Musculoskeletal System - Joint Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 00:49, 14 February 2020

2020-02-14T00:49:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:49, 14 February 2020
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	==Temporomandibular Joint==		==Temporomandibular Joint==

	The {{temporomandibular joint}} (TMJ) is a synovial joint ~~with~~ the ~~following~~ components:		The {{temporomandibular joint}} (TMJ) is a unique synovial joint. It forms from two blastemata that grow toward each another. The articulating surfaces of the joint are not covered by hyaline cartilage, but a fibrous tissue consisting of both elastic and collagen fibres. Finally, condylar bone formation is different from that seen in other growth plates.

			Joint components:
	# mandibular condyle		# mandibular condyle
	# a fibrocartilagenous disc		# a fibrocartilagenous disc
	# the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone.		# the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone.

	The {{skeletal ~~muscles~~}} attached to the joint include the lateral pterygoid and temporalis muscles.		The {{skeletal muscle}}s attached to the joint include the lateral pterygoid and temporalis muscles.

	Postnatal development{{#pmid:4416417\|PMID4416417}} {{#pmid:22114595\|PMID22114595}}		Postnatal development{{#pmid:4416417\|PMID4416417}} {{#pmid:22114595\|PMID22114595}}
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	* 1957 [[Paper - The prenatal development of the human temporomandibular joint\|The prenatal development of the human temporomandibular joint]]<ref name=Moffatt1957>{{Ref-Moffatt1957}}</ref> that describes development using human embryos from the [[Carnegie Collection]].		* 1957 [[Paper - The prenatal development of the human temporomandibular joint\|The prenatal development of the human temporomandibular joint]]<ref name=Moffatt1957>{{Ref-Moffatt1957}}</ref> that describes development using human embryos from the [[Carnegie Collection]].
	* 1962 Embryogenesis of the human temporomandibular joint.{{#pmid:13966992\|PMID13966992}}		* 1962 Embryogenesis of the human temporomandibular joint.{{#pmid:13966992\|PMID13966992}}
			* 1982 Human temporomandibular joint development using human embryos from the [[Minot Collection]].{{#pmid:6958320\|PMID6958320}}
	* 1999 Development of the human temporomandibular joint describes three developmental stages using human embryos from the [[Madrid Collection]]. {{#pmid:10321990\|PMID10321990}}		* 1999 Development of the human temporomandibular joint describes three developmental stages using human embryos from the [[Madrid Collection]]. {{#pmid:10321990\|PMID10321990}}
	# first stage (weeks 7-8) - blastematic stage, onset of condyle, articular disc and capsule organization. During week 8 {{intramembranous ossification}} of the temporal squamous bone begins.		# first stage (weeks 7-8) - blastematic stage, onset of condyle, articular disc and capsule organization. During week 8 {{intramembranous ossification}} of the temporal squamous bone begins.
	# second stage (weeks 9-11) - cavitation stage, corresponding to the initial formation of the inferior joint cavity (week 9) and the start condylar chondrogenesis. Week 11 marks the initiation of organization of the superior joint cavity.		# second stage (weeks 9-11) - cavitation stage, corresponding to the initial formation of the inferior joint cavity (week 9) and the start condylar chondrogenesis. Week 11 marks the initiation of organization of the superior joint cavity.
	# third stage (after week 12) - maturation stage.		# third stage (after week 12) - maturation stage.
			* 2009 Development of the mandibular condylar cartilage in human specimens of 10-15 weeks' gestation using human embryos from the [[Madrid Collection]].{{#pmid:19166473\|PMID19166473}}

Z8600021 at 00:31, 14 February 2020

2020-02-14T00:31:58Z

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 ==Temporomandibular Joint==
-The temporomandibular joint components are: mandibular condyle, a fibrocartilagenous disc, and the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone.
+The {{temporomandibular joint}} (TMJ) is a  synovial joint with the following components:
 ==Shoulder Joint==
 This timeline data comes from a recent study of 32 human embryos (Carnegie stages 16-23) and 26 fetuses (9-13 weeks.{{#pmid:29193070|PMID29193070}}

Z8600021 at 21:41, 13 February 2020

2020-02-13T21:41:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:41, 14 February 2020
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	\|}		\|}

	==Shoulder==		==Temporomandibular Joint==

			The temporomandibular joint components are: mandibular condyle, a fibrocartilagenous disc, and the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone.

			==Shoulder Joint==
	This timeline data comes from a recent study of 32 human embryos (Carnegie stages 16-23) and 26 fetuses (9-13 weeks.{{#pmid:29193070\|PMID29193070}}		This timeline data comes from a recent study of 32 human embryos (Carnegie stages 16-23) and 26 fetuses (9-13 weeks.{{#pmid:29193070\|PMID29193070}}

	{{Shoulder Timeline table}}		{{Shoulder Timeline table}}

	==Knee==		==Knee Joint==

	In human embryo at week 7 the femur and tibia cartilage template is present ([[Carnegie stage 18\|stage 18]]), by week 8 the posterior cruciate ligament appears ([[Carnegie stage 21\|stage 21]]), and by [[Carnegie stage 23\|stage 23]] the knee cavity and the anterior cruciate ligament are both also present.{{#pmid:9185992\|PMID9185992}}		In human embryo at week 7 the femur and tibia cartilage template is present ([[Carnegie stage 18\|stage 18]]), by week 8 the posterior cruciate ligament appears ([[Carnegie stage 21\|stage 21]]), and by [[Carnegie stage 23\|stage 23]] the knee cavity and the anterior cruciate ligament are both also present.{{#pmid:9185992\|PMID9185992}}
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	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
			{{#pmid:29153232}}


	===Articles===		===Articles===
			{{#pmid:22328578}}

	{{#pmid:15492776}}		{{#pmid:15492776}}

Z8600021 at 13:50, 13 February 2020

2020-02-13T13:50:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:50, 13 February 2020
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	\|		\|
	# '''Computational model of a synovial joint morphogenesis'''{{#pmid:31863216\|PMID31863216}} "Joints enable the relative movement between the connected bones. The shape of the joint is important for the joint movements since they facilitate and smooth the relative displacement of the joint's parts. The process of how the joints obtain their final shape is yet not well understood. Former models have been developed in order to understand the joint morphogenesis leaning only on the mechanical environment; however, the obtained final anatomical shape does not match entirely with a realistic geometry. In this study, a computational model was developed with the aim of explaining how the morphogenesis of joints and shaping of ossification structures are achieved. For this model, both the mechanical and biochemical environments were considered. It was assumed that cartilage growth was controlled by cyclic hydrostatic stress and inhibited by octahedral shear stress. In addition, molecules such as PTHrP and Wnt promote chondrocyte proliferation and therefore cartilage growth. Moreover, the appearance of the primary and secondary ossification centers was also modeled, for which the osteogenic index and PTHrP-Ihh concentrations were taken into account. The obtained results from this model show a coherent final shape of an interphalangeal joint, which suggest that the mechanical and biochemical environments are crucial for the joint morphogenesis process.}		# '''Computational model of a synovial joint morphogenesis'''{{#pmid:31863216\|PMID31863216}} "Joints enable the relative movement between the connected bones. The shape of the joint is important for the joint movements since they facilitate and smooth the relative displacement of the joint's parts. The process of how the joints obtain their final shape is yet not well understood. Former models have been developed in order to understand the joint morphogenesis leaning only on the mechanical environment; however, the obtained final anatomical shape does not match entirely with a realistic geometry. In this study, a computational model was developed with the aim of explaining how the morphogenesis of joints and shaping of ossification structures are achieved. For this model, both the mechanical and biochemical environments were considered. It was assumed that cartilage growth was controlled by cyclic hydrostatic stress and inhibited by octahedral shear stress. In addition, molecules such as PTHrP and Wnt promote chondrocyte proliferation and therefore cartilage growth. Moreover, the appearance of the primary and secondary ossification centers was also modeled, for which the osteogenic index and PTHrP-Ihh concentrations were taken into account. The obtained results from this model show a coherent final shape of an interphalangeal joint, which suggest that the mechanical and biochemical environments are crucial for the joint morphogenesis process.}

			# '''The Roles of Indian Hedgehog Signaling in TMJ Formation'''{{#pmid:31847127\|PMID31847127}} "The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an intricate structure composed of the mandibular condyle, articular disc, and glenoid fossa in the temporal bone. Apical condylar cartilage is classified as a secondary cartilage, is fibrocartilaginous in nature, and is structurally distinct from growth plate and articular cartilage in long bones. Condylar cartilage is organized in distinct cellular layers that include a superficial layer that produces lubricants, a polymorphic/progenitor layer that contains stem/progenitor cells, and underlying layers of flattened and hypertrophic chondrocytes. Uniquely, progenitor cells reside near the articular surface, proliferate, undergo chondrogenesis, and mature into hypertrophic chondrocytes. During the past decades, there has been a growing interest in the molecular mechanisms by which the TMJ develops and acquires its unique structural and functional features. Indian hedgehog (Ihh), which regulates skeletal development including synovial joint formation, also plays pivotal roles in TMJ development and postnatal maintenance. This review provides a description of the many important recent advances in Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in TMJ biology. These include studies that used conventional approaches and those that analyzed the phenotype of tissue-specific mouse mutants lacking Ihh or associated molecules."

	* '''Precise spatial restriction of {{BMP}} signaling in developing joints is perturbed upon loss of embryo movement'''{{#pmid:29467244\|PMID29467244}} "Dynamic mechanical loading of synovial joints is necessary for normal joint development, as evidenced in certain clinical conditions, congenital disorders and animal models where dynamic muscle contractions are reduced or absent. Although the importance of mechanical forces on joint development is unequivocal, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, using chick and mouse embryos, we observed that molecular changes in expression of multiple genes analyzed in the absence of mechanical stimulation are consistent across species. Our results suggest that abnormal joint development in immobilized embryos involves inappropriate regulation of {{Wnt}} and {{BMP}} signaling during definition of the emerging joint territories, i.e. reduced β-catenin activation and concomitant upregulation of pSMAD1/5/8 signaling. Moreover, dynamic mechanical loading of the developing knee joint activates Smurf1 expression; our data suggest that Smurf1 insulates the joint region from pSMAD1/5/8 signaling and is essential for maintenance of joint progenitor cell fate."		* '''Precise spatial restriction of {{BMP}} signaling in developing joints is perturbed upon loss of embryo movement'''{{#pmid:29467244\|PMID29467244}} "Dynamic mechanical loading of synovial joints is necessary for normal joint development, as evidenced in certain clinical conditions, congenital disorders and animal models where dynamic muscle contractions are reduced or absent. Although the importance of mechanical forces on joint development is unequivocal, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, using chick and mouse embryos, we observed that molecular changes in expression of multiple genes analyzed in the absence of mechanical stimulation are consistent across species. Our results suggest that abnormal joint development in immobilized embryos involves inappropriate regulation of {{Wnt}} and {{BMP}} signaling during definition of the emerging joint territories, i.e. reduced β-catenin activation and concomitant upregulation of pSMAD1/5/8 signaling. Moreover, dynamic mechanical loading of the developing knee joint activates Smurf1 expression; our data suggest that Smurf1 insulates the joint region from pSMAD1/5/8 signaling and is essential for maintenance of joint progenitor cell fate."
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Joint+Development ''Joint Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Joint+Morphogenesis ''Joint Morphogenesis''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Synovial+Joint+Development ''Synovial Joint Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Shoulder+Joint+Development ''Shoulder Joint Development'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Joint+Development ''Joint Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Joint+Morphogenesis ''Joint Morphogenesis''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Synovial+Joint+Development ''Synovial Joint Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Temporomandibular+Joint+Development ''Temporomandibular Joint Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Shoulder+Joint+Development ''Shoulder Joint Development'']

	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"

Z8600021 at 13:47, 13 February 2020

2020-02-13T13:47:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:47, 13 February 2020
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	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
	* '''Precise spatial restriction of BMP signaling in developing joints is perturbed upon loss of embryo movement'''{{#pmid:29467244\|PMID29467244}} "Dynamic mechanical loading of synovial joints is necessary for normal joint development, as evidenced in certain clinical conditions, congenital disorders and animal models where dynamic muscle contractions are reduced or absent. Although the importance of mechanical forces on joint development is unequivocal, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, using chick and mouse embryos, we observed that molecular changes in expression of multiple genes analyzed in the absence of mechanical stimulation are consistent across species. Our results suggest that abnormal joint development in immobilized embryos involves inappropriate regulation of {{Wnt}} and {{BMP}} signaling during definition of the emerging joint territories, i.e. reduced β-catenin activation and concomitant upregulation of pSMAD1/5/8 signaling. Moreover, dynamic mechanical loading of the developing knee joint activates Smurf1 expression; our data suggest that Smurf1 insulates the joint region from pSMAD1/5/8 signaling and is essential for maintenance of joint progenitor cell fate."		# '''Computational model of a synovial joint morphogenesis'''{{#pmid:31863216\|PMID31863216}} "Joints enable the relative movement between the connected bones. The shape of the joint is important for the joint movements since they facilitate and smooth the relative displacement of the joint's parts. The process of how the joints obtain their final shape is yet not well understood. Former models have been developed in order to understand the joint morphogenesis leaning only on the mechanical environment; however, the obtained final anatomical shape does not match entirely with a realistic geometry. In this study, a computational model was developed with the aim of explaining how the morphogenesis of joints and shaping of ossification structures are achieved. For this model, both the mechanical and biochemical environments were considered. It was assumed that cartilage growth was controlled by cyclic hydrostatic stress and inhibited by octahedral shear stress. In addition, molecules such as PTHrP and Wnt promote chondrocyte proliferation and therefore cartilage growth. Moreover, the appearance of the primary and secondary ossification centers was also modeled, for which the osteogenic index and PTHrP-Ihh concentrations were taken into account. The obtained results from this model show a coherent final shape of an interphalangeal joint, which suggest that the mechanical and biochemical environments are crucial for the joint morphogenesis process.}

			* '''Precise spatial restriction of {{BMP}} signaling in developing joints is perturbed upon loss of embryo movement'''{{#pmid:29467244\|PMID29467244}} "Dynamic mechanical loading of synovial joints is necessary for normal joint development, as evidenced in certain clinical conditions, congenital disorders and animal models where dynamic muscle contractions are reduced or absent. Although the importance of mechanical forces on joint development is unequivocal, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, using chick and mouse embryos, we observed that molecular changes in expression of multiple genes analyzed in the absence of mechanical stimulation are consistent across species. Our results suggest that abnormal joint development in immobilized embryos involves inappropriate regulation of {{Wnt}} and {{BMP}} signaling during definition of the emerging joint territories, i.e. reduced β-catenin activation and concomitant upregulation of pSMAD1/5/8 signaling. Moreover, dynamic mechanical loading of the developing knee joint activates Smurf1 expression; our data suggest that Smurf1 insulates the joint region from pSMAD1/5/8 signaling and is essential for maintenance of joint progenitor cell fate."

	* '''Development of the human shoulder joint during the embryonic and early fetal stages'''{{#pmid:29193070\|PMID29193070}} "In our study, serial sections of 32 human embryos (Carnegie stages 16-23) and 26 fetuses (9-13 weeks) were analyzed. The chondrogenic anlagen of the humerus and the medial border of the scapula can be observed from as early as Carnegie stage 17, whereas that of the rest of the scapula appears at stage 18. The osteogenic process begins in week 10 for the humeral head and week 11 for the scapula. At stage 19 the interzone becomes apparent, which will form the glenohumeral joint. In the next stage the glenohumeral joint will begin delaminating and exhibiting a looser central band. Denser lateral bands will join the humeral head (caput humeri) and the margins of the articular surface of the scapula, thus forming the glenoid labrum, which can be fully appreciated by stage 22. In 24-mm embryos (stage 21) we can observe, for the first time, the long head of the biceps tendon (which is already inserted in the glenoid labrum by week 9), and the intertubercular sulcus, whose depth is apparent since week 12. Regarding ligamentous structures, the coracohumeral ligament is observed at the end of Carnegie stage 23, whereas the primitive glenohumeral ligament already appeared in week 10." {{shoulder}} \| {{limb}}		* '''Development of the human shoulder joint during the embryonic and early fetal stages'''{{#pmid:29193070\|PMID29193070}} "In our study, serial sections of 32 human embryos (Carnegie stages 16-23) and 26 fetuses (9-13 weeks) were analyzed. The chondrogenic anlagen of the humerus and the medial border of the scapula can be observed from as early as Carnegie stage 17, whereas that of the rest of the scapula appears at stage 18. The osteogenic process begins in week 10 for the humeral head and week 11 for the scapula. At stage 19 the interzone becomes apparent, which will form the glenohumeral joint. In the next stage the glenohumeral joint will begin delaminating and exhibiting a looser central band. Denser lateral bands will join the humeral head (caput humeri) and the margins of the articular surface of the scapula, thus forming the glenoid labrum, which can be fully appreciated by stage 22. In 24-mm embryos (stage 21) we can observe, for the first time, the long head of the biceps tendon (which is already inserted in the glenoid labrum by week 9), and the intertubercular sulcus, whose depth is apparent since week 12. Regarding ligamentous structures, the coracohumeral ligament is observed at the end of Carnegie stage 23, whereas the primitive glenohumeral ligament already appeared in week 10." {{shoulder}} \| {{limb}}

	* '''Mechanobiological simulations of prenatal joint morphogenesis'''{{#pmid:24529755\|PMID24529755}} "Joint morphogenesis is the process in which prenatal joints acquire their reciprocal and interlocking shapes. Despite the clinical importance of the process, it remains unclear how joints acquire their shapes. In this study, we simulate 3D mechanobiological joint morphogenesis for which the effects of a range of movements (or lack of movement) and different initial joint shapes are explored. We propose that static hydrostatic compression inhibits cartilage growth while dynamic hydrostatic compression promotes {{cartilage}} growth." {{cartilage}}

	\|}		\|}
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Joint+Development ''Joint Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Synovial+Joint+Development ''Synovial Joint Development'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Joint+Development ''Joint Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Joint+Morphogenesis ''Joint Morphogenesis''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Synovial+Joint+Development ''Synovial Joint Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Shoulder+Joint+Development ''Shoulder Joint Development'']

	\|}		\|}
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	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Mechanobiological simulations of prenatal joint morphogenesis'''{{#pmid:24529755\|PMID24529755}} "Joint morphogenesis is the process in which prenatal joints acquire their reciprocal and interlocking shapes. Despite the clinical importance of the process, it remains unclear how joints acquire their shapes. In this study, we simulate 3D mechanobiological joint morphogenesis for which the effects of a range of movements (or lack of movement) and different initial joint shapes are explored. We propose that static hydrostatic compression inhibits cartilage growth while dynamic hydrostatic compression promotes {{cartilage}} growth." {{cartilage}}

	* '''The development of synovial joints.'''{{#pmid:17498545\|PMID17498545}} "The position of future joints is first delimited by areas of higher cell density called interzones initially through an as yet unidentified inductive signal, subsequently specification of these regions is controlled hierarchically by {{WNT}}14 and gdf5, respectively. Joint-forming cell fate although specified is not fixed, and joints will fuse if growth factor signaling is perturbed."		* '''The development of synovial joints.'''{{#pmid:17498545\|PMID17498545}} "The position of future joints is first delimited by areas of higher cell density called interzones initially through an as yet unidentified inductive signal, subsequently specification of these regions is controlled hierarchically by {{WNT}}14 and gdf5, respectively. Joint-forming cell fate although specified is not fixed, and joints will fuse if growth factor signaling is perturbed."

Z8600021 at 13:09, 13 February 2020

2020-02-13T13:09:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:09, 13 February 2020
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	* '''Mechanobiological simulations of prenatal joint morphogenesis'''{{#pmid:24529755\|PMID24529755}} "Joint morphogenesis is the process in which prenatal joints acquire their reciprocal and interlocking shapes. Despite the clinical importance of the process, it remains unclear how joints acquire their shapes. In this study, we simulate 3D mechanobiological joint morphogenesis for which the effects of a range of movements (or lack of movement) and different initial joint shapes are explored. We propose that static hydrostatic compression inhibits cartilage growth while dynamic hydrostatic compression promotes {{cartilage}} growth." {{cartilage}}		* '''Mechanobiological simulations of prenatal joint morphogenesis'''{{#pmid:24529755\|PMID24529755}} "Joint morphogenesis is the process in which prenatal joints acquire their reciprocal and interlocking shapes. Despite the clinical importance of the process, it remains unclear how joints acquire their shapes. In this study, we simulate 3D mechanobiological joint morphogenesis for which the effects of a range of movements (or lack of movement) and different initial joint shapes are explored. We propose that static hydrostatic compression inhibits cartilage growth while dynamic hydrostatic compression promotes {{cartilage}} growth." {{cartilage}}

	* '''The development of synovial joints.'''{{#pmid:17498545\|PMID17498545}} "The position of future joints is first delimited by areas of higher cell density called interzones initially through an as yet unidentified inductive signal, subsequently specification of these regions is controlled hierarchically by {{WNT}}14 and gdf5, respectively. Joint-forming cell fate although specified is not fixed, and joints will fuse if growth factor signaling is perturbed."

	* '''Transcription factor ERG and joint and articular cartilage formation'''{{#pmid:17336282\|PMID17336282}} "ets transcription factor ERG is part of molecular mechanisms leading chondrocytes into a permanent developmental path and become joint forming cells, and may do so by acting downstream of joint master regulator protein GDF-5"
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Joint+Development ''Joint Development'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Joint+Development ''Joint Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Synovial+Joint+Development ''Synovial Joint Development'']

	~~<pubmed limit~~=5~~>Joint Development</pubmed>~~		\|}
			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! Older papers
			\|-
			\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''The development of synovial joints.'''{{#pmid:17498545\|PMID17498545}} "The position of future joints is first delimited by areas of higher cell density called interzones initially through an as yet unidentified inductive signal, subsequently specification of these regions is controlled hierarchically by {{WNT}}14 and gdf5, respectively. Joint-forming cell fate although specified is not fixed, and joints will fuse if growth factor signaling is perturbed."

			* '''Transcription factor ERG and joint and articular cartilage formation'''{{#pmid:17336282\|PMID17336282}} "ets transcription factor ERG is part of molecular mechanisms leading chondrocytes into a permanent developmental path and become joint forming cells, and may do so by acting downstream of joint master regulator protein GDF-5"
	\|}		\|}
	==Joint Types==		==Joint Types==
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	* Gliding - (intercarpal joints) Gliding movements		* Gliding - (intercarpal joints) Gliding movements

	==Synovial Joint ~~Development~~==		==Synovial Joint==
	{\|		{\|
	\| Skeletal joint cavity development (cavitation) occurs along planes of the future articular surfaces of synovial joints. A number of different markers have been shown to be present in the interzone at the time of cavitation (hyaluronan and hyaluronan synthase, but not chondroitin sulphates).		\| Skeletal joint cavity development (cavitation) occurs along planes of the future articular surfaces of synovial joints. A number of different markers have been shown to be present in the interzone at the time of cavitation (hyaluronan and hyaluronan synthase, but not chondroitin sulphates).

Z8600021 at 23:05, 14 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-14T23:05:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:05, 15 Mayıs 2018
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	<br>		<br>
	{{Musculoskeletal Links}}		{{Musculoskeletal Links}}

	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==
	{\|		{\|
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	==Knee==		==Knee==

	In human embryo at week 7 the femur and tibia cartilage template is present ([[Carnegie stage 18\|stage 18]]), by week 8 the posterior cruciate ligament appears ([[Carnegie stage 21\|stage 21]]), and by [[Carnegie stage 23\|stage 23]] the knee cavity and the anterior cruciate ligament are both also present.~~<ref name=“PMID9185992”><pubmed>~~9185992~~</pubmed></ref>~~		In human embryo at week 7 the femur and tibia cartilage template is present ([[Carnegie stage 18\|stage 18]]), by week 8 the posterior cruciate ligament appears ([[Carnegie stage 21\|stage 21]]), and by [[Carnegie stage 23\|stage 23]] the knee cavity and the anterior cruciate ligament are both also present.{{#pmid:9185992\|PMID9185992}}

	{\|		{\|
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	:'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&partid=1455#craniosynostosis GeneReviews - FGFR-Related Craniosynostosis Syndromes])		:'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&partid=1455#craniosynostosis GeneReviews - FGFR-Related Craniosynostosis Syndromes])


			:''Links:'' {{skull}}
	===Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia===		===Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia===

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	===Temporomandibular Disorders===		===Temporomandibular Disorders===

			:'''Links:''' {{temporomandibular joint}}

	===Osteoarthritis===		===Osteoarthritis===
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	:'''Links:''' {{syphilis}})		:'''Links:''' {{syphilis}})


	== References ==		== References ==
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	===Articles===		===Articles===
	~~<pubmed>~~15492776~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:15492776}}
	~~<pubmed>~~10645964~~</pubmed>~~
	~~<pubmed>~~7544653~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:10645964}}
	~~<pubmed>~~7525525~~</pubmed>~~
			{{#pmid:7544653}}

			{{#pmid:7525525}}

	===Search PubMed===		===Search PubMed===

Z8600021 at 23:01, 14 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-14T23:01:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:01, 15 Mayıs 2018
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	In the adult, the region where two skeletal bones meet and articulate is called a "{{joint}}", that are classified based upon their: anatomical structure, mobility and shape.		In the adult, the region where two skeletal bones meet and articulate is called a "{{joint}}", that are classified based upon their: anatomical structure, mobility and shape.

	In the embryo, the majority of the vertebrate skeleton is initially formed as a cartilage template, that is later replaced by bone except at the interface between two adjacent bones, leaving in the adult a layer of cartilage in this region. The musculoskeletal system consists of skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage and is mainly mesoderm in origin with some neural crest contribution.		In the embryo, the majority of the vertebrate skeleton is initially formed as a {{cartilage}} template, that is later replaced by {{bone}} except at the interface between two adjacent bones, leaving in the adult a layer of cartilage in this region. The musculoskeletal system consists of skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage and is mainly mesoderm in origin with some neural crest contribution.


	{{Joint Links}}		{{Joint Links}}
			<br>
	~~{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"~~
	~~! [[Historic Embryology_Papers\|Historic Embryology]]  ~~
	\|-
	\|
	* {{Ref-Whillis1940}}

	* {{Ref-Symons1952}}
	\|}

	{{Musculoskeletal Links}}		{{Musculoskeletal Links}}
	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==
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	* '''f''' - Joint health in adult life is affected by genetics and environmental factors such as nutrition and exercise. Loss of joint homeostasis can trigger degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis, which is characterized by degradation of articular and meniscal cartilage, formation of bone spurs and pain.		* '''f''' - Joint health in adult life is affected by genetics and environmental factors such as nutrition and exercise. Loss of joint homeostasis can trigger degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis, which is characterized by degradation of articular and meniscal cartilage, formation of bone spurs and pain.

	Figure from recent BMP review.~~<ref name="~~PMID26893264~~"><pubmed>26893264</pubmed></ref>~~		Figure from recent {{BMP}} review.{{#pmid:26893264\|PMID26893264}}
	\|}		\|}
	==Joint Abnormalities==		==Joint Abnormalities==
Line 127:		Line 118:
	Historic clinical term for a symmetrical joint swelling occurring in patients of both sexes between 5 to 20 years of age with congenital syphilis. Joint swelling is usually in the knees, but can also affect the ankles, elbows, wrists and fingers. Named after Henry Hugh Clutton who first described the condition in 1886.		Historic clinical term for a symmetrical joint swelling occurring in patients of both sexes between 5 to 20 years of age with congenital syphilis. Joint swelling is usually in the knees, but can also affect the ankles, elbows, wrists and fingers. Named after Henry Hugh Clutton who first described the condition in 1886.

	:'''Links:''' ~~[[Abnormal Development - Syphilis]]~~)
			:'''Links:''' {{syphilis}})

	== References ==		== References ==

Z8600021 at 22:58, 14 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-14T22:58:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:58, 15 Mayıs 2018
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	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Developing_joint.jpg\|thumb\|Developing distal phalangeal joint]]		[[File:Developing_joint.jpg\|thumb\|Developing distal phalangeal joint]]
	In the adult, the region where two skeletal bones meet and articulate is called a "joint", that are classified based upon their: anatomical structure, mobility and shape.		In the adult, the region where two skeletal bones meet and articulate is called a "{{joint}}", that are classified based upon their: anatomical structure, mobility and shape.

	In the embryo, the majority of the vertebrate skeleton is initially formed as a cartilage template, that is later replaced by bone except at the interface between two adjacent bones, leaving in the adult a layer of cartilage in this region. The musculoskeletal system consists of skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage and is mainly mesoderm in origin with some neural crest contribution.		In the embryo, the majority of the vertebrate skeleton is initially formed as a cartilage template, that is later replaced by bone except at the interface between two adjacent bones, leaving in the adult a layer of cartilage in this region. The musculoskeletal system consists of skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage and is mainly mesoderm in origin with some neural crest contribution.
Line 9:		Line 9:
	{{Joint Links}}		{{Joint Links}}

	Historic Embryology:		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! [[Historic Embryology_Papers\|Historic Embryology]]
			\|-
			\|
	* {{Ref-Whillis1940}}		* {{Ref-Whillis1940}}

	* {{Ref-Symons1952}}		* {{Ref-Symons1952}}
			\|}

	{{Musculoskeletal Links}}		{{Musculoskeletal Links}}
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	* '''Precise spatial restriction of BMP signaling in developing joints is perturbed upon loss of embryo movement'''{{#pmid:29467244\|PMID29467244}} "Dynamic mechanical loading of synovial joints is necessary for normal joint development, as evidenced in certain clinical conditions, congenital disorders and animal models where dynamic muscle contractions are reduced or absent. Although the importance of mechanical forces on joint development is unequivocal, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, using chick and mouse embryos, we observed that molecular changes in expression of multiple genes analyzed in the absence of mechanical stimulation are consistent across species. Our results suggest that abnormal joint development in immobilized embryos involves inappropriate regulation of {{Wnt}} and {{BMP}} signaling during definition of the emerging joint territories, i.e. reduced β-catenin activation and concomitant upregulation of pSMAD1/5/8 signaling. Moreover, dynamic mechanical loading of the developing knee joint activates Smurf1 expression; our data suggest that Smurf1 insulates the joint region from pSMAD1/5/8 signaling and is essential for maintenance of joint progenitor cell fate."		* '''Precise spatial restriction of BMP signaling in developing joints is perturbed upon loss of embryo movement'''{{#pmid:29467244\|PMID29467244}} "Dynamic mechanical loading of synovial joints is necessary for normal joint development, as evidenced in certain clinical conditions, congenital disorders and animal models where dynamic muscle contractions are reduced or absent. Although the importance of mechanical forces on joint development is unequivocal, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, using chick and mouse embryos, we observed that molecular changes in expression of multiple genes analyzed in the absence of mechanical stimulation are consistent across species. Our results suggest that abnormal joint development in immobilized embryos involves inappropriate regulation of {{Wnt}} and {{BMP}} signaling during definition of the emerging joint territories, i.e. reduced β-catenin activation and concomitant upregulation of pSMAD1/5/8 signaling. Moreover, dynamic mechanical loading of the developing knee joint activates Smurf1 expression; our data suggest that Smurf1 insulates the joint region from pSMAD1/5/8 signaling and is essential for maintenance of joint progenitor cell fate."

	* '''Development of the human shoulder joint during the embryonic and early fetal stages'''{{#pmid:29193070\|PMID29193070}} "In our study, serial sections of 32 human embryos (Carnegie stages 16-23) and 26 fetuses (9-13 weeks) were analyzed. The chondrogenic anlagen of the humerus and the medial border of the scapula can be observed from as early as Carnegie stage 17, whereas that of the rest of the scapula appears at stage 18. The osteogenic process begins in week 10 for the humeral head and week 11 for the scapula. At stage 19 the interzone becomes apparent, which will form the glenohumeral joint. In the next stage the glenohumeral joint will begin delaminating and exhibiting a looser central band. Denser lateral bands will join the humeral head (caput humeri) and the margins of the articular surface of the scapula, thus forming the glenoid labrum, which can be fully appreciated by stage 22. In 24-mm embryos (stage 21) we can observe, for the first time, the long head of the biceps tendon (which is already inserted in the glenoid labrum by week 9), and the intertubercular sulcus, whose depth is apparent since week 12. Regarding ligamentous structures, the coracohumeral ligament is observed at the end of Carnegie stage 23, whereas the primitive glenohumeral ligament already appeared in week 10." ~~[[Musculoskeletal_System_-_Shoulder_Development~~\|~~Shoulder Development]] \| [[Musculoskeletal - Limb Development]]~~		* '''Development of the human shoulder joint during the embryonic and early fetal stages'''{{#pmid:29193070\|PMID29193070}} "In our study, serial sections of 32 human embryos (Carnegie stages 16-23) and 26 fetuses (9-13 weeks) were analyzed. The chondrogenic anlagen of the humerus and the medial border of the scapula can be observed from as early as Carnegie stage 17, whereas that of the rest of the scapula appears at stage 18. The osteogenic process begins in week 10 for the humeral head and week 11 for the scapula. At stage 19 the interzone becomes apparent, which will form the glenohumeral joint. In the next stage the glenohumeral joint will begin delaminating and exhibiting a looser central band. Denser lateral bands will join the humeral head (caput humeri) and the margins of the articular surface of the scapula, thus forming the glenoid labrum, which can be fully appreciated by stage 22. In 24-mm embryos (stage 21) we can observe, for the first time, the long head of the biceps tendon (which is already inserted in the glenoid labrum by week 9), and the intertubercular sulcus, whose depth is apparent since week 12. Regarding ligamentous structures, the coracohumeral ligament is observed at the end of Carnegie stage 23, whereas the primitive glenohumeral ligament already appeared in week 10." {{shoulder}} \| {{limb}}

	* '''Mechanobiological simulations of prenatal joint morphogenesis'''{{#pmid:24529755\|PMID24529755}} "Joint morphogenesis is the process in which prenatal joints acquire their reciprocal and interlocking shapes. Despite the clinical importance of the process, it remains unclear how joints acquire their shapes. In this study, we simulate 3D mechanobiological joint morphogenesis for which the effects of a range of movements (or lack of movement) and different initial joint shapes are explored. We propose that static hydrostatic compression inhibits cartilage growth while dynamic hydrostatic compression promotes cartilage growth."		* '''Mechanobiological simulations of prenatal joint morphogenesis'''{{#pmid:24529755\|PMID24529755}} "Joint morphogenesis is the process in which prenatal joints acquire their reciprocal and interlocking shapes. Despite the clinical importance of the process, it remains unclear how joints acquire their shapes. In this study, we simulate 3D mechanobiological joint morphogenesis for which the effects of a range of movements (or lack of movement) and different initial joint shapes are explored. We propose that static hydrostatic compression inhibits cartilage growth while dynamic hydrostatic compression promotes {{cartilage}} growth." {{cartilage}}

	* '''The development of synovial joints.'''{{#pmid:17498545\|PMID17498545}} "The position of future joints is first delimited by areas of higher cell density called interzones initially through an as yet unidentified inductive signal, subsequently specification of these regions is controlled hierarchically by ~~wnt14~~ and gdf5, respectively. Joint-forming cell fate although specified is not fixed, and joints will fuse if growth factor signaling is perturbed."		* '''The development of synovial joints.'''{{#pmid:17498545\|PMID17498545}} "The position of future joints is first delimited by areas of higher cell density called interzones initially through an as yet unidentified inductive signal, subsequently specification of these regions is controlled hierarchically by {{WNT}}14 and gdf5, respectively. Joint-forming cell fate although specified is not fixed, and joints will fuse if growth factor signaling is perturbed."

	* '''Transcription factor ERG and joint and articular cartilage formation'''{{#pmid:17336282\|PMID17336282}} "ets transcription factor ERG is part of molecular mechanisms leading chondrocytes into a permanent developmental path and become joint forming cells, and may do so by acting downstream of joint master regulator protein GDF-5"		* '''Transcription factor ERG and joint and articular cartilage formation'''{{#pmid:17336282\|PMID17336282}} "ets transcription factor ERG is part of molecular mechanisms leading chondrocytes into a permanent developmental path and become joint forming cells, and may do so by acting downstream of joint master regulator protein GDF-5"
Line 61:		Line 64:
	\| Skeletal joint cavity development (cavitation) occurs along planes of the future articular surfaces of synovial joints. A number of different markers have been shown to be present in the interzone at the time of cavitation (hyaluronan and hyaluronan synthase, but not chondroitin sulphates).		\| Skeletal joint cavity development (cavitation) occurs along planes of the future articular surfaces of synovial joints. A number of different markers have been shown to be present in the interzone at the time of cavitation (hyaluronan and hyaluronan synthase, but not chondroitin sulphates).

	Fibroblast-like cells (and/or adjacent chondrocytes) with uridine-diphospho glucose dehydrogenase (UDPGD) activity contribute to glycosaminoglycan levels (increases in hyaluronan). These cells are located on the intimal surface of the synovial lining and have been suggested as the possible cavitation mechanism, switching from cellular cohesion to dissociation.~~<ref><pubmed>~~7525525~~</pubmed></ref>~~		Fibroblast-like cells (and/or adjacent chondrocytes) with uridine-diphospho glucose dehydrogenase (UDPGD) activity contribute to glycosaminoglycan levels (increases in hyaluronan). These cells are located on the intimal surface of the synovial lining and have been suggested as the possible cavitation mechanism, switching from cellular cohesion to dissociation.{{#pmid:7525525\|PMID7525525}}
	\| [[File:Gray0299.jpg\|300px\|Synovial Joint]]		\| [[File:Gray0299.jpg\|300px\|Synovial Joint]]
	\|}		\|}

Z8600021 at 02:26, 11 April 2018

2018-04-11T02:26:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:26, 11 April 2018
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	* '''Precise spatial restriction of BMP signaling in developing joints is perturbed upon loss of embryo movement'''{{#pmid:29467244\|PMID29467244}} "Dynamic mechanical loading of synovial joints is necessary for normal joint development, as evidenced in certain clinical conditions, congenital disorders and animal models where dynamic muscle contractions are reduced or absent. Although the importance of mechanical forces on joint development is unequivocal, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, using chick and mouse embryos, we observed that molecular changes in expression of multiple genes analyzed in the absence of mechanical stimulation are consistent across species. Our results suggest that abnormal joint development in immobilized embryos involves inappropriate regulation of {{Wnt}} and {{BMP}} signaling during definition of the emerging joint territories, i.e. reduced β-catenin activation and concomitant upregulation of pSMAD1/5/8 signaling. Moreover, dynamic mechanical loading of the developing knee joint activates Smurf1 expression; our data suggest that Smurf1 insulates the joint region from pSMAD1/5/8 signaling and is essential for maintenance of joint progenitor cell fate."		* '''Precise spatial restriction of BMP signaling in developing joints is perturbed upon loss of embryo movement'''{{#pmid:29467244\|PMID29467244}} "Dynamic mechanical loading of synovial joints is necessary for normal joint development, as evidenced in certain clinical conditions, congenital disorders and animal models where dynamic muscle contractions are reduced or absent. Although the importance of mechanical forces on joint development is unequivocal, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, using chick and mouse embryos, we observed that molecular changes in expression of multiple genes analyzed in the absence of mechanical stimulation are consistent across species. Our results suggest that abnormal joint development in immobilized embryos involves inappropriate regulation of {{Wnt}} and {{BMP}} signaling during definition of the emerging joint territories, i.e. reduced β-catenin activation and concomitant upregulation of pSMAD1/5/8 signaling. Moreover, dynamic mechanical loading of the developing knee joint activates Smurf1 expression; our data suggest that Smurf1 insulates the joint region from pSMAD1/5/8 signaling and is essential for maintenance of joint progenitor cell fate."

	* '''Development of the human shoulder joint during the embryonic and early fetal stages'''{{#pmid:29193070\|PMID29193070}}		* '''Development of the human shoulder joint during the embryonic and early fetal stages'''{{#pmid:29193070\|PMID29193070}} "In our study, serial sections of 32 human embryos (Carnegie stages 16-23) and 26 fetuses (9-13 weeks) were analyzed. The chondrogenic anlagen of the humerus and the medial border of the scapula can be observed from as early as Carnegie stage 17, whereas that of the rest of the scapula appears at stage 18. The osteogenic process begins in week 10 for the humeral head and week 11 for the scapula. At stage 19 the interzone becomes apparent, which will form the glenohumeral joint. In the next stage the glenohumeral joint will begin delaminating and exhibiting a looser central band. Denser lateral bands will join the humeral head (caput humeri) and the margins of the articular surface of the scapula, thus forming the glenoid labrum, which can be fully appreciated by stage 22. In 24-mm embryos (stage 21) we can observe, for the first time, the long head of the biceps tendon (which is already inserted in the glenoid labrum by week 9), and the intertubercular sulcus, whose depth is apparent since week 12. Regarding ligamentous structures, the coracohumeral ligament is observed at the end of Carnegie stage 23, whereas the primitive glenohumeral ligament already appeared in week 10." [[Musculoskeletal_System_-_Shoulder_Development\|Shoulder Development]] \| [[Musculoskeletal - Limb Development]]
	"In our study, serial sections of 32 human embryos (Carnegie stages 16-23) and 26 fetuses (9-13 weeks) were analyzed. The chondrogenic anlagen of the humerus and the medial border of the scapula can be observed from as early as Carnegie stage 17, whereas that of the rest of the scapula appears at stage 18. The osteogenic process begins in week 10 for the humeral head and week 11 for the scapula. At stage 19 the interzone becomes apparent, which will form the glenohumeral joint. In the next stage the glenohumeral joint will begin delaminating and exhibiting a looser central band. Denser lateral bands will join the humeral head (caput humeri) and the margins of the articular surface of the scapula, thus forming the glenoid labrum, which can be fully appreciated by stage 22. In 24-mm embryos (stage 21) we can observe, for the first time, the long head of the biceps tendon (which is already inserted in the glenoid labrum by week 9), and the intertubercular sulcus, whose depth is apparent since week 12. Regarding ligamentous structures, the coracohumeral ligament is observed at the end of Carnegie stage 23, whereas the primitive glenohumeral ligament already appeared in week 10." [[Musculoskeletal_System_-_Shoulder_Development\|Shoulder Development]] \| [[Musculoskeletal - Limb Development]]

	* '''Mechanobiological simulations of prenatal joint morphogenesis'''{{#pmid:24529755\|PMID24529755}} "Joint morphogenesis is the process in which prenatal joints acquire their reciprocal and interlocking shapes. Despite the clinical importance of the process, it remains unclear how joints acquire their shapes. In this study, we simulate 3D mechanobiological joint morphogenesis for which the effects of a range of movements (or lack of movement) and different initial joint shapes are explored. We propose that static hydrostatic compression inhibits cartilage growth while dynamic hydrostatic compression promotes cartilage growth."		* '''Mechanobiological simulations of prenatal joint morphogenesis'''{{#pmid:24529755\|PMID24529755}} "Joint morphogenesis is the process in which prenatal joints acquire their reciprocal and interlocking shapes. Despite the clinical importance of the process, it remains unclear how joints acquire their shapes. In this study, we simulate 3D mechanobiological joint morphogenesis for which the effects of a range of movements (or lack of movement) and different initial joint shapes are explored. We propose that static hydrostatic compression inhibits cartilage growth while dynamic hydrostatic compression promotes cartilage growth."

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:50, 13 February 2020
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	\|		\|
	# '''Computational model of a synovial joint morphogenesis'''{{#pmid:31863216\|PMID31863216}} "Joints enable the relative movement between the connected bones. The shape of the joint is important for the joint movements since they facilitate and smooth the relative displacement of the joint's parts. The process of how the joints obtain their final shape is yet not well understood. Former models have been developed in order to understand the joint morphogenesis leaning only on the mechanical environment; however, the obtained final anatomical shape does not match entirely with a realistic geometry. In this study, a computational model was developed with the aim of explaining how the morphogenesis of joints and shaping of ossification structures are achieved. For this model, both the mechanical and biochemical environments were considered. It was assumed that cartilage growth was controlled by cyclic hydrostatic stress and inhibited by octahedral shear stress. In addition, molecules such as PTHrP and Wnt promote chondrocyte proliferation and therefore cartilage growth. Moreover, the appearance of the primary and secondary ossification centers was also modeled, for which the osteogenic index and PTHrP-Ihh concentrations were taken into account. The obtained results from this model show a coherent final shape of an interphalangeal joint, which suggest that the mechanical and biochemical environments are crucial for the joint morphogenesis process.}		# '''Computational model of a synovial joint morphogenesis'''{{#pmid:31863216\|PMID31863216}} "Joints enable the relative movement between the connected bones. The shape of the joint is important for the joint movements since they facilitate and smooth the relative displacement of the joint's parts. The process of how the joints obtain their final shape is yet not well understood. Former models have been developed in order to understand the joint morphogenesis leaning only on the mechanical environment; however, the obtained final anatomical shape does not match entirely with a realistic geometry. In this study, a computational model was developed with the aim of explaining how the morphogenesis of joints and shaping of ossification structures are achieved. For this model, both the mechanical and biochemical environments were considered. It was assumed that cartilage growth was controlled by cyclic hydrostatic stress and inhibited by octahedral shear stress. In addition, molecules such as PTHrP and Wnt promote chondrocyte proliferation and therefore cartilage growth. Moreover, the appearance of the primary and secondary ossification centers was also modeled, for which the osteogenic index and PTHrP-Ihh concentrations were taken into account. The obtained results from this model show a coherent final shape of an interphalangeal joint, which suggest that the mechanical and biochemical environments are crucial for the joint morphogenesis process.}

			# '''The Roles of Indian Hedgehog Signaling in TMJ Formation'''{{#pmid:31847127\|PMID31847127}} "The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an intricate structure composed of the mandibular condyle, articular disc, and glenoid fossa in the temporal bone. Apical condylar cartilage is classified as a secondary cartilage, is fibrocartilaginous in nature, and is structurally distinct from growth plate and articular cartilage in long bones. Condylar cartilage is organized in distinct cellular layers that include a superficial layer that produces lubricants, a polymorphic/progenitor layer that contains stem/progenitor cells, and underlying layers of flattened and hypertrophic chondrocytes. Uniquely, progenitor cells reside near the articular surface, proliferate, undergo chondrogenesis, and mature into hypertrophic chondrocytes. During the past decades, there has been a growing interest in the molecular mechanisms by which the TMJ develops and acquires its unique structural and functional features. Indian hedgehog (Ihh), which regulates skeletal development including synovial joint formation, also plays pivotal roles in TMJ development and postnatal maintenance. This review provides a description of the many important recent advances in Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in TMJ biology. These include studies that used conventional approaches and those that analyzed the phenotype of tissue-specific mouse mutants lacking Ihh or associated molecules."

	* '''Precise spatial restriction of {{BMP}} signaling in developing joints is perturbed upon loss of embryo movement'''{{#pmid:29467244\|PMID29467244}} "Dynamic mechanical loading of synovial joints is necessary for normal joint development, as evidenced in certain clinical conditions, congenital disorders and animal models where dynamic muscle contractions are reduced or absent. Although the importance of mechanical forces on joint development is unequivocal, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, using chick and mouse embryos, we observed that molecular changes in expression of multiple genes analyzed in the absence of mechanical stimulation are consistent across species. Our results suggest that abnormal joint development in immobilized embryos involves inappropriate regulation of {{Wnt}} and {{BMP}} signaling during definition of the emerging joint territories, i.e. reduced β-catenin activation and concomitant upregulation of pSMAD1/5/8 signaling. Moreover, dynamic mechanical loading of the developing knee joint activates Smurf1 expression; our data suggest that Smurf1 insulates the joint region from pSMAD1/5/8 signaling and is essential for maintenance of joint progenitor cell fate."		* '''Precise spatial restriction of {{BMP}} signaling in developing joints is perturbed upon loss of embryo movement'''{{#pmid:29467244\|PMID29467244}} "Dynamic mechanical loading of synovial joints is necessary for normal joint development, as evidenced in certain clinical conditions, congenital disorders and animal models where dynamic muscle contractions are reduced or absent. Although the importance of mechanical forces on joint development is unequivocal, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, using chick and mouse embryos, we observed that molecular changes in expression of multiple genes analyzed in the absence of mechanical stimulation are consistent across species. Our results suggest that abnormal joint development in immobilized embryos involves inappropriate regulation of {{Wnt}} and {{BMP}} signaling during definition of the emerging joint territories, i.e. reduced β-catenin activation and concomitant upregulation of pSMAD1/5/8 signaling. Moreover, dynamic mechanical loading of the developing knee joint activates Smurf1 expression; our data suggest that Smurf1 insulates the joint region from pSMAD1/5/8 signaling and is essential for maintenance of joint progenitor cell fate."
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Joint+Development ''Joint Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Joint+Morphogenesis ''Joint Morphogenesis''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Synovial+Joint+Development ''Synovial Joint Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Shoulder+Joint+Development ''Shoulder Joint Development'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Joint+Development ''Joint Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Joint+Morphogenesis ''Joint Morphogenesis''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Synovial+Joint+Development ''Synovial Joint Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Temporomandibular+Joint+Development ''Temporomandibular Joint Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Shoulder+Joint+Development ''Shoulder Joint Development'']

	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:26, 11 April 2018
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	* '''Precise spatial restriction of BMP signaling in developing joints is perturbed upon loss of embryo movement'''{{#pmid:29467244\|PMID29467244}} "Dynamic mechanical loading of synovial joints is necessary for normal joint development, as evidenced in certain clinical conditions, congenital disorders and animal models where dynamic muscle contractions are reduced or absent. Although the importance of mechanical forces on joint development is unequivocal, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, using chick and mouse embryos, we observed that molecular changes in expression of multiple genes analyzed in the absence of mechanical stimulation are consistent across species. Our results suggest that abnormal joint development in immobilized embryos involves inappropriate regulation of {{Wnt}} and {{BMP}} signaling during definition of the emerging joint territories, i.e. reduced β-catenin activation and concomitant upregulation of pSMAD1/5/8 signaling. Moreover, dynamic mechanical loading of the developing knee joint activates Smurf1 expression; our data suggest that Smurf1 insulates the joint region from pSMAD1/5/8 signaling and is essential for maintenance of joint progenitor cell fate."		* '''Precise spatial restriction of BMP signaling in developing joints is perturbed upon loss of embryo movement'''{{#pmid:29467244\|PMID29467244}} "Dynamic mechanical loading of synovial joints is necessary for normal joint development, as evidenced in certain clinical conditions, congenital disorders and animal models where dynamic muscle contractions are reduced or absent. Although the importance of mechanical forces on joint development is unequivocal, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, using chick and mouse embryos, we observed that molecular changes in expression of multiple genes analyzed in the absence of mechanical stimulation are consistent across species. Our results suggest that abnormal joint development in immobilized embryos involves inappropriate regulation of {{Wnt}} and {{BMP}} signaling during definition of the emerging joint territories, i.e. reduced β-catenin activation and concomitant upregulation of pSMAD1/5/8 signaling. Moreover, dynamic mechanical loading of the developing knee joint activates Smurf1 expression; our data suggest that Smurf1 insulates the joint region from pSMAD1/5/8 signaling and is essential for maintenance of joint progenitor cell fate."

	* '''Development of the human shoulder joint during the embryonic and early fetal stages'''{{#pmid:29193070\|PMID29193070}}		* '''Development of the human shoulder joint during the embryonic and early fetal stages'''{{#pmid:29193070\|PMID29193070}} "In our study, serial sections of 32 human embryos (Carnegie stages 16-23) and 26 fetuses (9-13 weeks) were analyzed. The chondrogenic anlagen of the humerus and the medial border of the scapula can be observed from as early as Carnegie stage 17, whereas that of the rest of the scapula appears at stage 18. The osteogenic process begins in week 10 for the humeral head and week 11 for the scapula. At stage 19 the interzone becomes apparent, which will form the glenohumeral joint. In the next stage the glenohumeral joint will begin delaminating and exhibiting a looser central band. Denser lateral bands will join the humeral head (caput humeri) and the margins of the articular surface of the scapula, thus forming the glenoid labrum, which can be fully appreciated by stage 22. In 24-mm embryos (stage 21) we can observe, for the first time, the long head of the biceps tendon (which is already inserted in the glenoid labrum by week 9), and the intertubercular sulcus, whose depth is apparent since week 12. Regarding ligamentous structures, the coracohumeral ligament is observed at the end of Carnegie stage 23, whereas the primitive glenohumeral ligament already appeared in week 10." [[Musculoskeletal_System_-_Shoulder_Development\|Shoulder Development]] \| [[Musculoskeletal - Limb Development]]
	"In our study, serial sections of 32 human embryos (Carnegie stages 16-23) and 26 fetuses (9-13 weeks) were analyzed. The chondrogenic anlagen of the humerus and the medial border of the scapula can be observed from as early as Carnegie stage 17, whereas that of the rest of the scapula appears at stage 18. The osteogenic process begins in week 10 for the humeral head and week 11 for the scapula. At stage 19 the interzone becomes apparent, which will form the glenohumeral joint. In the next stage the glenohumeral joint will begin delaminating and exhibiting a looser central band. Denser lateral bands will join the humeral head (caput humeri) and the margins of the articular surface of the scapula, thus forming the glenoid labrum, which can be fully appreciated by stage 22. In 24-mm embryos (stage 21) we can observe, for the first time, the long head of the biceps tendon (which is already inserted in the glenoid labrum by week 9), and the intertubercular sulcus, whose depth is apparent since week 12. Regarding ligamentous structures, the coracohumeral ligament is observed at the end of Carnegie stage 23, whereas the primitive glenohumeral ligament already appeared in week 10." [[Musculoskeletal_System_-_Shoulder_Development\|Shoulder Development]] \| [[Musculoskeletal - Limb Development]]

	* '''Mechanobiological simulations of prenatal joint morphogenesis'''{{#pmid:24529755\|PMID24529755}} "Joint morphogenesis is the process in which prenatal joints acquire their reciprocal and interlocking shapes. Despite the clinical importance of the process, it remains unclear how joints acquire their shapes. In this study, we simulate 3D mechanobiological joint morphogenesis for which the effects of a range of movements (or lack of movement) and different initial joint shapes are explored. We propose that static hydrostatic compression inhibits cartilage growth while dynamic hydrostatic compression promotes cartilage growth."		* '''Mechanobiological simulations of prenatal joint morphogenesis'''{{#pmid:24529755\|PMID24529755}} "Joint morphogenesis is the process in which prenatal joints acquire their reciprocal and interlocking shapes. Despite the clinical importance of the process, it remains unclear how joints acquire their shapes. In this study, we simulate 3D mechanobiological joint morphogenesis for which the effects of a range of movements (or lack of movement) and different initial joint shapes are explored. We propose that static hydrostatic compression inhibits cartilage growth while dynamic hydrostatic compression promotes cartilage growth."