Musculoskeletal System - Bone Development Timeline - Revision history

Z8600021 at 01:21, 9 February 2020

2020-02-09T01:21:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:21, 9 February 2020
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	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Bone+Development+Timeline ''Bone Development Timeline'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Bone+Development+Timeline ''Bone Development Timeline'']

	~~<pubmed limit=5>Bone Development Timeline</pubmed>~~
	\|}		\|}
	==Ossification Stages==		==Ossification Stages==
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	* Stage 5 - 26 years		* Stage 5 - 26 years


			{{Flecker1932 table1}}

	===Medial Clavicular Epiphysis Ossification===		===Medial Clavicular Epiphysis Ossification===

Z8600021 at 01:28, 7 November 2018

2018-11-07T01:28:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:28, 7 November 2018
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	{{Header}}		{{Header}}
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	The adult human skeleton has about 206 different bones ~~which are formed from fusion of significantly more~~ bones ~~in the~~ postnatal developing neonate and child (about 275).		The adult human skeleton has about 206 different bones, each develop with their own specific {{bone timeline}}. Many prenatal bones fuse postnatal developing neonate and child (about 275).


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	'''Axial skeleton'''		'''Axial skeleton'''

	(80 bones in skull, vertebra, ribs, sternum)		(80 bones in skull, vertebra, {{ribs}}, {{sternum}})
	\| [[File:Appendicular_skeleton_developmental_regions.jpg\|300px]]		\| [[File:Appendicular_skeleton_developmental_regions.jpg\|300px]]

Z8600021 at 22:47, 24 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-24T22:47:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:47, 25 Mayıs 2018
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	Endochondral ossification within the limb begins at Carnegie stage 18 and also occurs throughout embryo skeleton. This process is the replacement of a cartilage "template" with bone (week 5-12) that continues through postnatal development, with a second surge of growth at puberty.		Endochondral ossification within the limb begins at Carnegie stage 18 and also occurs throughout embryo skeleton. This process is the replacement of a cartilage "template" with bone (week 5-12) that continues through postnatal development, with a second surge of growth at puberty.

	These notes summarise the timecourse of development of some of these bones in humans. Historically, the ossification timeline in human embryos was published by Mall in 1906<ref>Mall, F. P. [[Paper - On Ossification Centers in Human Embryos\|'''On Ossification Centers in Human Embryos''']]. The American Journ. of Anat. Vol. 5. 433-458 1906.</ref> and was the basis of his later publication in his 1910 embryology textbook [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology \|Manual of Human Embryology]].		These notes summarise the timecourse of development of some of these bones in humans. Historically, the ossification timeline in human embryos was published by Mall in 1906<ref>{{Ref-Mall1906bone}}Mall, F. P. [[Paper - On Ossification Centers in Human Embryos\|'''On Ossification Centers in Human Embryos''']]. The American Journ. of Anat. Vol. 5. 433-458 1906.</ref> and was the basis of his later publication in his 1910 embryology textbook [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology \|Manual of Human Embryology]].


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	Year 12-14 - All permanent teeth emerged except third molars.		Year 12-14 - All permanent teeth emerged except third molars.

	Data ~~from reference<ref name=PMID12866701><pubmed>12866701</pubmed></ref>~~ Table 4.		Data source- Table 4{{#pmid:12866701\|PMID12866701}}

Z8600021 at 22:08, 24 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-24T22:08:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:08, 25 Mayıs 2018
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	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
	* '''CT evaluation of timing for ossification of the medial clavicular epiphysis'''~~<ref name=~~PMID25398635~~><pubmed>25398635</pubmed></ref>~~ "The clavicle is the first bone to ossify in the developing embryo and the last to complete epiphyseal union. It is the latter sustained period of growth that has attracted the interest of skeletal biologists and forensic practitioners alike, who collectively recognize the important opportunity this bone affords to estimate skeletal age across the prenatal to early adult lifespan. Current research is largely directed towards evaluating the applicability of assessing fusion in the medial epiphysis, specifically for determining age of majority in the living. ...Transition analysis is used to calculate age ranges and determine the mean age for transition between an unfused, fusing and fused status. The maximum likelihood estimates (in years) for transition from unfused to fusing is 20.60 (male) and 19.19 (female); transition from fusing to complete fusion is 21.92 (male) and 21.47 (female)."		* '''CT evaluation of timing for ossification of the medial clavicular epiphysis'''{{#pmid:25398635\|PMID25398635}} "The clavicle is the first bone to ossify in the developing embryo and the last to complete epiphyseal union. It is the latter sustained period of growth that has attracted the interest of skeletal biologists and forensic practitioners alike, who collectively recognize the important opportunity this bone affords to estimate skeletal age across the prenatal to early adult lifespan. Current research is largely directed towards evaluating the applicability of assessing fusion in the medial epiphysis, specifically for determining age of majority in the living. ...Transition analysis is used to calculate age ranges and determine the mean age for transition between an unfused, fusing and fused status. The maximum likelihood estimates (in years) for transition from unfused to fusing is 20.60 (male) and 19.19 (female); transition from fusing to complete fusion is 21.92 (male) and 21.47 (female)."
	* '''Ossification of the vertebral column in human foetuses: histological and computed tomography studies'''~~<ref name=~~PMID24068685~~><pubmed>24068685</pubmed></ref>~~ "There is no agreement in the literature as to the time of the onset and progress of the vertebral column ossification. The aim of the present study was to determine the precise sequence of ossification of the neural arches and vertebral centra.Histological and radiographic studies were performed on 27 human foetuses aged from 9 to 21 weeks. It was found that the ossification of vertebrae commences in foetuses aged 10 and 11 weeks. Ossification centres appear first for neuralarches in the cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae and by the end of 11th week they are present in all thoracic and lumbar neural arches. In the vertebral centrain foetus of 10 weeks ossification was found in the lower 7 thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae. By the end of 11th week ossification is present in the lower 4 cervical, all thoracic, all lumbar and 4 sacral vertebral centra." [[Computed Tomography]]
	* '''An image-based skeletal tissue model for the ICRP reference newborn'''~~<ref><pubmed>~~19556686~~</pubmed></ref>~~ "Active marrow distributions were found to be in reasonable agreement with those given previously by the ICRP. However, significant differences were seen in total skeletal and site-specific masses of trabecular and cortical bone between the current and ICRP newborn skeletal tissue models. The latter utilizes an age-independent ratio of 80%/20% cortical and trabecular bone for the reference newborn. In the current study, a ratio closer to 40%/60% is used based upon newborn CT and micro-CT skeletal image analyses. These changes in mineral bone composition may have significant dosimetric implications when considering localized marrow dosimetry for radionuclides that target mineral bone in the newborn child."		* '''Ossification of the vertebral column in human foetuses: histological and computed tomography studies'''{{#pmid:24068685\|PMID24068685}} "There is no agreement in the literature as to the time of the onset and progress of the vertebral column ossification. The aim of the present study was to determine the precise sequence of ossification of the neural arches and vertebral centra.Histological and radiographic studies were performed on 27 human foetuses aged from 9 to 21 weeks. It was found that the ossification of vertebrae commences in foetuses aged 10 and 11 weeks. Ossification centres appear first for neuralarches in the cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae and by the end of 11th week they are present in all thoracic and lumbar neural arches. In the vertebral centrain foetus of 10 weeks ossification was found in the lower 7 thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae. By the end of 11th week ossification is present in the lower 4 cervical, all thoracic, all lumbar and 4 sacral vertebral centra." [[Computed Tomography]]

			* '''An image-based skeletal tissue model for the ICRP reference newborn'''{{#pmid:19556686\|PMID19556686}} "Active marrow distributions were found to be in reasonable agreement with those given previously by the ICRP. However, significant differences were seen in total skeletal and site-specific masses of trabecular and cortical bone between the current and ICRP newborn skeletal tissue models. The latter utilizes an age-independent ratio of 80%/20% cortical and trabecular bone for the reference newborn. In the current study, a ratio closer to 40%/60% is used based upon newborn CT and micro-CT skeletal image analyses. These changes in mineral bone composition may have significant dosimetric implications when considering localized marrow dosimetry for radionuclides that target mineral bone in the newborn child."
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	==Ossification Stages==		==Ossification Stages==
	[[File:Endochondral_ossification_2.jpg\|thumb\|Epiphysis and epiphyseal disc.]]		[[File:Endochondral_ossification_2.jpg\|thumb\|Epiphysis and epiphyseal disc.]]
	The process of ossification as determined postnatally clinically has been divided into a series of stages.~~<ref><pubmed>~~14534796~~</pubmed></ref>~~		The process of ossification as determined postnatally clinically has been divided into a series of stages.{{#pmid:14534796\|PMID14534796}}

	* '''Stage 1''' - non-ossified epiphysis		* '''Stage 1''' - non-ossified epiphysis
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	==Clavicle Ossification==		==Clavicle Ossification==

	The following identifies the process of ossification of the medial clavicular epiphyseal cartilage.~~<ref name=~~PMID14534796~~><pubmed>14534796</pubmed></ref>~~		The following identifies the process of ossification of the medial clavicular epiphyseal cartilage.{{#pmid:14534796\|PMID14534796}}

	* Stage 3 - 16 years		* Stage 3 - 16 years
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	===Medial Clavicular Epiphysis Ossification===		===Medial Clavicular Epiphysis Ossification===
	The following table compares male and female timing in years of ossification based upon CT analysis.~~<ref name=~~PMID25398635~~><pubmed>25398635</pubmed></ref>~~		The following table compares male and female timing in years of ossification based upon CT analysis.{{#pmid:25398635\|PMID25398635}}
	{\|		{\|
	\|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"		\|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
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	* Distal epiphysis 14 - 19 years		* Distal epiphysis 14 - 19 years

	Data from reference Table 1.~~<ref name=~~PMID12866701~~><pubmed>12866701</pubmed></ref>~~		Data from reference Table 1.{{#pmid:12866701\|PMID12866701}}

	==Historic Limb Data==		==Historic Limb Data==
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	:'''Links:''' ~~[[Musculoskeletal System - Abnormalities]]~~		:'''Links:''' {{musculoskeletal abnormalities}}

	==Mandible Ossification==		==Mandible Ossification==
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	Week 8 - Coronoid process fuses with main mandibular mass.		Week 8 - Coronoid process fuses with main mandibular mass.

	* Stage 21~~<ref name="PMID12980883"><pubmed>~~12980883~~</pubmed>~~\| ~~[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1273756 PMC1273756]</ref>~~		* Stage 21{{#pmid:12980883\|PMID12980883}}
	** bone-formation has taken place and formed a plate on the lateral side of Meckel's cartilage		** bone-formation has taken place and formed a plate on the lateral side of Meckel's cartilage
	** plate is in the substance of, and is surrounded by, that mesodermal condensation that outlines the mandible and precedes the formation of bone.		** plate is in the substance of, and is surrounded by, that mesodermal condensation that outlines the mandible and precedes the formation of bone.
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	==Carpal Bones==		==Carpal Bones==

	Data from a wrist study of 57 human embryonic (stages 17-23) and fetal (9-14 weeks).~~<ref name=~~PMID22428933~~><pubmed>22428933</pubmed></ref>~~		Data from a wrist study of 57 human embryonic (stages 17-23) and fetal (9-14 weeks).{{#pmid:22428933\|PMID22428933}}

	* [[Carnegie stage 17\|stage 17]] - undifferentiated mesenchyme		* [[Carnegie stage 17\|stage 17]] - undifferentiated mesenchyme
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	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
	~~<pubmed>~~19092089~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:19092089}}
	~~<pubmed>18279783</pubmed>~~

			{{#pmid:18279783}}

	===Articles===		===Articles===
			{{#pmid:14152896}}
	~~<pubmed>~~14152896~~</pubmed>~~

	===Search PubMed===		===Search PubMed===

Z8600021 at 03:57, 22 Mayıs 2017

2017-05-22T03:57:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:57, 22 Mayıs 2017
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	* '''Stage 4''' - total fusion		* '''Stage 4''' - total fusion
	* '''Stage 5''' - an additional stage recently added is the disappearance of the epiphyseal scar after total fusion.		* '''Stage 5''' - an additional stage recently added is the disappearance of the epiphyseal scar after total fusion.


	==Clavicle Ossification==		==Clavicle Ossification==

	The following identifies the process of ossification of the medial clavicular epiphyseal cartilage.<ref><pubmed>14534796</pubmed></ref>		The following identifies the process of ossification of the medial clavicular epiphyseal cartilage.<ref name=PMID14534796><pubmed>14534796</pubmed></ref>

	* Stage 3 - 16 years		* Stage 3 - 16 years
	* Stage 4 - 20 years (women), 21 years (men)		* Stage 4 - 20 years (women), 21 years (men)
	* Stage 5 - 26 years		* Stage 5 - 26 years


	===Medial Clavicular Epiphysis Ossification===		===Medial Clavicular Epiphysis Ossification===

Z8600021 at 09:56, 23 July 2015

2015-07-23T09:56:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:56, 23 July 2015
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	* '''growth recovery lines''' (growth arrest lines, Harris lines, Parks lines) - lines visible on x-ray images of increased bone density that represent the position of the growth plate at the time of insult to the organism and formed on long bones due to growth arrest. Insults can include juvenile malnutrition, disease or trauma.		* '''growth recovery lines''' (growth arrest lines, Harris lines, Parks lines) - lines visible on x-ray images of increased bone density that represent the position of the growth plate at the time of insult to the organism and formed on long bones due to growth arrest. Insults can include juvenile malnutrition, disease or trauma.

			==Additional Images==


			===Historic Images===
			{{Historic Disclaimer}}
			<gallery caption=Mall (1906)>
			Mall1906 fig01.jpg\|Fig 1 Embryo No. 333
			Mall1906 fig02.jpg\|Fig 2 Embryo No. 284
			Mall1906 fig03.jpg\|Fig 3 Occipital Ossification
			File:Mall1906 fig04.jpg\|Fig 4 Embryo No. 284 Head
			Mall1906 fig05.jpg\|Fig 5 Embryo No. 300 Hand
			File:Mall1906 fig06.jpg\|Fig 6 Embryo No. 300 Leg
			</gallery>

Z8600021 at 04:17, 16 July 2015

2015-07-16T04:17:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:17, 16 July 2015
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	Endochondral ossification within the limb begins at Carnegie stage 18 and also occurs throughout embryo skeleton. This process is the replacement of a cartilage "template" with bone (week 5-12) that continues through postnatal development, with a second surge of growth at puberty.		Endochondral ossification within the limb begins at Carnegie stage 18 and also occurs throughout embryo skeleton. This process is the replacement of a cartilage "template" with bone (week 5-12) that continues through postnatal development, with a second surge of growth at puberty.

	These notes summarise the timecourse of development of some of these bones in humans. Historically, the ossification timeline in human embryos was published by Mall in 1906.<ref>Mall, F. P. [[Paper - On Ossification Centers in Human Embryos\|'''On Ossification Centers in Human Embryos''']]. The American Journ. of Anat. Vol. 5. 433-458 1906.</ref>		These notes summarise the timecourse of development of some of these bones in humans. Historically, the ossification timeline in human embryos was published by Mall in 1906<ref>Mall, F. P. [[Paper - On Ossification Centers in Human Embryos\|'''On Ossification Centers in Human Embryos''']]. The American Journ. of Anat. Vol. 5. 433-458 1906.</ref> and was the basis of his later publication in his 1910 embryology textbook [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology \|Manual of Human Embryology]].

Z8600021 at 04:14, 16 July 2015

2015-07-16T04:14:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:14, 16 July 2015
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	Endochondral ossification within the limb begins at Carnegie stage 18 and also occurs throughout embryo skeleton. This process is the replacement of a cartilage "template" with bone (week 5-12) that continues through postnatal development, with a second surge of growth at puberty.		Endochondral ossification within the limb begins at Carnegie stage 18 and also occurs throughout embryo skeleton. This process is the replacement of a cartilage "template" with bone (week 5-12) that continues through postnatal development, with a second surge of growth at puberty.

	These notes summarise the timecourse of development of some of these bones in humans.		These notes summarise the timecourse of development of some of these bones in humans. Historically, the ossification timeline in human embryos was published by Mall in 1906.<ref>Mall, F. P. [[Paper - On Ossification Centers in Human Embryos\|'''On Ossification Centers in Human Embryos''']]. The American Journ. of Anat. Vol. 5. 433-458 1906.</ref>



	{{Musculoskeletal Links}}		{{Musculoskeletal Links}}

Z8600021 at 14:32, 15 July 2015

2015-07-15T14:32:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:32, 16 July 2015
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	Week 8 - Coronoid process fuses with main mandibular mass.		Week 8 - Coronoid process fuses with main mandibular mass.

			* Stage 21<ref name="PMID12980883"><pubmed>12980883</pubmed>\| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1273756 PMC1273756]</ref>
			** bone-formation has taken place and formed a plate on the lateral side of Meckel's cartilage
			** plate is in the substance of, and is surrounded by, that mesodermal condensation that outlines the mandible and precedes the formation of bone.
			** plate of bone is confined to the region of what approximately corresponds to the future body of the mandible
			** mesodermal condensation can be traced further backwards always on the lateral side of Meckel's cartilage and the associated branches of the mandibular nerve.
			** beyond the limit of bone-formation the lateral pterygoid muscle can be seen running into and outlining the terminal part of the mesodermal condensation.
			** rudimentary condylar area - Meckel's cartilage with the inferior dental and lingual nerves on its upper surface lies medial to this area and inferior to the lateral pterygoid muscle.

	Week 10 (approx) - Both condylar and coronoid processes are recognizable and anterior portion of Meckel's cartilage begins to ossify.		Week 10 (approx) - Both condylar and coronoid processes are recognizable and anterior portion of Meckel's cartilage begins to ossify.

Z8600021 at 20:53, 17 February 2015

2015-02-17T20:53:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:53, 18 February 2015
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	\|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"		\|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
	! width=300px\|Event		! width=300px\|Event
	! width=~~150px~~\|Male		! width=100px\|Male
	! width=~~150px~~\|Female		! width=100px\|Female
	\|-		\|-
	\| Transition from unfused to fusing		\| Transition from unfused to fusing