Lymph Node Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 01:33, 12 February 2019

2019-02-12T01:33:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:33, 12 February 2019
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	[[File:Lymph_node_structure.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Basic structure of an adult lymph node.]]		[[File:Lymph_node_structure.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Basic structure of an adult lymph node.]]
	[[File:Lymph node cartoon 01.jpg\|thumb\|Schematic of lymph node.]]		[[File:Lymph node cartoon 01.jpg\|thumb\|Schematic of lymph node.]]
	Lymphatic vasculature drains lymph fluid from the organ tissue space and returns it to the blood vasculature for recirculation. ~~Lymph nodes lie~~ on the path of lymph vessels and these structures monitor and carry out immune surveillance of this fluid for antigens and pathogens, trapping them within the lymph nodes and generating immune responses.		Lymphatic vasculature drains lymph fluid from the organ tissue space and returns it to the blood vasculature for recirculation. The {{lymph node}} lies on the path of lymph vessels and these structures monitor and carry out immune surveillance of this fluid for antigens and pathogens, trapping them within the lymph nodes and generating immune responses.

	In early node development, vein endothelial cells form a spherical body (lymph sac) that is surrounded and then invaded by mesenchymal cells that contribute the lymph node stroma. The current {{mouse}} model shows lymphoid tissue inducer cells initially regulating the activation of mesenchymal lymphoid tissue organizer cells.{{#pmid:30150089\|PMID30150089}}		In early node development, vein endothelial cells form a spherical body (lymph sac) that is surrounded and then invaded by mesenchymal cells that contribute the lymph node stroma. The current {{mouse}} model shows lymphoid tissue inducer cells initially regulating the activation of mesenchymal lymphoid tissue organizer cells.{{#pmid:30150089\|PMID30150089}}

Z8600021 at 00:49, 11 February 2019

2019-02-11T00:49:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:49, 11 February 2019
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymph+Nodes+Embryology ''Lymph Nodes Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymph+Nodes+Development ''Lymph Nodes Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymph+Nodes ''Lymph Nodes''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=lymphoid+tissue+inducer+cell\|lymphoid tissue inducer cell]] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=mesenchymal+lymphoid+tissue+organizer+cell\|mesenchymal lymphoid tissue organizer cell]]		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymph+Nodes+Embryology ''Lymph Nodes Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymph+Nodes+Development ''Lymph Nodes Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymph+Nodes ''Lymph Nodes''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=lymphoid+tissue+inducer+cell\|lymphoid tissue inducer cell] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=mesenchymal+lymphoid+tissue+organizer+cell mesenchymal lymphoid tissue organizer cell]

	\|}		\|}

Z8600021 at 01:17, 14 Ocak 2019

2019-01-14T01:17:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:17, 14 Ocak 2019
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	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
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			* '''Subcapsular Sinus Macrophages: The Seat of Innate and Adaptive Memory in Murine Lymph Nodes'''{{#pmid:30502023\|PMID30502023}} "Subcapsular sinus (SCS) macrophages are strategically positioned at the lymph-tissue interface in the lymph node to trap and present antigen to B cells. Recent murine data has shown that SCS macrophages also prevent the systemic spread of lymph-borne pathogens and are capable of activating a diverse range of innate effector and adaptive memory cells, including follicular memory T cells and memory B cells (Bmems), that are either pre-positioned or rapidly recruited to the subcapsular niche following infection and inflammation. Furthermore, Bmems are rapidly reactivated to differentiate into plasma cells in subcapsular proliferative foci (SPF)."

	* '''Morphometric development of {{sheep}} (Ovis aries) lymph nodes in fetal period'''{{#pmid:30065800\|PMID30065800}} "To this end, 60 pieces of sheep fetuses collected from Ahvaz slaughterhouse were fixated in 10% formalin and then divided into four categories based on crown-rump length (CRL) following gender and weight determinations. Mandibular, caudal superficial cervical (prescapular), caudal mediastinum, jejunal mesenteric and popliteal lymph nodes were evaluated in five lymphocenters of head, neck, thoracic cavity, abdominal viscera and pelvic limbs, respectively. ...Gender had no effect on study parameters in 32 male and 28 female fetuses. Study of sheep fetuses' lymph nodes revealed no macroscopic lymph node development by day 45, while all nodes were observable after the day 59. The shortest lymph node was mandibular node and the longest one was caudal mediastinum. Based on the results, it seemed that although the size of lymph nodes grows by age, this increase is not the same for all nodes and groups."		* '''Morphometric development of {{sheep}} (Ovis aries) lymph nodes in fetal period'''{{#pmid:30065800\|PMID30065800}} "To this end, 60 pieces of sheep fetuses collected from Ahvaz slaughterhouse were fixated in 10% formalin and then divided into four categories based on crown-rump length (CRL) following gender and weight determinations. Mandibular, caudal superficial cervical (prescapular), caudal mediastinum, jejunal mesenteric and popliteal lymph nodes were evaluated in five lymphocenters of head, neck, thoracic cavity, abdominal viscera and pelvic limbs, respectively. ...Gender had no effect on study parameters in 32 male and 28 female fetuses. Study of sheep fetuses' lymph nodes revealed no macroscopic lymph node development by day 45, while all nodes were observable after the day 59. The shortest lymph node was mandibular node and the longest one was caudal mediastinum. Based on the results, it seemed that although the size of lymph nodes grows by age, this increase is not the same for all nodes and groups."

Z8600021 at 23:38, 13 Ocak 2019

2019-01-13T23:38:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:38, 14 Ocak 2019
Line 5:		Line 5:
	Lymphatic vasculature drains lymph fluid from the organ tissue space and returns it to the blood vasculature for recirculation. Lymph nodes lie on the path of lymph vessels and these structures monitor and carry out immune surveillance of this fluid for antigens and pathogens, trapping them within the lymph nodes and generating immune responses.		Lymphatic vasculature drains lymph fluid from the organ tissue space and returns it to the blood vasculature for recirculation. Lymph nodes lie on the path of lymph vessels and these structures monitor and carry out immune surveillance of this fluid for antigens and pathogens, trapping them within the lymph nodes and generating immune responses.

	In early node development, vein endothelial cells form a spherical body (lymph sac) that is surrounded and then invaded by mesenchymal cells that contribute the lymph node stroma. The current ~~mouse~~ {{~~model~~}} shows lymphoid tissue inducer cells regulating the activation of mesenchymal lymphoid tissue organizer cells.{{#pmid:30150089\|PMID30150089}}		In early node development, vein endothelial cells form a spherical body (lymph sac) that is surrounded and then invaded by mesenchymal cells that contribute the lymph node stroma. The current {{mouse}} model shows lymphoid tissue inducer cells initially regulating the activation of mesenchymal lymphoid tissue organizer cells.{{#pmid:30150089\|PMID30150089}}

	The reticular cells that form the stroma of the node were also initially seen as purely structural and supportive, more recent studies have shown that the reticular network that they form is also part of the immune process.		The reticular cells that form the stroma of the node were also initially seen as purely structural and supportive, more recent studies have shown that the reticular network that they form is also part of the immune process.

Z8600021 at 23:38, 13 Ocak 2019

2019-01-13T23:38:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:38, 14 Ocak 2019
Line 5:		Line 5:
	Lymphatic vasculature drains lymph fluid from the organ tissue space and returns it to the blood vasculature for recirculation. Lymph nodes lie on the path of lymph vessels and these structures monitor and carry out immune surveillance of this fluid for antigens and pathogens, trapping them within the lymph nodes and generating immune responses.		Lymphatic vasculature drains lymph fluid from the organ tissue space and returns it to the blood vasculature for recirculation. Lymph nodes lie on the path of lymph vessels and these structures monitor and carry out immune surveillance of this fluid for antigens and pathogens, trapping them within the lymph nodes and generating immune responses.

	In early node development, vein endothelial cells form a spherical body (lymph sac) that is surrounded and then invaded by mesenchymal cells that contribute the lymph node ~~stoma~~.		In early node development, vein endothelial cells form a spherical body (lymph sac) that is surrounded and then invaded by mesenchymal cells that contribute the lymph node stroma. The current mouse {{model}} shows lymphoid tissue inducer cells regulating the activation of mesenchymal lymphoid tissue organizer cells.{{#pmid:30150089\|PMID30150089}}

	The reticular cells that form the ~~stoma~~ of the node were seen as purely structural and supportive, more recent studies have shown that the reticular network that they form is also part of the immune process.		The reticular cells that form the stroma of the node were also initially seen as purely structural and supportive, more recent studies have shown that the reticular network that they form is also part of the immune process.


Line 23:		Line 23:
	* '''Lymph Node Stroma Dynamics and Approaches for Their Visualization'''{{#pmid:28214099\|PMID28214099}} "Lymphoid stromal cells are best known as the architectural cells of lymphoid organs. For decades, they have been considered as inert elements of the immune system but this view has changed dramatically in recent years, when it was discovered that they are endowed with critical immunoregulatory functions. It is now accepted that without them, the adaptive immune response would be compromised, if not abrogated entirely. Here, we review the function of the major lymphoid stromal cell types; the way they remodel upon inflammation; discuss the available tools to track their behavior; and introduce several methodological approaches that we believe will help improving our knowledge of these pivotal cell types."		* '''Lymph Node Stroma Dynamics and Approaches for Their Visualization'''{{#pmid:28214099\|PMID28214099}} "Lymphoid stromal cells are best known as the architectural cells of lymphoid organs. For decades, they have been considered as inert elements of the immune system but this view has changed dramatically in recent years, when it was discovered that they are endowed with critical immunoregulatory functions. It is now accepted that without them, the adaptive immune response would be compromised, if not abrogated entirely. Here, we review the function of the major lymphoid stromal cell types; the way they remodel upon inflammation; discuss the available tools to track their behavior; and introduce several methodological approaches that we believe will help improving our knowledge of these pivotal cell types."

	* '''Development of secondary lymphoid organs in relation to lymphatic vasculature'''{{#pmid:24276888\|PMID24276888}} "Although the initial event in lymphatic endothelial specification occurs slightly before the initiation of lymph node formation in mice, the development of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes occurs within the same embryonic time frame. Specification of lymphatic endothelial cells starts around embryonic day 10 (E10), followed by endothelial cell budding and formation of the first lymphatic structures. Through lymphatic endothelial cell sprouting these lymph sacs give rise to the lymphatic vasculature which is complete by E15.5 in mice. It is within this time frame that lymph node formation is initiated and the first structure is secured in place. As lymphatic vessels are crucially involved in the functionality of the lymph nodes, the recent insight that both structures depend on common developmental signals for their initiation provides a molecular mechanism for their coordinated formation. Here, we will describe the common developmental signals needed to properly start the formation of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes and their interdependence in adult life."
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymph+Nodes+Embryology ''Lymph Nodes Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymph+Nodes+Development ''Lymph Nodes Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymph+Nodes ''Lymph Nodes'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymph+Nodes+Embryology ''Lymph Nodes Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymph+Nodes+Development ''Lymph Nodes Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymph+Nodes ''Lymph Nodes''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=lymphoid+tissue+inducer+cell\|lymphoid tissue inducer cell]] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=mesenchymal+lymphoid+tissue+organizer+cell\|mesenchymal lymphoid tissue organizer cell]]

	\|}		\|}
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	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Development of secondary lymphoid organs in relation to lymphatic vasculature'''{{#pmid:24276888\|PMID24276888}} "Although the initial event in lymphatic endothelial specification occurs slightly before the initiation of lymph node formation in mice, the development of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes occurs within the same embryonic time frame. Specification of lymphatic endothelial cells starts around embryonic day 10 ({{ME10}}), followed by endothelial cell budding and formation of the first lymphatic structures. Through lymphatic endothelial cell sprouting these lymph sacs give rise to the lymphatic vasculature which is complete by {{ME15.5}} in mice. It is within this time frame that lymph node formation is initiated and the first structure is secured in place. As lymphatic vessels are crucially involved in the functionality of the lymph nodes, the recent insight that both structures depend on common developmental signals for their initiation provides a molecular mechanism for their coordinated formation. Here, we will describe the common developmental signals needed to properly start the formation of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes and their interdependence in adult life."

	* '''Lymph sacs are not required for the initiation of lymph node formation'''{{#pmid:19060331\|PMID19060331}} "As proposed by Florence Sabin more than a century ago and recently validated, the mammalian lymphatic vasculature has a venous origin and is derived from primitive lymph sacs scattered along the embryonic body axis. Also as proposed by Sabin, it has been generally accepted that lymph nodes originate from those embryonic primitive lymph sacs. However, we now demonstrate that the initiation of lymph node development does not require lymph sacs."		* '''Lymph sacs are not required for the initiation of lymph node formation'''{{#pmid:19060331\|PMID19060331}} "As proposed by Florence Sabin more than a century ago and recently validated, the mammalian lymphatic vasculature has a venous origin and is derived from primitive lymph sacs scattered along the embryonic body axis. Also as proposed by Sabin, it has been generally accepted that lymph nodes originate from those embryonic primitive lymph sacs. However, we now demonstrate that the initiation of lymph node development does not require lymph sacs."

Z8600021 at 23:20, 13 Ocak 2019

2019-01-13T23:20:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:20, 14 Ocak 2019
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	\|		\|

	* '''Morphometric development of {{sheep}} (Ovis aries) lymph nodes in fetal period'''{{#pmid:30065800\|PMID30065800}}		* '''Morphometric development of {{sheep}} (Ovis aries) lymph nodes in fetal period'''{{#pmid:30065800\|PMID30065800}} "To this end, 60 pieces of sheep fetuses collected from Ahvaz slaughterhouse were fixated in 10% formalin and then divided into four categories based on crown-rump length (CRL) following gender and weight determinations. Mandibular, caudal superficial cervical (prescapular), caudal mediastinum, jejunal mesenteric and popliteal lymph nodes were evaluated in five lymphocenters of head, neck, thoracic cavity, abdominal viscera and pelvic limbs, respectively. ...Gender had no effect on study parameters in 32 male and 28 female fetuses. Study of sheep fetuses' lymph nodes revealed no macroscopic lymph node development by day 45, while all nodes were observable after the day 59. The shortest lymph node was mandibular node and the longest one was caudal mediastinum. Based on the results, it seemed that although the size of lymph nodes grows by age, this increase is not the same for all nodes and groups."
	"To this end, 60 pieces of sheep fetuses collected from Ahvaz slaughterhouse were fixated in 10% formalin and then divided into four categories based on crown-rump length (CRL) following gender and weight determinations. Mandibular, caudal superficial cervical (prescapular), caudal mediastinum, jejunal mesenteric and popliteal lymph nodes were evaluated in five lymphocenters of head, neck, thoracic cavity, abdominal viscera and pelvic limbs, respectively. ...Gender had no effect on study parameters in 32 male and 28 female fetuses. Study of sheep fetuses' lymph nodes revealed no macroscopic lymph node development by day 45, while all nodes were observable after the day 59. The shortest lymph node was mandibular node and the longest one was caudal mediastinum. Based on the results, it seemed that although the size of lymph nodes grows by age, this increase is not the same for all nodes and groups."

	* '''Development of the LYVE-1 gene with an acidic-amino-acid-rich (AAAR) domain in evolution is associated with acquisition of lymph nodes and efficient adaptive immunity'''{{#pmid:28833090\|PMID28833090}} "CRSBP-1 (mammalian LYVE-1) is a membrane glycoprotein highly expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). It has multiple ligands, including hyaluronic acid (HA) and growth factors/cytokines (e.g., PDGF-BB and VEGF-A) containing CRS motifs (clusters of basic amino-acid residues). ... Lymph nodes represent the only major recent innovation of the adaptive immune systems in evolution particularly to mammals and bird. Here we demonstrate that the development of the LYVE-1 gene with the AAAR domain in evolution is associated with acquisition of lymph nodes and adaptive immunity. LYVE-1 from other species, which have no lymph nodes, lack the AAAR domain and efficient adaptive immunity. Synthetic CRSBP-1 ligands PDGF and VEGF peptides, which contain the CRS motifs of PDGF-BB and VEGF-A, respectively, specifically bind to CRSBP-1 but do not interact with either PDGFβR or VEGFR2. These peptides function as adjuvants by enhancing adaptive immunity of pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine in pigs. These results support the notion that LYVE-1 is involved in adaptive immunity in mammals."		* '''Development of the LYVE-1 gene with an acidic-amino-acid-rich (AAAR) domain in evolution is associated with acquisition of lymph nodes and efficient adaptive immunity'''{{#pmid:28833090\|PMID28833090}} "CRSBP-1 (mammalian LYVE-1) is a membrane glycoprotein highly expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). It has multiple ligands, including hyaluronic acid (HA) and growth factors/cytokines (e.g., PDGF-BB and VEGF-A) containing CRS motifs (clusters of basic amino-acid residues). ... Lymph nodes represent the only major recent innovation of the adaptive immune systems in evolution particularly to mammals and bird. Here we demonstrate that the development of the LYVE-1 gene with the AAAR domain in evolution is associated with acquisition of lymph nodes and adaptive immunity. LYVE-1 from other species, which have no lymph nodes, lack the AAAR domain and efficient adaptive immunity. Synthetic CRSBP-1 ligands PDGF and VEGF peptides, which contain the CRS motifs of PDGF-BB and VEGF-A, respectively, specifically bind to CRSBP-1 but do not interact with either PDGFβR or VEGFR2. These peptides function as adjuvants by enhancing adaptive immunity of pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine in pigs. These results support the notion that LYVE-1 is involved in adaptive immunity in mammals."
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	'''FRC''' - Fibroblastic Reticular Cells, may guide T cells in the follicle.		'''FRC''' - Fibroblastic Reticular Cells, may guide T cells in the follicle.

			==Subcapsular Space==
			The subcapsular region is not only the initial entry site for lymph flow into the node, but has also been shown to have important immune functions associated with cells located in this space.

			* '''Macrophages''' - clear lymph-borne viruses and present them to antiviral B cells.{{#pmid:17934446\|PMID17934446}} This has also been recently demonstrated in the mouse model.{{#pmid:30502023\|PMID30502023}}
			* '''Memory B cells''' - have been shown to be reactivated in subcapsular proliferative foci of lymph nodes.{{#pmid:30135429\|PMID30135429}}


	==Lymphocyte Movies==		==Lymphocyte Movies==

	{{Adult Mouse Lymphocyte Motility movies}}		{{Adult Mouse Lymphocyte Motility movies}}



	==References==		==References==

Z8600021 at 23:13, 13 Ocak 2019

2019-01-13T23:13:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:13, 14 Ocak 2019
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	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
			{{#pmid:30150089}}

	{{#pmid:27282947}}		{{#pmid:27282947}}

Z8600021 at 02:39, 20 December 2018

2018-12-20T02:39:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:39, 20 December 2018
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	* '''Morphometric development of {{sheep}} (Ovis aries) lymph nodes in fetal period'''{{#pmid:30065800\|PMID30065800}}		* '''Morphometric development of {{sheep}} (Ovis aries) lymph nodes in fetal period'''{{#pmid:30065800\|PMID30065800}}
	"To this end, 60 pieces of sheep fetuses collected from Ahvaz slaughterhouse were fixated in 10% formalin and then divided into four categories based on crown-rump length (CRL) following gender and weight determinations. Mandibular, caudal superficial cervical (prescapular), caudal mediastinum, jejunal mesenteric and popliteal lymph nodes were evaluated in five lymphocenters of head, neck, thoracic cavity, abdominal viscera and pelvic limbs, respectively. ...Gender had no effect on study parameters in 32 male and 28 female fetuses. Study of sheep fetuses' lymph nodes revealed no macroscopic lymph node development by day 45, while all nodes were observable after the day 59. The shortest lymph node was mandibular node and the longest one was caudal mediastinum. Based on the results, it seemed that although the size of lymph nodes grows by age, this increase is not the same for all nodes and groups."		"To this end, 60 pieces of sheep fetuses collected from Ahvaz slaughterhouse were fixated in 10% formalin and then divided into four categories based on crown-rump length (CRL) following gender and weight determinations. Mandibular, caudal superficial cervical (prescapular), caudal mediastinum, jejunal mesenteric and popliteal lymph nodes were evaluated in five lymphocenters of head, neck, thoracic cavity, abdominal viscera and pelvic limbs, respectively. ...Gender had no effect on study parameters in 32 male and 28 female fetuses. Study of sheep fetuses' lymph nodes revealed no macroscopic lymph node development by day 45, while all nodes were observable after the day 59. The shortest lymph node was mandibular node and the longest one was caudal mediastinum. Based on the results, it seemed that although the size of lymph nodes grows by age, this increase is not the same for all nodes and groups."

			* '''Development of the LYVE-1 gene with an acidic-amino-acid-rich (AAAR) domain in evolution is associated with acquisition of lymph nodes and efficient adaptive immunity'''{{#pmid:28833090\|PMID28833090}} "CRSBP-1 (mammalian LYVE-1) is a membrane glycoprotein highly expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). It has multiple ligands, including hyaluronic acid (HA) and growth factors/cytokines (e.g., PDGF-BB and VEGF-A) containing CRS motifs (clusters of basic amino-acid residues). ... Lymph nodes represent the only major recent innovation of the adaptive immune systems in evolution particularly to mammals and bird. Here we demonstrate that the development of the LYVE-1 gene with the AAAR domain in evolution is associated with acquisition of lymph nodes and adaptive immunity. LYVE-1 from other species, which have no lymph nodes, lack the AAAR domain and efficient adaptive immunity. Synthetic CRSBP-1 ligands PDGF and VEGF peptides, which contain the CRS motifs of PDGF-BB and VEGF-A, respectively, specifically bind to CRSBP-1 but do not interact with either PDGFβR or VEGFR2. These peptides function as adjuvants by enhancing adaptive immunity of pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine in pigs. These results support the notion that LYVE-1 is involved in adaptive immunity in mammals."

	* '''Lymph Node Stroma Dynamics and Approaches for Their Visualization'''{{#pmid:28214099\|PMID28214099}} "Lymphoid stromal cells are best known as the architectural cells of lymphoid organs. For decades, they have been considered as inert elements of the immune system but this view has changed dramatically in recent years, when it was discovered that they are endowed with critical immunoregulatory functions. It is now accepted that without them, the adaptive immune response would be compromised, if not abrogated entirely. Here, we review the function of the major lymphoid stromal cell types; the way they remodel upon inflammation; discuss the available tools to track their behavior; and introduce several methodological approaches that we believe will help improving our knowledge of these pivotal cell types."		* '''Lymph Node Stroma Dynamics and Approaches for Their Visualization'''{{#pmid:28214099\|PMID28214099}} "Lymphoid stromal cells are best known as the architectural cells of lymphoid organs. For decades, they have been considered as inert elements of the immune system but this view has changed dramatically in recent years, when it was discovered that they are endowed with critical immunoregulatory functions. It is now accepted that without them, the adaptive immune response would be compromised, if not abrogated entirely. Here, we review the function of the major lymphoid stromal cell types; the way they remodel upon inflammation; discuss the available tools to track their behavior; and introduce several methodological approaches that we believe will help improving our knowledge of these pivotal cell types."

Z8600021 at 02:35, 20 December 2018

2018-12-20T02:35:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:35, 20 December 2018
Line 16:		Line 16:
	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
			* '''Morphometric development of {{sheep}} (Ovis aries) lymph nodes in fetal period'''{{#pmid:30065800\|PMID30065800}}
			"To this end, 60 pieces of sheep fetuses collected from Ahvaz slaughterhouse were fixated in 10% formalin and then divided into four categories based on crown-rump length (CRL) following gender and weight determinations. Mandibular, caudal superficial cervical (prescapular), caudal mediastinum, jejunal mesenteric and popliteal lymph nodes were evaluated in five lymphocenters of head, neck, thoracic cavity, abdominal viscera and pelvic limbs, respectively. ...Gender had no effect on study parameters in 32 male and 28 female fetuses. Study of sheep fetuses' lymph nodes revealed no macroscopic lymph node development by day 45, while all nodes were observable after the day 59. The shortest lymph node was mandibular node and the longest one was caudal mediastinum. Based on the results, it seemed that although the size of lymph nodes grows by age, this increase is not the same for all nodes and groups."

			* '''Lymph Node Stroma Dynamics and Approaches for Their Visualization'''{{#pmid:28214099\|PMID28214099}} "Lymphoid stromal cells are best known as the architectural cells of lymphoid organs. For decades, they have been considered as inert elements of the immune system but this view has changed dramatically in recent years, when it was discovered that they are endowed with critical immunoregulatory functions. It is now accepted that without them, the adaptive immune response would be compromised, if not abrogated entirely. Here, we review the function of the major lymphoid stromal cell types; the way they remodel upon inflammation; discuss the available tools to track their behavior; and introduce several methodological approaches that we believe will help improving our knowledge of these pivotal cell types."

	* '''Development of secondary lymphoid organs in relation to lymphatic vasculature'''{{#pmid:24276888\|PMID24276888}} "Although the initial event in lymphatic endothelial specification occurs slightly before the initiation of lymph node formation in mice, the development of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes occurs within the same embryonic time frame. Specification of lymphatic endothelial cells starts around embryonic day 10 (E10), followed by endothelial cell budding and formation of the first lymphatic structures. Through lymphatic endothelial cell sprouting these lymph sacs give rise to the lymphatic vasculature which is complete by E15.5 in mice. It is within this time frame that lymph node formation is initiated and the first structure is secured in place. As lymphatic vessels are crucially involved in the functionality of the lymph nodes, the recent insight that both structures depend on common developmental signals for their initiation provides a molecular mechanism for their coordinated formation. Here, we will describe the common developmental signals needed to properly start the formation of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes and their interdependence in adult life."		* '''Development of secondary lymphoid organs in relation to lymphatic vasculature'''{{#pmid:24276888\|PMID24276888}} "Although the initial event in lymphatic endothelial specification occurs slightly before the initiation of lymph node formation in mice, the development of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes occurs within the same embryonic time frame. Specification of lymphatic endothelial cells starts around embryonic day 10 (E10), followed by endothelial cell budding and formation of the first lymphatic structures. Through lymphatic endothelial cell sprouting these lymph sacs give rise to the lymphatic vasculature which is complete by E15.5 in mice. It is within this time frame that lymph node formation is initiated and the first structure is secured in place. As lymphatic vessels are crucially involved in the functionality of the lymph nodes, the recent insight that both structures depend on common developmental signals for their initiation provides a molecular mechanism for their coordinated formation. Here, we will describe the common developmental signals needed to properly start the formation of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes and their interdependence in adult life."
	\|}		\|}
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	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
			{{#pmid:27282947}}

			{{#pmid:25665098}}

	===Articles===		===Articles===

Z8600021 at 02:26, 20 December 2018

2018-12-20T02:26:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:26, 20 December 2018
Line 23:		Line 23:
	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymph+~~Node~~+Embryology ''Lymph ~~Node~~ Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymph+~~Node~~+Development ''Lymph ~~Node~~ Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymph+~~Node~~ ''Lymph ~~Node~~'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymph+Nodes+Embryology ''Lymph Nodes Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymph+Nodes+Development ''Lymph Nodes Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymph+Nodes ''Lymph Nodes'']

	\|}		\|}