Lecture - Fetal Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 23:42, 21 October 2018

2018-10-21T23:42:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:42, 22 October 2018
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	The long Fetal period (4x the embryonic period) is a time of extensive growth in size and mass as well as ongoing differentiation of organ systems established in the embryonic period and do so at different times. For example, the brain continues to grow and develop extensively during this period (and postnatally), the respiratory system differentiates (and completes only just before birth), the urogenital system further differentiates between male/female, endocrine and gastrointestinal tract begins to function.		The long Fetal period (4x the embryonic period) is a time of extensive growth in size and mass as well as ongoing differentiation of organ systems established in the embryonic period and do so at different times. For example, the brain continues to grow and develop extensively during this period (and postnatally), the respiratory system differentiates (and completes only just before birth), the urogenital system further differentiates between male/female, endocrine and gastrointestinal tract begins to function.

			{{Streeter-embryo to fetus}}

	'''Note''' - Some of the content of this fetal lecture has been discussed in earlier systems development lectures.		'''Note''' - Some of the content of this fetal lecture has been discussed in earlier systems development lectures.

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Z8600021: /* Adrenal Hormones */

2018-10-21T23:25:57Z

Adrenal Hormones

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:25, 22 October 2018
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	{\|		{\|
	\| [[File:Fetal adrenal gland steroidogenesis.jpg\|400px]]		\| [[File:Fetal adrenal gland steroidogenesis.jpg\|400px]]
	\| ''~~Fetal zone~~''' (FZ) - large secretion of DHEA and DHEA/S, used by the placenta as estrogen precursors.		\|
			* '''First trimester''' - Cortical fetal zone (FZ) - large secretion of DHEA and DHEA/S, used by the {{placenta}} as estrogen precursors.
	'''Second trimester''' - chromaffin cells (CC~~, black~~) originating from the {{neural crest}} migrate through the fetal cortex to progressively colonize the centre of the gland to form the future medulla (Med).		* '''Second trimester''' - chromaffin cells (CC) originating from the {{neural crest}} migrate through the fetal cortex to progressively colonize the centre of the gland to form the future medulla (Med).
			* '''Third trimester''' - the newly constituted transitional zone (TZ, medium grey) production of fetal cortisol. Near birth, cells of the definitive zone begin to secrete mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone.
	'''Third trimester''' - the newly constituted transitional zone (TZ, medium grey) production of fetal cortisol. Near birth, cells of the definitive zone begin to secrete mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone.
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Z8600021: /* Pancreatic Hormones */

2018-10-21T23:24:18Z

Pancreatic Hormones

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 ===Pancreatic Hormones===
 * maternal diabetes can affect fetal pancreas development (increase in fetal islet beta cells).
 ===Gonadal Hormones===

Z8600021: /* Fetal Size */

2018-10-21T23:15:49Z

Fetal Size

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:15, 22 October 2018
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	==Fetal Size==		==Fetal Size==
	* Fetal length increases through both the second and third trimesters.		* Fetal length increases through both the second and third trimesters.
	* Fetal growth parameters can now be accurately measured by ~~[[Ultrasound\|~~ultrasound]]: biparietal diameter (BPD), abdominal circumference (AC) and femoral diaphysis length (FDL).		* Fetal growth parameters can now be accurately measured by {{ultrasound}} Crown-Rump Length ({{CRL}}): biparietal diameter (BPD), abdominal circumference (AC) and femoral diaphysis length (FDL).

			{{Human fetal length-weight table}}

	{\|		{\|

Z8600021 at 22:19, 19 October 2018

2018-10-19T22:19:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:19, 20 October 2018
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	'''Note''' - Some of the content of this lecture has been discussed in earlier systems development lectures.		'''Note''' - Some of the content of this fetal lecture has been discussed in earlier systems development lectures.

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Z8600021 at 22:18, 19 October 2018

2018-10-19T22:18:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:18, 20 October 2018
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	[[File:Gray0658.jpg\|thumb\|Human brain at five months (outer surface)]]		[[File:Gray0658.jpg\|thumb\|Human brain at five months (outer surface)]]

	* 19 weeks ({{GA}} 21 weeks) neuronal migration ends and the radial glial cells that aided the migration now become transformed into astrocytes and astrocytic precursors.~~c3339373~~\|PMID3339373}}		* 19 weeks ({{GA}} 21 weeks) neuronal migration ends and the radial glial cells that aided the migration now become transformed into astrocytes and astrocytic precursors.{{#pmid:3339373\|PMID3339373}}

	During the fetal period there is ongoing growth in size, weight and surface area of the brain and spinal cord. Microscopically there is ongoing: cell migration, extension of processes, cell death and glial cell development.		During the fetal period there is ongoing growth in size, weight and surface area of the brain and spinal cord. Microscopically there is ongoing: cell migration, extension of processes, cell death and glial cell development.
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	\| [[File:Fetal rabbit neuroepithelial body 01.jpg\|200px]]		\| [[File:Fetal rabbit neuroepithelial body 01.jpg\|200px]]
	\|-		\|-
	\| Pulmonary neuroendocrine cell (EM){{#pmid:6376101~~</pubmed></ref>~~		\| Pulmonary neuroendocrine cell (EM){{#pmid:6376101\|\|PMID6376101}}
	\| Neuroepithelial body~~<ref name=~~PMID6376101~~><pubmed>6376101</pubmed></ref>~~		\| Neuroepithelial body{{#pmid:6376101\|\|PMID6376101}}
	\|}		\|}

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	\|}		\|}

	Table data from: Prevention of preterm birth: a renewed national priority.~~<ref><pubmed>~~18989136~~</pubmed></ref>~~		Table data from: Prevention of preterm birth: a renewed national priority.{{#pmid:18989136\|PMID18989136}}
	===Australia Recommendations===		===Australia Recommendations===
	Perinatal care at the borderlines of viability: a consensus statement based on a NSW and ACT consensus workshop (February 2005) published in The Medical Journal of Australia 2006.~~<ref><pubmed>~~17137454~~</pubmed></ref>~~		Perinatal care at the borderlines of viability: a consensus statement based on a NSW and ACT consensus workshop (February 2005) published in The Medical Journal of Australia 2006.{{#pmid:17137454\|PMID17137454}}

	* '''< 23 weeks''' survival is minimal and the risk of major morbidity is so high that initiation of resuscitation is not appropriate.		* '''< 23 weeks''' survival is minimal and the risk of major morbidity is so high that initiation of resuscitation is not appropriate.

Z8600021 at 22:15, 19 October 2018

2018-10-19T22:15:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:15, 20 October 2018
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	'''Note''' - Some of the content of this lecture has been discussed in earlier systems development lectures.		'''Note''' - Some of the content of this lecture has been discussed in earlier systems development lectures.

	~~{{2017ANAT2341draftnotice}}~~

	\|}

	~~{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"~~
	~~! 2016 Lecture Video Recording  ~~
	\|-
	~~\| This 2016 lecture video recording is similar in content to the current 2017 online lecture.~~

	~~<html5media height="600" width="800">File:2016Lecture-Fetal.mp4</html5media>~~

	~~Click to play new window - [[Media:2016Lecture-Fetal.mp4\|'''2016 Lecture Video''']] (51 MB)~~
	\|}		\|}

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	\|}		\|}

			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! 2016 Lecture Video Recording
			\|-
			\| This 2016 lecture video recording is similar in content to the current 2017 online lecture.

			<html5media height="600" width="800">File:2016Lecture-Fetal.mp4</html5media>

			Click to play new window - [[Media:2016Lecture-Fetal.mp4\|'''2016 Lecture Video''']] (51 MB)
			\|}
	==Musculoskeletal==		==Musculoskeletal==
	[[File:Fetal_head_medial.jpg\|thumb\|Fetal head (12 weeks)]]		[[File:Fetal_head_medial.jpg\|thumb\|Fetal head (12 weeks)]]
	* Ongoing process of ossification.		* Ongoing process of ossification
	** endochondral and intramembranous		** endochondral and intramembranous
	* growth in long bone length		* growth in long bone length
	** Achondroplasia (common form of short limb dwarfism) third trimester ultrasound ~~very~~ shortened long bones.		** Achondroplasia (common form of short limb dwarfism) third trimester ultrasound shortened long bones.
	* '''increased limb length'''		* '''increased limb length'''
	** continues postnatally		** continues postnatally

Z8600021 at 01:19, 18 October 2018

2018-10-18T01:19:48Z

Z8600021 at 01:15, 18 October 2018

2018-10-18T01:15:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:15, 18 October 2018
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	{{Fetal_Graphs}}		{{Fetal_Graphs}}

	Archive: [https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Fetal_Development&oldid=207365 2015] \| [[Media:2015ANAT2341_Lecture_22_-_Fetal Development.pdf\|2015 PDF]] \| [https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Fetal_Development&oldid=160682 2014]		Archive: [https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Fetal_Development&oldid=310844 2017] \| [https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Fetal_Development&oldid=207365 2015] \| [[Media:2015ANAT2341_Lecture_22_-_Fetal Development.pdf\|2015 PDF]] \| [https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Fetal_Development&oldid=160682 2014]
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[File:The Developing Human, 10th edn.jpg\|90px]]		\| [[File:The Developing Human, 10th edn.jpg\|90px]]
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	{{~~2017ANAT2341 footer~~}}

			{{2018ANAT2341}}

	[[Category:Fetal]]		[[Category:Fetal]]

Z8600021: /* Immune System */

2017-10-10T02:37:32Z

Immune System

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:37, 10 October 2017
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	===Immune System===		===Immune System===

	* maternal placenta transfer of IgG not other immunoglobulin isotypes.		* maternal placenta transfer of IgG - not other immunoglobulin isotypes.
	* fetal lymphocytes (mature T and B cells) produced not activated		* fetal lymphocytes (mature T and B cells) - produced but not activated.
			<br>
	'''MH''' - see postnatal lecture - maternal milk IgG and IgA antibodies, leukocytes, secretory IgA, lactoferrin, lysozyme, and oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates that are receptor analogs for microbial adhesins and toxins.		'''MH''' - see postnatal lecture - maternal milk IgG and IgA antibodies, leukocytes, secretory IgA, lactoferrin, lysozyme, and oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates that are receptor analogs for microbial adhesins and toxins.

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:19, 18 October 2018
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	[[File:Gray0658.jpg\|thumb\|Human brain at five months (outer surface)]]		[[File:Gray0658.jpg\|thumb\|Human brain at five months (outer surface)]]

	* 19 weeks ({{GA}} 21 weeks) neuronal migration ends and the radial glial cells that aided the migration now become transformed into astrocytes and astrocytic precursors.~~<ref><pubmed>3339373</pubmed></ref>~~		* 19 weeks ({{GA}} 21 weeks) neuronal migration ends and the radial glial cells that aided the migration now become transformed into astrocytes and astrocytic precursors.c3339373\|PMID3339373}}

	During the fetal period there is ongoing growth in size, weight and surface area of the brain and spinal cord. Microscopically there is ongoing: cell migration, extension of processes, cell death and glial cell development.		During the fetal period there is ongoing growth in size, weight and surface area of the brain and spinal cord. Microscopically there is ongoing: cell migration, extension of processes, cell death and glial cell development.
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	* '''gyration''' - The development of surface folds on the brain (singular, gyrus)		* '''gyration''' - The development of surface folds on the brain (singular, gyrus)

	'''Insular Gyral and Sulcal Development'''~~<ref><pubmed>~~17962979~~</pubmed></ref>~~		'''Insular Gyral and Sulcal Development'''{{#pmid:17962979\|PMID17962979}}

	* 13-17 gestational weeks - appearance of the first sulcus		* 13-17 gestational weeks - appearance of the first sulcus
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	===Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cells===		===Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cells===
	* develop in late embryonic to early fetal period.~~<ref><pubmed>~~6188605~~</pubmed></ref><ref><pubmed>~~3906540~~</pubmed></ref>~~		* develop in late embryonic to early fetal period.{{#pmid:6188605\|PMID6188605}}{{#pmid:3906540\|PMID3906540}}
	* first cell type to differentiate in the airway epithelium.		* first cell type to differentiate in the airway epithelium.
	* later in mid-fetal period clusters of these cells form neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) located in the fetal lung at bronchiole branching points.		* later in mid-fetal period clusters of these cells form neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) located in the fetal lung at bronchiole branching points.
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	\| [[File:Fetal rabbit neuroepithelial body 01.jpg\|200px]]		\| [[File:Fetal rabbit neuroepithelial body 01.jpg\|200px]]
	\|-		\|-
	\| Pulmonary neuroendocrine cell (EM)~~<ref name=PMID6376101><pubmed>~~6376101</pubmed></ref>		\| Pulmonary neuroendocrine cell (EM){{#pmid:6376101</pubmed></ref>
	\| Neuroepithelial body<ref name=PMID6376101><pubmed>6376101</pubmed></ref>		\| Neuroepithelial body<ref name=PMID6376101><pubmed>6376101</pubmed></ref>
	\|}		\|}