Musculoskeletal System - Appendicular Skeleton Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 04:35, 21 November 2019

2019-11-21T04:35:27Z

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	{\|		{\|
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	\| <~~Flowplayer~~ height="320" width="285~~" autoplay="true~~">fetal growth.~~flv~~</~~Flowplayer~~>		\| <html5media height="320" width="285">File:fetal growth.mp4</html5media>

	~~[[Quicktime_Movie_-_Fetal_Development\|Quicktime version]]~~
	\| '''Embryonic period''' - the external appearance of both the upper and lower limb has been formed.		\| '''Embryonic period''' - the external appearance of both the upper and lower limb has been formed.

Z8600021 at 04:32, 21 November 2019

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	The musculoskeletal system consists of skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage and is mainly mesoderm in origin with some neural crest contribution.		The musculoskeletal system consists of skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage and is mainly mesoderm in origin with some neural crest contribution.

	The intraembryonic mesoderm can be broken into paraxial, intermediate and lateral mesoderm relative to its midline position. During the 3rd week the paraxial mesoderm forms into "balls" of mesoderm paired either side of the neural groove, called ~~somites~~.		The intraembryonic {{mesoderm}} can be broken into paraxial, intermediate and lateral mesoderm relative to its midline position. During the 3rd week the paraxial mesoderm forms into "balls" of mesoderm paired either side of the neural groove, called {{somite}}s.

	Somites appear bilaterally as pairs at the same time and form earliest at the cranial (rostral,brain) end of the neural groove and add sequentially at the caudal end. This addition occurs so regularly that embryos are staged according to the number of somites that are present. Different regions of the somite differentiate into dermomyotome (dermal and muscle component) and sclerotome (forms vertebral column).		Somites appear bilaterally as pairs at the same time and form earliest at the cranial (rostral,brain) end of the neural groove and add sequentially at the caudal end. This addition occurs so regularly that embryos are staged according to the number of somites that are present. Different regions of the somite differentiate into dermomyotome (dermal and muscle component) and sclerotome (forms vertebral column).
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	Bone is formed through a lengthy process involving ossification of a cartilage formed from mesenchyme. Two main forms of ossification occur in different bones, intramembranous (eg skull) and endochondrial (eg limb long bones) ossification. Ossification continues postnatally, through puberty until mid 20s. Early ossification occurs at the ends of long bones.		Bone is formed through a lengthy process involving ossification of a cartilage formed from mesenchyme. Two main forms of ossification occur in different bones, intramembranous (eg skull) and endochondrial (eg limb long bones) ossification. Ossification continues postnatally, through puberty until mid 20s. Early ossification occurs at the ends of long bones.

	Musculoskeletal and limb abnormalities are one of the largest groups of congenital abnormalities.		Musculoskeletal and {{limb abnormalities}} are one of the largest groups of congenital abnormalities.

Z8600021 at 04:31, 21 November 2019

2019-11-21T04:31:04Z

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	[[File:Appendicular_skeleton_developmental_regions.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Appendicular skeleton]]		[[File:Appendicular_skeleton_developmental_regions.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Appendicular skeleton]]
	[[File:Limb bud geometry and patterning.jpg\|thumb\|Limb bud geometry and patterning{{#pmid:20644713\|PMID20644713}}]]		[[File:Limb bud geometry and patterning.jpg\|thumb\|Limb bud geometry and patterning{{#pmid:20644713\|PMID20644713}}]]
	The mesoderm forms nearly all the connective tissues of the musculoskeletal system. Each tissue (cartilage, bone, and muscle) goes through many different mechanisms of differentiation.		The mesoderm forms nearly all the connective tissues of the musculoskeletal system. Each tissue ({{cartilage}}, {{bone}}, and {{muscle}}) goes through many different mechanisms of differentiation.

	The musculoskeletal system consists of skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage and is mainly mesoderm in origin with some neural crest contribution.		The musculoskeletal system consists of skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage and is mainly mesoderm in origin with some neural crest contribution.

Z8600021 at 11:59, 20 November 2019

2019-11-20T11:59:12Z

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	* '''Developmental Dynamics''' - [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dvdy.v240.5/issuetoc Special Issue: Special Issue on Limb Development] May 2011 Volume 240, Issue 5		* '''Developmental Dynamics''' - [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dvdy.v240.5/issuetoc Special Issue: Special Issue on Limb Development] May 2011 Volume 240, Issue 5

	* '''Spatially Controlled Cell Proliferation in Limb Bud Morphogenesis'''{{#pmid:20644711\|PMID20644711}} "Our data run contrary to the proliferation gradient hypothesis, indicating instead that oriented cell behaviours are important for driving elongation."
	* '''Distinct roles of Hand2 in initiating polarity and posterior Shh expression during the onset of mouse limb bud development'''<ref name="PMID20386744"><pubmed>20386744</pubmed></ref> "One such event is antero-posterior (AP) polarization of early limb buds and activation of morphogenetic Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling in the posterior mesenchyme, which in turn promotes outgrowth and specifies the pentadactylous autopod. Inactivation of the Hand2 transcriptional regulator from the onset of mouse forelimb bud development disrupts establishment of posterior identity and Shh expression, which results in a skeletal phenotype identical to Shh deficient limb buds. ... Our study uncovers essential components of the transcriptional machinery and key interactions that set-up limb bud asymmetry upstream of establishing the SHH signaling limb bud organizer."

	* '''The apical ectodermal ridge (AER) can be re-induced by wounding'''{{#pmid:20347761\|PMID20347761}} "First, we assessed the sequence of events following limb amputation in chick embryos and compared the features of limb development and regeneration in amphibians and chicks. Based on our findings, we attempted to re-induce the AER. When wnt-2b/fgf-10-expressing cells were inserted concurrently with wounding, successful re-induction of the AER occurred."
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! More recent papers		! More recent papers
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}
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	\|}		\|}

			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! Older papers
			\|-
			\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Spatially Controlled Cell Proliferation in Limb Bud Morphogenesis'''{{#pmid:20644711\|PMID20644711}} "Our data run contrary to the proliferation gradient hypothesis, indicating instead that oriented cell behaviours are important for driving elongation."
			* '''Distinct roles of Hand2 in initiating polarity and posterior Shh expression during the onset of mouse limb bud development'''<ref name="PMID20386744"><pubmed>20386744</pubmed></ref> "One such event is antero-posterior (AP) polarization of early limb buds and activation of morphogenetic Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling in the posterior mesenchyme, which in turn promotes outgrowth and specifies the pentadactylous autopod. Inactivation of the Hand2 transcriptional regulator from the onset of mouse forelimb bud development disrupts establishment of posterior identity and Shh expression, which results in a skeletal phenotype identical to Shh deficient limb buds. ... Our study uncovers essential components of the transcriptional machinery and key interactions that set-up limb bud asymmetry upstream of establishing the SHH signaling limb bud organizer."

			* '''The apical ectodermal ridge (AER) can be re-induced by wounding'''{{#pmid:20347761\|PMID20347761}} "First, we assessed the sequence of events following limb amputation in chick embryos and compared the features of limb development and regeneration in amphibians and chicks. Based on our findings, we attempted to re-induce the AER. When wnt-2b/fgf-10-expressing cells were inserted concurrently with wounding, successful re-induction of the AER occurred."
			\|}

	==Textbooks==		==Textbooks==

Z8600021 at 11:56, 20 November 2019

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	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==
			[[File:Human embryo femur CS18 to CS23.png\|thumb\|alt=Human embryo femur CS18 to CS23\|Human embryo femur CS18 to CS23{{#pmid:31442281\|PMID31442281}}]]
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Z8600021 at 11:39, 20 November 2019

2019-11-20T11:39:32Z

Show changes

Z8600021 at 08:46, 5 Haziran 2016

2016-06-05T08:46:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:46, 5 Haziran 2016
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	==Limb Bone==		==Limb Bone==

			{{Limb skeleton mesenchyme-cartilage-bone table}}

	[[File:Chicken-limb_sox9_wnt6.jpg\|thumb\|Limb sox9 and Wnt6 expression<ref name="PMID20334703"><pubmed>20334703</pubmed></ref>]]		[[File:Chicken-limb_sox9_wnt6.jpg\|thumb\|Limb sox9 and Wnt6 expression<ref name="PMID20334703"><pubmed>20334703</pubmed></ref>]]
	[[File:Chicken- limb bud chondrogenesis.jpg\|thumb\|Chicken- limb bud chondrogenesis]]		[[File:Chicken- limb bud chondrogenesis.jpg\|thumb\|Chicken- limb bud chondrogenesis]]

Z8600021 at 04:07, 22 Mayıs 2013

2013-05-22T04:07:15Z

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 Human Embryo ([[Carnegie stage 19|stage 19]]) showing direction of limb rotation.
 ==Fetal Growth==
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 :'''Links:''' [[Fetal Development]]
 |}
 ==Limb Bone==
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 [[File:Gray0321.jpg|thumb|Hip bone]]
 The skeletal shoulder consists of: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus. Development of his region occurs through both forms of ossification processes.
 The skeletal pelvis consists of: the sacrum and coccyx (axial skeleton), and pelvic girdle formed by a pair of hip bones (appendicular skeleton). Before puberty, he pelvic girdle also consists of three unfused bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. In chicken, the entire pelvic girdle originates from the somatopleure mesoderm (somite levels 26 to 35) and the ilium, but not of the pubis and ischium, depends on somitic and ectodermal signals.<ref><pubmed>18087724</pubmed></ref>

Z8600021 at 01:51, 22 Mayıs 2013

2013-05-22T01:51:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:51, 22 Mayıs 2013
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	The intraembryonic mesoderm can be broken into paraxial, intermediate and lateral mesoderm relative to its midline position. During the 3rd week the paraxial mesoderm forms into "balls" of mesoderm paired either side of the neural groove, called somites.		The intraembryonic mesoderm can be broken into paraxial, intermediate and lateral mesoderm relative to its midline position. During the 3rd week the paraxial mesoderm forms into "balls" of mesoderm paired either side of the neural groove, called somites.

	Somites appear bilaterally as pairs at the same time and form earliest at the cranial (rostral,brain) end of the neural groove and add sequentially at the caudal end. This addition occurs so regularly that embryos are staged according to the number of somites that are present. Different regions of the somite differentiate into dermomyotome (dermal and muscle component) and sclerotome (forms vertebral column)~~. An example of a specialized musculoskeletal structure can be seen in the development of the limbs~~.		Somites appear bilaterally as pairs at the same time and form earliest at the cranial (rostral,brain) end of the neural groove and add sequentially at the caudal end. This addition occurs so regularly that embryos are staged according to the number of somites that are present. Different regions of the somite differentiate into dermomyotome (dermal and muscle component) and sclerotome (forms vertebral column).

	~~Skeletal muscle forms by fusion of mononucleated myoblasts to form mutinucleated myotubes.~~ Bone is formed through a lengthy process involving ossification of a cartilage formed from mesenchyme. Two main forms of ossification occur in different bones, intramembranous (eg skull) and endochondrial (eg limb long bones) ossification. Ossification continues postnatally, through puberty until mid 20s. Early ossification occurs at the ends of long bones.		Bone is formed through a lengthy process involving ossification of a cartilage formed from mesenchyme. Two main forms of ossification occur in different bones, intramembranous (eg skull) and endochondrial (eg limb long bones) ossification. Ossification continues postnatally, through puberty until mid 20s. Early ossification occurs at the ends of long bones.

	Musculoskeletal and limb abnormalities are one of the largest groups of congenital abnormalities.		Musculoskeletal and limb abnormalities are one of the largest groups of congenital abnormalities.
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	* '''The apical ectodermal ridge (AER) can be re-induced by wounding'''<ref name="PMID20347761"><pubmed>20347761</pubmed></ref> "First, we assessed the sequence of events following limb amputation in chick embryos and compared the features of limb development and regeneration in amphibians and chicks. Based on our findings, we attempted to re-induce the AER. When wnt-2b/fgf-10-expressing cells were inserted concurrently with wounding, successful re-induction of the AER occurred."		* '''The apical ectodermal ridge (AER) can be re-induced by wounding'''<ref name="PMID20347761"><pubmed>20347761</pubmed></ref> "First, we assessed the sequence of events following limb amputation in chick embryos and compared the features of limb development and regeneration in amphibians and chicks. Based on our findings, we attempted to re-induce the AER. When wnt-2b/fgf-10-expressing cells were inserted concurrently with wounding, successful re-induction of the AER occurred."
	\|}		\|}
			{\| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
			! More recent papers
			\|-
			\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	[~~[Talk~~:~~Musculoskeletal_System_-_Limb_Development\|Recent References]] \| [[#References\|References]~~]		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Appendicular+Skeleton+Development ''Appendicular Skeleton Development'']

			<pubmed limit=5>Appendicular Skeleton Development</pubmed>

			Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Limb+Skeleton+Development ''Limb Skeleton Development'']

			<pubmed limit=5>Limb Skeleton Development</pubmed>
			\|}
	==Textbooks==		==Textbooks==
	{\|		{\|

Z8600021 at 01:47, 22 Mayıs 2013

2013-05-22T01:47:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:47, 22 Mayıs 2013
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	:{{Musculoskeletal Links}}		{{Musculoskeletal Links}}


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	{{Template:Footer}}		{{Template:Footer}}

	[[Category:System Development]] [[Category:Limb]]		[[Category:System Development]] [[Category:Limb]] [[Category:Bone]] [[Category:Cartilage]]

	~~{{Glossary}}~~

	~~{{Footer}}~~