Musculoskeletal System - Axial Skeleton Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 13:43, 7 Ocak 2020

2020-01-07T13:43:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:43, 7 Ocak 2020
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Axial+Skeleton+Development ''Axial Skeleton Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=vertebral+column+Development ''Vertebral Column Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Vertebra+Development ''Vertebra Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Intervertebral+disc+Development ''Intervertebral Disc Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=rib+Development ''Rib Development'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Axial+Skeleton+Development ''Axial Skeleton Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=vertebral+column+Development ''Vertebral Column Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Vertebra+Development ''Vertebra Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Intervertebral+disc+Development ''Intervertebral Disc Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=rib+Development ''Rib Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Scoliosis ''Scoliosis'']

	\|}		\|}
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	** a large number of chromosomal deletions relating to regions {{Chr2}}p13 – 15, {{Chr6}}q13 and {{Chr15}}q12 have been identified.		** a large number of chromosomal deletions relating to regions {{Chr2}}p13 – 15, {{Chr6}}q13 and {{Chr15}}q12 have been identified.


			:'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Scoliosis ''Scoliosis'']
	===VACTERL===		===VACTERL===
	{\|		{\|
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	===Sagittal Cleft Vertebra===		===Sagittal Cleft Vertebra===
	Sagittal cleft vertebra, "butterfly vertebrae" or anterior rachischisis, is an abnormal vertebral body caused by failure of fusion of the 2 lateral chondrification centres during development. The term "butterfly vertebrae" is based upon the butterfly wings appearance of the 2 hemivertebrae on x-ray. See a recent review.{{#pmid"31448202\|PMID31448202}}		Sagittal cleft vertebra, "butterfly vertebrae" or anterior rachischisis, is an abnormal vertebral body caused by failure of fusion of the 2 lateral chondrification centres during development. The term "butterfly vertebrae" is based upon the butterfly wings appearance of the 2 hemivertebrae on x-ray. See a recent review.{{#pmid"31448202\|PMID31448202}}

			:'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Sagittal+Cleft+Vertebra ''Sagittal Cleft Vertebra'']
			===Spondylocostal Dysostosis===
			A rare heritable axial skeleton growth disorder characterized by abnormal development of vertebra, multiple segmentation defects, and ribs.


			:'''Links:''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8828/ GeneReviews] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Spondylocostal+Dysostosis ''Spondylocostal Dysostosis'']
	== References ==		== References ==
	<references/>		<references/>

Z8600021 at 23:44, 2 December 2019

2019-12-02T23:44:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:44, 3 December 2019
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	[[File:Gray0965.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Adult Ribcage and Sternum]]		[[File:Gray0965.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Adult Ribcage and Sternum]]
	Humans form 12 paired {{ribs}} from the cartilaginous costal processes of the developing thoracic vertebrae. Early rib development occurs at 7 weeks (((GA}} week 9) from lateral plate mesoderm and continues postnatal with secondary ossification centres appearing at 15 years of age.		Humans form 12 paired {{ribs}} from the cartilaginous costal processes of the developing thoracic vertebrae. Early rib development occurs at 7 weeks (((GA}} week 9) from lateral plate mesoderm and continues postnatal with secondary ossification centres appearing at 15 years of age.

			A recent paper has looked at rib cage development{{#pmid:31344324\|PMID31344324}} between embryonic [[Week 7]] to [[Week 9]], {{CS17}} to {{CS23}}. First identifying cartilage formation at CS17{{CS17}} that expanding outward from the dorsal side of the chest-abdominal region. Ribs elongated progressively to surround the chest, differentiating into the upper and lower rib cage regions by CS{{CS20}}.


	* First 7 “true” ribs connect to the {{sternum}} through the costal cartilages about day 45.		* First 7 “true” ribs connect to the {{sternum}} through the costal cartilages about day 45.

Z8600021 at 23:39, 2 December 2019

2019-12-02T23:39:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:39, 3 December 2019
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			* '''Rib Cage Morphogenesis in the Human Embryo: A Detailed Three-Dimensional Analysis'''{{#pmid:31344324\|PMID31344324}} "Formation of the skeletal structure in the human embryo has important consequences in terms of support, protection, and function of organs and other systems. We aimed to describe the formation of the {{rib}} cage during the embryonic period, in order to detect prominent features and identify the possible factors affecting rib cage morphology. We employed high-resolution digitized imaging data (n = 34) obtained in human embryos with Carnegie stage (CS) between {{CS17}} and {{CS23}}. The rib cage became detectable as cartilage formation at CS17, expanding outward from the dorsal side of the chest-abdominal region. Ribs elongated progressively to surround the chest, differentiating into the upper and lower rib cage regions by CS{{CS20}}. The ends of corresponding ribs in the upper region elongated toward each other, leading to their joining and sternum formation between CS21 and CS23, while the lower region of the rib cage remained widely open. The rib cage area with the largest width shifted from the 5th rib pair at CS{{CS17}} to the 9th pair at CS23. The depth of the rib cage was similar across the upper region at CS{{CS17}}, with the major portion remaining in the middle part after CS{{CS20}}. The heart was located beneath the rib pairs providing the largest depth, while the liver was located beneath the rib pairs providing the largest width. Formation of the sternum, development of spinal kyphosis, and organization of larger internal organs within the thoracic and abdominal cavity are possible factors affecting rib cage morphology."

	* '''Evolutionary selection and morphological integration in the vertebral column of modern humans'''{{#pmid:31675109\|PMID31675109}} "The main objective is to quantify integration, modularity, and response to selection in the presacral vertebral column of modern humans. Seventeen linear variables on each presacral vertebra were collected in 108 modern humans producing a total of ~39,000 measurements. Then, we studied patterns and magnitudes of integration at regional, vertebral, and intra-vertebral levels. Additionally, we calculated the ability of vertebrae to respond to selection by quantifying differences in evolvability, flexibility, and constraint throughout the spine. The results indicate that caudal vertebrae are more evolvable than those located more cranially in the presacral vertebral column, following an increasing pattern of evolvability from the cervical to the lumbar region. Additionally, the atlas and fifth lumbar vertebra show the lowest values of integration, while central thoracic vertebrae display the highest magnitudes of integration. These results could be related to three main factors: body plan organization expressed by the Hox genes, the strong developmental constraints that determine the number of mammalian vertebrae, and, finally, the functional requirements of an adaptation to bipedal locomotion in the human lineage."		* '''Evolutionary selection and morphological integration in the vertebral column of modern humans'''{{#pmid:31675109\|PMID31675109}} "The main objective is to quantify integration, modularity, and response to selection in the presacral vertebral column of modern humans. Seventeen linear variables on each presacral vertebra were collected in 108 modern humans producing a total of ~39,000 measurements. Then, we studied patterns and magnitudes of integration at regional, vertebral, and intra-vertebral levels. Additionally, we calculated the ability of vertebrae to respond to selection by quantifying differences in evolvability, flexibility, and constraint throughout the spine. The results indicate that caudal vertebrae are more evolvable than those located more cranially in the presacral vertebral column, following an increasing pattern of evolvability from the cervical to the lumbar region. Additionally, the atlas and fifth lumbar vertebra show the lowest values of integration, while central thoracic vertebrae display the highest magnitudes of integration. These results could be related to three main factors: body plan organization expressed by the Hox genes, the strong developmental constraints that determine the number of mammalian vertebrae, and, finally, the functional requirements of an adaptation to bipedal locomotion in the human lineage."

	* '''Ossification of the vertebral column in human foetuses: histological and computed tomography studies'''{{#pmid:24068685\|PMID24068685}} "There is no agreement in the literature as to the time of the onset and progress of the vertebral column ossification. The aim of the present study was to determine the precise sequence of ossification of the neural arches and vertebral centra.Histological and radiographic studies were performed on 27 human foetuses aged from 9 to 21 weeks. It was found that the ossification of vertebrae commences in foetuses aged 10 and 11 weeks. Ossification centres appear first for neuralarches in the cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae and by the end of 11th week they are present in all thoracic and lumbar neural arches. In the vertebral centrain foetus of 10 weeks ossification was found in the lower 7 thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae. By the end of 11th week ossification is present in the lower 4 cervical, all thoracic, all lumbar and 4 sacral vertebral centra."		* '''Ossification of the vertebral column in human foetuses: histological and computed tomography studies'''{{#pmid:24068685\|PMID24068685}} "There is no agreement in the literature as to the time of the onset and progress of the vertebral column ossification. The aim of the present study was to determine the precise sequence of ossification of the neural arches and vertebral centra.Histological and radiographic studies were performed on 27 human foetuses aged from 9 to 21 weeks. It was found that the ossification of vertebrae commences in foetuses aged 10 and 11 weeks. Ossification centres appear first for neuralarches in the cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae and by the end of 11th week they are present in all thoracic and lumbar neural arches. In the vertebral centrain foetus of 10 weeks ossification was found in the lower 7 thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae. By the end of 11th week ossification is present in the lower 4 cervical, all thoracic, all lumbar and 4 sacral vertebral centra."

	* '''Foxa1 and foxa2 are required for formation of the intervertebral discs'''{{#pmid:23383217\|PMID23383217}} "The intervertebral disc (IVD) is composed of 3 main structures, the collagenous annulus fibrosus (AF), which surrounds the gel-like nucleus pulposus (NP), and hyaline cartilage endplates, which are attached to the vertebral bodies. ... The NP forms from the embryonic notochord. Foxa1 and Foxa2, transcription factors in the forkhead box family, are expressed early during notochord development. ...Embryos lacking only Foxa1 or Foxa2 from the notochord were indistinguishable from control animals, demonstrating a functional redundancy for these genes in IVD formation. In addition, we provide in vivo genetic evidence that Foxa genes are required for activation of Shh in the notochord."
	\|}		\|}

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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Axial+Skeleton+Development ''Axial Skeleton Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=vertebral+column+Development ''Vertebral Column Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Vertebra+Development ''Vertebra Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Intervertebral+disc+Development ''Intervertebral Disc Development'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Axial+Skeleton+Development ''Axial Skeleton Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=vertebral+column+Development ''Vertebral Column Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Vertebra+Development ''Vertebra Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Intervertebral+disc+Development ''Intervertebral Disc Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=rib+Development ''Rib Development'']

	\|}		\|}
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	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Foxa1 and foxa2 are required for formation of the intervertebral discs'''{{#pmid:23383217\|PMID23383217}} "The intervertebral disc (IVD) is composed of 3 main structures, the collagenous annulus fibrosus (AF), which surrounds the gel-like nucleus pulposus (NP), and hyaline cartilage endplates, which are attached to the vertebral bodies. ... The NP forms from the embryonic notochord. Foxa1 and Foxa2, transcription factors in the forkhead box family, are expressed early during notochord development. ...Embryos lacking only Foxa1 or Foxa2 from the notochord were indistinguishable from control animals, demonstrating a functional redundancy for these genes in IVD formation. In addition, we provide in vivo genetic evidence that Foxa genes are required for activation of Shh in the notochord."

	* '''Role of environmental factors in axial skeletal dysmorphogenesis'''{{#pmid:20544699\|PMID20544699}} "Approximately 1 in 1000 live births is afflicted with an axial skeletal defect. Although many of the known human teratogens can produce axial skeletal defects, the etiology of over half of the observed defects is unknown."		* '''Role of environmental factors in axial skeletal dysmorphogenesis'''{{#pmid:20544699\|PMID20544699}} "Approximately 1 in 1000 live births is afflicted with an axial skeletal defect. Although many of the known human teratogens can produce axial skeletal defects, the etiology of over half of the observed defects is unknown."

Z8600021 at 23:09, 6 November 2019

2019-11-06T23:09:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:09, 7 November 2019
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	:'''Links:''' {{VACTERL}}		:'''Links:''' {{VACTERL}}

			===Sagittal Cleft Vertebra===
			Sagittal cleft vertebra, "butterfly vertebrae" or anterior rachischisis, is an abnormal vertebral body caused by failure of fusion of the 2 lateral chondrification centres during development. The term "butterfly vertebrae" is based upon the butterfly wings appearance of the 2 hemivertebrae on x-ray. See a recent review.{{#pmid"31448202\|PMID31448202}}


	== References ==		== References ==

Z8600021 at 22:59, 6 November 2019

2019-11-06T22:59:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:59, 7 November 2019
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	The axial skeleton consists of: ~~Skull~~, Auditory Ossicles, Hyoid bone, Vertebral column, Chest ({{sternum}}, {{ribs}})		The axial skeleton consists of: {{skull}}, Auditory Ossicles, Hyoid bone, Vertebral column, Chest ({{sternum}}, {{ribs}})

	The vertebral column is a series of bone segments (vertebra) separated by specialized joints (intervertebral disc).		The vertebral column is a series of bone segments (vertebra) separated by specialized joints (intervertebral disc).
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			* '''Evolutionary selection and morphological integration in the vertebral column of modern humans'''{{#pmid:31675109\|PMID31675109}} "The main objective is to quantify integration, modularity, and response to selection in the presacral vertebral column of modern humans. Seventeen linear variables on each presacral vertebra were collected in 108 modern humans producing a total of ~39,000 measurements. Then, we studied patterns and magnitudes of integration at regional, vertebral, and intra-vertebral levels. Additionally, we calculated the ability of vertebrae to respond to selection by quantifying differences in evolvability, flexibility, and constraint throughout the spine. The results indicate that caudal vertebrae are more evolvable than those located more cranially in the presacral vertebral column, following an increasing pattern of evolvability from the cervical to the lumbar region. Additionally, the atlas and fifth lumbar vertebra show the lowest values of integration, while central thoracic vertebrae display the highest magnitudes of integration. These results could be related to three main factors: body plan organization expressed by the Hox genes, the strong developmental constraints that determine the number of mammalian vertebrae, and, finally, the functional requirements of an adaptation to bipedal locomotion in the human lineage."

	* '''Ossification of the vertebral column in human foetuses: histological and computed tomography studies'''{{#pmid:24068685\|PMID24068685}} "There is no agreement in the literature as to the time of the onset and progress of the vertebral column ossification. The aim of the present study was to determine the precise sequence of ossification of the neural arches and vertebral centra.Histological and radiographic studies were performed on 27 human foetuses aged from 9 to 21 weeks. It was found that the ossification of vertebrae commences in foetuses aged 10 and 11 weeks. Ossification centres appear first for neuralarches in the cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae and by the end of 11th week they are present in all thoracic and lumbar neural arches. In the vertebral centrain foetus of 10 weeks ossification was found in the lower 7 thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae. By the end of 11th week ossification is present in the lower 4 cervical, all thoracic, all lumbar and 4 sacral vertebral centra."		* '''Ossification of the vertebral column in human foetuses: histological and computed tomography studies'''{{#pmid:24068685\|PMID24068685}} "There is no agreement in the literature as to the time of the onset and progress of the vertebral column ossification. The aim of the present study was to determine the precise sequence of ossification of the neural arches and vertebral centra.Histological and radiographic studies were performed on 27 human foetuses aged from 9 to 21 weeks. It was found that the ossification of vertebrae commences in foetuses aged 10 and 11 weeks. Ossification centres appear first for neuralarches in the cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae and by the end of 11th week they are present in all thoracic and lumbar neural arches. In the vertebral centrain foetus of 10 weeks ossification was found in the lower 7 thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae. By the end of 11th week ossification is present in the lower 4 cervical, all thoracic, all lumbar and 4 sacral vertebral centra."

Z8600021 at 00:40, 15 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-15T00:40:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:40, 15 Mayıs 2019
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	Below is a very brief overview using simple figures of 3 aspects of early musculoskeletal development. More detailed overviews are shown on other notes pages Mesoderm and Somite, Vertebral Column, Limb in combination with serial sections and Carnegie images.		Below is a very brief overview using simple figures of 3 aspects of early musculoskeletal development. More detailed overviews are shown on other notes pages Mesoderm and Somite, Vertebral Column, Limb in combination with serial sections and Carnegie images.

	=== Mesoderm ~~Development~~ ===		===Mesoderm===

	{\| class="prettytable" width=100%		{\| class="prettytable" width=100%
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	\|-		\|-
	\| [[File:Mesoderm cartoon 03.jpg]]		\| [[File:Mesoderm cartoon 03.jpg]]
	\| Segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm into somites continues caudally at 1 somite/90minutes and a cavity (~~intraembryonic~~ coelom) forms in the lateral plate mesoderm separating somatic and splanchnic mesoderm.		\| Segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm into somites continues caudally at 1 somite/90minutes and a cavity (intra-embryonic coelom) forms in the lateral plate mesoderm separating somatic and splanchnic mesoderm.

	Note ~~intraembryonic~~ coelomic cavity communicates with ~~extraembryonic~~ coelom through portals (holes) initially on lateral margin of embryonic disc.		Note intra-embryonic coelomic cavity communicates transiently with extra-embryonic coelom through portals (holes) initially on lateral margin of embryonic disc.
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[File:Mesoderm cartoon 04.jpg]]		\| [[File:Mesoderm cartoon 04.jpg]]
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	\|}		\|}

	=== ~~Somite Development~~ ===		===Sclerotome===
			The {{Sclerotome}} forms from the ventromedial portion (region) of each somite with a mesenchymal cell organisation. The left and right sclerotome from each somite level contributes the vertebra and intervertebral disc of the entire axial skeleton.


	{\| class="prettytable" width=100%		{\| class="prettytable" width=100%

Z8600021 at 03:29, 13 April 2019

2019-04-13T03:29:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:29, 13 April 2019
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	# '''L'''imb abnormalities		# '''L'''imb abnormalities


			{{VACTERL Diagnosis collapse table}}

	:'''Links:''' {{VACTERL}}		:'''Links:''' {{VACTERL}}

Z8600021 at 03:09, 13 April 2019

2019-04-13T03:09:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:09, 13 April 2019
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	===Scoliosis===		===Scoliosis===

	[[File:Braune 1877 plate 30 fig1.jpg\|thumb\|Historic image scoliosis (Braune 1877)]]		[[File:Braune 1877 plate 30 fig1.jpg\|thumb\|Historic image scoliosis (Braune 1877)]]
	[[File:Scoliometry_01.jpg\|thumb\|Scoliometry{{#pmid:23226218\|PMID23226218}}]]		[[File:Scoliometry_01.jpg\|thumb\|Scoliometry{{#pmid:23226218\|PMID23226218}}]]
	[[File:Cheneau brace.jpg\|thumb\|Chêneau Brace{{#pmid:21266084\|PMID21266084}}]]		[[File:Cheneau brace.jpg\|thumb\|Chêneau Brace{{#pmid:21266084\|PMID21266084}}]]

	~~====International Classification of Diseases====~~
	[[International_Classification_of_Diseases_-_XVII_Congenital_Malformations#Q67_Congenital_musculoskeletal_deformities_of_head.2C_face.2C_spine_and_chest\|Q67 Congenital musculoskeletal deformities of head, face, spine and chest]] - Q67.5 Congenital deformity of spine Congenital scoliosis: NOS postural Excl.: infantile idiopathic scoliosis (M41.0) scoliosis due to congenital bony malformation (Q76.3)


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	** a large number of chromosomal deletions relating to regions {{Chr2}}p13 – 15, {{Chr6}}q13 and {{Chr15}}q12 have been identified.		** a large number of chromosomal deletions relating to regions {{Chr2}}p13 – 15, {{Chr6}}q13 and {{Chr15}}q12 have been identified.

			===VACTERL===
			{\|
			\|-bgcolor="FEF9E7"
			\| {{ICD-11}} - {{ICD11weblink}}1452617987 LD2F.11 VATER association] - ''VACTERL/VATER is an association of congenital malformations typically characterized by the presence of at least three of the following: vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheo-esophageal fistula, renal anomalies, and limb abnormalities.''
			\|}

			{{VACTERL}}/VATER are the acronyms used to describe a multi-system congenital malformations including at least three of the following:

			# '''V'''ertebral defects
			# '''A'''nal atresia
			# '''C'''ardiac defects
			# '''T'''racheo-esophageal fistula
			# '''R'''enal anomalies
			# '''L'''imb abnormalities


	:'''Links:''' {{~~Musculoskeletal abnormalities~~}}		:'''Links:''' {{VACTERL}}

	== References ==		== References ==

Z8600021 at 06:57, 9 April 2019

2019-04-09T06:57:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:57, 9 April 2019
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	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==
	[[File:Axial_skeleton.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Adult axial skeleton]]		[[File:Axial_skeleton.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Adult axial skeleton]]
	During the third week the paraxial mesoderm forms into "balls" of mesoderm paired either side of the neural groove, called [[Somitogenesis\|somites]], that are patterned by the [[Notochord\|notochord]]. Similar regions of each somite differentiate initially into 2 parts: the dermomyotome (dermal and muscle component) and the '''sclerotome''' (forms vertebral column). Each somite undergoes a segmental shift to form a vertebral body and the intervertebral disc.		During the third week the paraxial {{mesoderm}} forms into "balls" of mesoderm paired either side of the neural groove, called [[Somitogenesis\|somites]], that are patterned by the [[Notochord\|notochord]]. Similar regions of each somite differentiate initially into 2 parts: the dermomyotome (dermal and muscle component) and the '''sclerotome''' (forms vertebral column). Each somite undergoes a segmental shift to form a vertebral body and the intervertebral disc.


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	Skeletal ossification continues postnatally, through puberty until mid-20s. Abnormalities of vertebral column development can lead to defects including scoliosis.		Skeletal ossification continues postnatally, through puberty until mid-20s. Abnormalities of vertebral column development can lead to defects including scoliosis.


	See this series of articles by O'Rahilly, Müller and others on human vertebral column development using embryos from the [[Carnegie Collection]].{{#pmid:517765\|PMID517765}}{{#pmid:7216919\|PMID7216919}}{{#pmid:6833119\|PMID6833119}}{{#pmid:2323997\|PMID2323997}}{{#pmid:2182589\|PMID2182589}}{{#pmid:7961131\|PMID7961131}}		See this series of articles by O'Rahilly, Müller and others on human vertebral column development using embryos from the [[Carnegie Collection]].{{#pmid:517765\|PMID517765}}{{#pmid:7216919\|PMID7216919}}{{#pmid:6833119\|PMID6833119}}{{#pmid:2323997\|PMID2323997}}{{#pmid:2182589\|PMID2182589}}{{#pmid:7961131\|PMID7961131}}

Z8600021 at 02:03, 7 March 2019

2019-03-07T02:03:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:03, 7 March 2019
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	* '''centrum''' - (vertebral body) anatomical term referring to the main bony part of the vertebra that forms the majority of the axial skeleton.		* '''centrum''' - (vertebral body) anatomical term referring to the main bony part of the vertebra that forms the majority of the axial skeleton.

			* '''Cobb angle''' - clinical method of measuring the degree of scoliosis and post-traumatic kyphosis. Named after the American orthopedic surgeon John Robert Cobb (1903 - 1967) an American orthopedic surgeon.

	* '''haemal arch''' - referring to the bony arch region within animal tail vertebra that contains blood vessels.		* '''haemal arch''' - referring to the bony arch region within animal tail vertebra that contains blood vessels.