in the human embryo'''{{#pmid:26467243\|PMID26467243}} "Initially, vertebrae and ribs had formed medially, and primordia of sternum and hypaxial flank muscle primordium laterally in the body wall at Carnegie Stage (CS)15 (5.5 weeks). The next week, ribs and muscle primordium expanded in ventrolateral direction only. At CS18 (6.5 weeks), separate intercostal and abdominal wall muscles differentiated, and ribs, sterna, and muscles began to expand ventromedially and caudally, with the bilateral sternal bars fusing in the midline after CS20 (7 weeks) and the rectus muscles reaching the umbilicus at CS23 (8 weeks). The near-constant absolute distance between both rectus muscles and approximately fivefold decline of this distance relative to body circumference between 6 and 10 weeks identified dorsoventral growth in the dorsal body wall as determinant of the 'closure' of the ventral body wall. Concomitant with the straightening of the embryonic body axis after the 6th week, the abdominal muscles expanded ventrally and caudally to form the infraumbilical body wall. Our data, therefore, show that the ventral body wall is formed by differential dorsoventral growth in the dorsal part of the body."		* '''Development of the ventral body wall in the human embryo'''{{#pmid:26467243\|PMID26467243}} "Initially, vertebrae and ribs had formed medially, and primordia of sternum and hypaxial flank muscle primordium laterally in the body wall at Carnegie Stage (CS){{CS15}} (5.5 weeks). The next week, ribs and muscle primordium expanded in ventrolateral direction only. At CS{{CS18}} (6.5 weeks), separate intercostal and abdominal wall muscles differentiated, and ribs, sterna, and muscles began to expand ventromedially and caudally, with the bilateral sternal bars fusing in the midline after CS{{CS20}} (7 weeks) and the rectus muscles reaching the umbilicus at CS{{CS23}} (8 weeks). The near-constant absolute distance between both rectus muscles and approximately fivefold decline of this distance relative to body circumference between 6 and 10 weeks identified dorsoventral growth in the dorsal body wall as determinant of the 'closure' of the ventral body wall. Concomitant with the straightening of the embryonic body axis after the 6th week, the abdominal muscles expanded ventrally and caudally to form the infraumbilical body wall. Our data, therefore, show that the ventral body wall is formed by differential dorsoventral growth in the dorsal part of the body."

	* '''Tbx15 controls skeletal muscle fibre-type determination and muscle metabolism'''{{#pmid:26299309\|PMID26299309}} "Skeletal muscle is composed of both slow-twitch oxidative myofibers and fast-twitch glycolytic myofibers that differentially impact muscle metabolism, function and eventually whole-body physiology. Here we show that the mesodermal transcription factor T-box 15 (Tbx15) is highly and specifically expressed in glycolytic myofibers. Ablation of Tbx15 in vivo leads to a decrease in muscle size due to a decrease in the number of glycolytic fibres, associated with a small increase in the number of oxidative fibres. This shift in fibre composition results in muscles with slower myofiber contraction and relaxation, and also decreases whole-body oxygen consumption, reduces spontaneous activity, increases adiposity and glucose intolerance. Mechanistically, ablation of Tbx15 leads to activation of AMPK signalling and a decrease in Igf2 expression. Thus, Tbx15 is one of a limited number of transcription factors to be identified with a critical role in regulating glycolytic fibre identity and muscle metabolism." {{TBX}}

	* '''Notch regulation of myogenic versus endothelial fates of cells that migrate from the somite to the limb'''{{#pmid:24927569\|PMID24927569}} "Multipotent Pax3-positive (Pax3(+)) cells in the somites give rise to skeletal muscle and to cells of the vasculature. We had previously proposed that this cell-fate choice depends on the equilibrium between Pax3 and Foxc2 expression. In this study, we report that the Notch pathway promotes vascular versus skeletal muscle cell fates. ...We now demonstrate that in addition to the inhibitory role of Notch signaling on skeletal muscle cell differentiation, the Notch pathway affects the Pax3:Foxc2 balance and promotes the endothelial versus myogenic cell fate, before migration to the limb, in multipotent Pax3(+) cells in the somite of the mouse embryo." {{limb}} \| }}Notch}}

	\|}		\|}
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	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
			* '''Tbx15 controls skeletal muscle fibre-type determination and muscle metabolism'''{{#pmid:26299309\|PMID26299309}} "Skeletal muscle is composed of both slow-twitch oxidative myofibers and fast-twitch glycolytic myofibers that differentially impact muscle metabolism, function and eventually whole-body physiology. Here we show that the mesodermal transcription factor T-box 15 (Tbx15) is highly and specifically expressed in glycolytic myofibers. Ablation of Tbx15 in vivo leads to a decrease in muscle size due to a decrease in the number of glycolytic fibres, associated with a small increase in the number of oxidative fibres. This shift in fibre composition results in muscles with slower myofiber contraction and relaxation, and also decreases whole-body oxygen consumption, reduces spontaneous activity, increases adiposity and glucose intolerance. Mechanistically, ablation of Tbx15 leads to activation of AMPK signalling and a decrease in Igf2 expression. Thus, Tbx15 is one of a limited number of transcription factors to be identified with a critical role in regulating glycolytic fibre identity and muscle metabolism." {{TBX}}

			* '''Notch regulation of myogenic versus endothelial fates of cells that migrate from the somite to the limb'''{{#pmid:24927569\|PMID24927569}} "Multipotent Pax3-positive (Pax3(+)) cells in the somites give rise to skeletal muscle and to cells of the vasculature. We had previously proposed that this cell-fate choice depends on the equilibrium between Pax3 and Foxc2 expression. In this study, we report that the Notch pathway promotes vascular versus skeletal muscle cell fates. ...We now demonstrate that in addition to the inhibitory role of Notch signaling on skeletal muscle cell differentiation, the Notch pathway affects the Pax3:Foxc2 balance and promotes the endothelial versus myogenic cell fate, before migration to the limb, in multipotent Pax3(+) cells in the somite of the mouse embryo." {{limb}} \| }}Notch}}
	* '''Jamb and jamc are essential for vertebrate myocyte fusion'''{{#pmid:22180726\|PMID22180726}} "Cellular fusion is required in the development of several tissues, including skeletal muscle. In vertebrates, this process is poorly understood and lacks an in vivo-validated cell surface heterophilic receptor pair that is necessary for fusion. Identification of essential cell surface interactions between fusing cells is an important step in elucidating the molecular mechanism of cellular fusion. We show here that the zebrafish orthologues of JAM-B and JAM-C receptors are essential for fusion of myocyte precursors to form syncytial muscle fibres. Both jamb and jamc are dynamically co-expressed in developing muscles and encode receptors that physically interact." (mammalian orthologues JAM-B/Jam2a = [http://omim.org/entry/606870 JAM2] JAM-C/Jam3b = [http://omim.org/entry/606871 JAM3])		* '''Jamb and jamc are essential for vertebrate myocyte fusion'''{{#pmid:22180726\|PMID22180726}} "Cellular fusion is required in the development of several tissues, including skeletal muscle. In vertebrates, this process is poorly understood and lacks an in vivo-validated cell surface heterophilic receptor pair that is necessary for fusion. Identification of essential cell surface interactions between fusing cells is an important step in elucidating the molecular mechanism of cellular fusion. We show here that the zebrafish orthologues of JAM-B and JAM-C receptors are essential for fusion of myocyte precursors to form syncytial muscle fibres. Both jamb and jamc are dynamically co-expressed in developing muscles and encode receptors that physically interact." (mammalian orthologues JAM-B/Jam2a = [http://omim.org/entry/606870 JAM2] JAM-C/Jam3b = [http://omim.org/entry/606871 JAM3])

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	===Articles===		===Articles===
			{{#pmid:30106515}}

	{{#pmid:21859860}}		{{#pmid:21859860}}

Z8600021 at 03:46, 25 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-25T03:46:34Z

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	\|}		\|}

	==Myotome==		==Adult Myotome==

	In both development and the adult, the group of skeletal muscles supplied by a specific segmental spinal nerve is referred to as a myotome. The muscle arises from a specific somite and the spinal nerve arises from a specific level of the spinal cord (identified by veretebral column).		In both development and the adult, the group of skeletal muscles supplied by a specific segmental spinal nerve is also referred to as a "myotome". The muscle arises from a specific somite and the spinal nerve arises from a specific level of the spinal cord (identified by veretebral column).

	In humans this corresponds to the following spinal nerves (from top to bottom) and muscular functions:		In humans this corresponds to the following spinal nerves (from top to bottom) and muscular functions:

	* C3,4 and 5 supply the diaphragm for breathing.		{{Spinal Nerve Myotome table}}
	* C5 supply shoulder muscles and muscles to bend our elbow.
	* C6 for bending the wrist back.
	* C7 for straightening the elbow.
	* C8 bends the fingers.
	* T1 spreads the fingers.
	* T1 –T12 supplies the chest wall and abdominal muscles.
	* L2 bends the hip.
	* L3 straightens the knee.
	* L4 pulls the foot up.
	* L5 wiggles the toes.
	* S1 pulls the foot down.
	* S3,4 and 5 supply the bladder, bowel, sex organs, anal and other pelvic muscles.

	==Mouse Limb Muscle==		==Mouse Limb Muscle==

Z8600021 at 03:05, 25 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-25T03:05:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:05, 25 Mayıs 2018
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			* '''Hitherto unknown detailed muscle anatomy in an 8-week-old embryo'''{{#pmid:29726018\|PMID29726018}} "Human embryo at Carnegie embryo {{CE950}} stage 23 (8 weeks of development, crown-rump length of 23.8 mm), using Amira reconstruction software. Reconstructed muscles, tendons, bones and nerves were exported in a 3D-PDF file to permit interactive viewing. Almost all adult skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs could be individually identified in their relative adult position. The pectoralis major muscle was divided in three separate muscle heads. The reconstructions showed remarkable highly developed extraocular, infrahyoid and suprahyoid muscles at this age but surprisingly also absence of the facial muscles that have been described to be present at this stage of development. The overall stage of muscle development suggests heterochrony of skeletal muscle development. Several individual muscle groups were found to be developed earlier and in more detail than described in current literature."

	* '''Review - Making muscle: skeletal myogenesis in vivo and in vitro'''{{#pmid:28634270\|PMID28634270}} "In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of skeletal myogenesis from the earliest premyogenic progenitor stage to terminally differentiated myofibers, and discuss how this knowledge has been applied to differentiate PSCs into muscle fibers and their progenitors in vitro."		* '''Review - Making muscle: skeletal myogenesis in vivo and in vitro'''{{#pmid:28634270\|PMID28634270}} "In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of skeletal myogenesis from the earliest premyogenic progenitor stage to terminally differentiated myofibers, and discuss how this knowledge has been applied to differentiate PSCs into muscle fibers and their progenitors in vitro."

Z8600021 at 02:52, 25 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-25T02:52:11Z

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Z8600021 at 03:47, 2 August 2017

2017-08-02T03:47:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:47, 2 August 2017
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			* '''Review - Making muscle: skeletal myogenesis in vivo and in vitro'''<ref name=PMID28634270><pubmed>28634270</pubmed></ref> "In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of skeletal myogenesis from the earliest premyogenic progenitor stage to terminally differentiated myofibers, and discuss how this knowledge has been applied to differentiate PSCs into muscle fibers and their progenitors in vitro."

	* '''Development of the ventral body wall in the human embryo'''<ref name=PMID26467243><pubmed>26467243</pubmed></ref> "Initially, vertebrae and ribs had formed medially, and primordia of sternum and hypaxial flank muscle primordium laterally in the body wall at Carnegie Stage (CS)15 (5.5 weeks). The next week, ribs and muscle primordium expanded in ventrolateral direction only. At CS18 (6.5 weeks), separate intercostal and abdominal wall muscles differentiated, and ribs, sterna, and muscles began to expand ventromedially and caudally, with the bilateral sternal bars fusing in the midline after CS20 (7 weeks) and the rectus muscles reaching the umbilicus at CS23 (8 weeks). The near-constant absolute distance between both rectus muscles and approximately fivefold decline of this distance relative to body circumference between 6 and 10 weeks identified dorsoventral growth in the dorsal body wall as determinant of the 'closure' of the ventral body wall. Concomitant with the straightening of the embryonic body axis after the 6th week, the abdominal muscles expanded ventrally and caudally to form the infraumbilical body wall. Our data, therefore, show that the ventral body wall is formed by differential dorsoventral growth in the dorsal part of the body."		* '''Development of the ventral body wall in the human embryo'''<ref name=PMID26467243><pubmed>26467243</pubmed></ref> "Initially, vertebrae and ribs had formed medially, and primordia of sternum and hypaxial flank muscle primordium laterally in the body wall at Carnegie Stage (CS)15 (5.5 weeks). The next week, ribs and muscle primordium expanded in ventrolateral direction only. At CS18 (6.5 weeks), separate intercostal and abdominal wall muscles differentiated, and ribs, sterna, and muscles began to expand ventromedially and caudally, with the bilateral sternal bars fusing in the midline after CS20 (7 weeks) and the rectus muscles reaching the umbilicus at CS23 (8 weeks). The near-constant absolute distance between both rectus muscles and approximately fivefold decline of this distance relative to body circumference between 6 and 10 weeks identified dorsoventral growth in the dorsal body wall as determinant of the 'closure' of the ventral body wall. Concomitant with the straightening of the embryonic body axis after the 6th week, the abdominal muscles expanded ventrally and caudally to form the infraumbilical body wall. Our data, therefore, show that the ventral body wall is formed by differential dorsoventral growth in the dorsal part of the body."
	* '''Tbx15 controls skeletal muscle fibre-type determination and muscle metabolism'''<ref name=PMID26299309><pubmed>26299309</pubmed></ref> "Skeletal muscle is composed of both slow-twitch oxidative myofibers and fast-twitch glycolytic myofibers that differentially impact muscle metabolism, function and eventually whole-body physiology. Here we show that the mesodermal transcription factor T-box 15 (Tbx15) is highly and specifically expressed in glycolytic myofibers. Ablation of Tbx15 in vivo leads to a decrease in muscle size due to a decrease in the number of glycolytic fibres, associated with a small increase in the number of oxidative fibres. This shift in fibre composition results in muscles with slower myofiber contraction and relaxation, and also decreases whole-body oxygen consumption, reduces spontaneous activity, increases adiposity and glucose intolerance. Mechanistically, ablation of Tbx15 leads to activation of AMPK signalling and a decrease in Igf2 expression. Thus, Tbx15 is one of a limited number of transcription factors to be identified with a critical role in regulating glycolytic fibre identity and muscle metabolism." [[Developmental Signals - Tbx]]		* '''Tbx15 controls skeletal muscle fibre-type determination and muscle metabolism'''<ref name=PMID26299309><pubmed>26299309</pubmed></ref> "Skeletal muscle is composed of both slow-twitch oxidative myofibers and fast-twitch glycolytic myofibers that differentially impact muscle metabolism, function and eventually whole-body physiology. Here we show that the mesodermal transcription factor T-box 15 (Tbx15) is highly and specifically expressed in glycolytic myofibers. Ablation of Tbx15 in vivo leads to a decrease in muscle size due to a decrease in the number of glycolytic fibres, associated with a small increase in the number of oxidative fibres. This shift in fibre composition results in muscles with slower myofiber contraction and relaxation, and also decreases whole-body oxygen consumption, reduces spontaneous activity, increases adiposity and glucose intolerance. Mechanistically, ablation of Tbx15 leads to activation of AMPK signalling and a decrease in Igf2 expression. Thus, Tbx15 is one of a limited number of transcription factors to be identified with a critical role in regulating glycolytic fibre identity and muscle metabolism." [[Developmental Signals - Tbx]]

Z8600021 at 01:54, 24 Ocak 2017

2017-01-24T01:54:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:54, 24 Ocak 2017
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	==Muscle Groups==		==Muscle Groups==
	[[File:Somite_cartoon5.png\|thumb\|Cartoon showing myotome fate forming epaxial and hypaxial muscle groups.]]		[[File:Somite_cartoon5.png\|thumb\|Cartoon showing myotome fate forming epaxial and hypaxial muscle groups.]]

			In humans, body muscles lying dorsal to the vertebral column form the epaxial muscles. The body muscles lying ventral (anterior) to the vertebral column form the hypaxial muscles.
	===Epaxial Muscle===		===Epaxial Muscle===
	Anatomical term describing skeletal muscles which lie dorsal (posterior) to the vertebral column developing from the somite ~~[[M#myotome\|myotome]]~~. ~~In humans, this is~~ only a small muscle group formed by the transversospinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis muscles. ~~Also at~~ the ribcage level the levatores costarum muscles involved with rib elevation during respiration~~. The body muscles lying ventral (anterior) to the vertebral column are the hypaxial muscles~~.		Anatomical term describing skeletal muscles which lie dorsal (posterior) to the vertebral column developing from the somite. Epaxial muscles are only a small muscle group formed by the transversospinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis muscles. At the ribcage level, the levatores costarum muscles (transverse processes of C7 to T11 vertebrae) are also involved with rib elevation during respiration.