Koala Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 00:56, 29 July 2019

2019-07-29T00:56:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:56, 29 July 2019
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	* '''Composition of marsupial zona pellucida'''{{#pmid:29162213\|PMID29162213}} "In eutherians the {{zona pellucida}} is formed from three or four proteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, ZP4). In the few marsupials that have been studied, however, only three of these have been characterised (ZP2, ZP3, ZP4). Nevertheless, the composition in marsupials may be more complex, since a duplication of the ZP3 gene was recently described in one species. The aim of this work was to elucidate the ZP composition in marsupials and relate it to the evolution of the ZP gene family. For that, an in silico and molecular analysis was undertaken, focusing on two South American species (gray short-tailed opossum and common opossum) and five Australian species (brushtail possum, {{koala}}, Bennett's wallaby, Tammar wallaby and Tasmanian devil). This analysis identified the presence of ZP1 mRNA and mRNA from two or three paralogues of ZP3 in marsupials. Furthermore, evidence for ZP1 and ZP4 pseudogenes in the South American subfamily Didelphinae and for ZP3 pseudogenes in two marsupials is provided. In conclusion, two different composition models are proposed for marsupials: a model with four proteins (ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3 (two copies)) for the South American species and a model with six proteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3 (three copies) and ZP4) for the Australasian species." {{zona pellucida}}		* '''Composition of marsupial zona pellucida'''{{#pmid:29162213\|PMID29162213}} "In eutherians the {{zona pellucida}} is formed from three or four proteins ({{ZP1}}, {{ZP2}}, {{ZP3}}, {{ZP4}}). In the few marsupials that have been studied, however, only three of these have been characterised (ZP2, ZP3, ZP4). Nevertheless, the composition in marsupials may be more complex, since a duplication of the ZP3 gene was recently described in one species. The aim of this work was to elucidate the ZP composition in marsupials and relate it to the evolution of the ZP gene family. For that, an in silico and molecular analysis was undertaken, focusing on two South American species (gray short-tailed {{opossum}} and common {{opossum}}) and five Australian species (brushtail {{possum}}, {{koala}}, Bennett's {{wallaby}}, Tammar {{wallaby}} and Tasmanian devil). This analysis identified the presence of ZP1 mRNA and mRNA from two or three paralogues of ZP3 in marsupials. Furthermore, evidence for ZP1 and ZP4 pseudogenes in the South American subfamily Didelphinae and for ZP3 pseudogenes in two marsupials is provided. In conclusion, two different composition models are proposed for marsupials: a model with four proteins (ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3 (two copies)) for the South American species and a model with six proteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3 (three copies) and ZP4) for the Australasian species." {{zona pellucida}}

	* '''Characterisation of the immune compounds in koala milk using a combined transcriptomic and proteomic approach'''{{#pmid:27713568\|PMID27713568}} "Production of milk is a key characteristic of mammals, but the features of lactation vary greatly between monotreme, marsupial and eutherian mammals. Marsupials have a short gestation followed by a long lactation period, and milk constituents vary greatly across lactation. Marsupials are born immunologically naïve and rely on their mother's milk for immunological protection. Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are an iconic Australian species that are increasingly threatened by disease. Here we use a mammary transcriptome, two milk proteomes and the koala genome to comprehensively characterise the protein components of koala milk across lactation, with a focus on immune constituents. The most abundant proteins were well-characterised milk proteins, including β-lactoglobulin and lactotransferrin. In the mammary transcriptome, 851 immune transcripts were expressed, including immunoglobulins and complement components. We identified many abundant antimicrobial peptides, as well as novel proteins with potential antimicrobial roles. We discovered that marsupial VELP is an ortholog of eutherian Glycam1, and likely has an antimicrobial function in milk. We also identified highly-abundant koala endogenous-retrovirus sequences, identifying a potential transmission route from mother to young." {{milk}}		* '''Characterisation of the immune compounds in koala milk using a combined transcriptomic and proteomic approach'''{{#pmid:27713568\|PMID27713568}} "Production of milk is a key characteristic of mammals, but the features of lactation vary greatly between monotreme, marsupial and eutherian mammals. Marsupials have a short gestation followed by a long lactation period, and milk constituents vary greatly across lactation. Marsupials are born immunologically naïve and rely on their mother's milk for immunological protection. Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are an iconic Australian species that are increasingly threatened by disease. Here we use a mammary transcriptome, two milk proteomes and the koala genome to comprehensively characterise the protein components of koala milk across lactation, with a focus on immune constituents. The most abundant proteins were well-characterised milk proteins, including β-lactoglobulin and lactotransferrin. In the mammary transcriptome, 851 immune transcripts were expressed, including immunoglobulins and complement components. We identified many abundant antimicrobial peptides, as well as novel proteins with potential antimicrobial roles. We discovered that marsupial VELP is an ortholog of eutherian Glycam1, and likely has an antimicrobial function in milk. We also identified highly-abundant koala endogenous-retrovirus sequences, identifying a potential transmission route from mother to young." {{milk}}

Z8600021 at 11:52, 6 Ocak 2019

2019-01-06T11:52:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:52, 6 Ocak 2019
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	* '''Characterisation of the immune compounds in koala milk using a combined transcriptomic and proteomic approach'''{{#pmid:27713568\|PMID27713568}} "Production of milk is a key characteristic of mammals, but the features of lactation vary greatly between monotreme, marsupial and eutherian mammals. Marsupials have a short gestation followed by a long lactation period, and milk constituents vary greatly across lactation. Marsupials are born immunologically naïve and rely on their mother's milk for immunological protection. Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are an iconic Australian species that are increasingly threatened by disease. Here we use a mammary transcriptome, two milk proteomes and the koala genome to comprehensively characterise the protein components of koala milk across lactation, with a focus on immune constituents. The most abundant proteins were well-characterised milk proteins, including β-lactoglobulin and lactotransferrin. In the mammary transcriptome, 851 immune transcripts were expressed, including immunoglobulins and complement components. We identified many abundant antimicrobial peptides, as well as novel proteins with potential antimicrobial roles. We discovered that marsupial VELP is an ortholog of eutherian Glycam1, and likely has an antimicrobial function in milk. We also identified highly-abundant koala endogenous-retrovirus sequences, identifying a potential transmission route from mother to young." {{milk}}		* '''Characterisation of the immune compounds in koala milk using a combined transcriptomic and proteomic approach'''{{#pmid:27713568\|PMID27713568}} "Production of milk is a key characteristic of mammals, but the features of lactation vary greatly between monotreme, marsupial and eutherian mammals. Marsupials have a short gestation followed by a long lactation period, and milk constituents vary greatly across lactation. Marsupials are born immunologically naïve and rely on their mother's milk for immunological protection. Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are an iconic Australian species that are increasingly threatened by disease. Here we use a mammary transcriptome, two milk proteomes and the koala genome to comprehensively characterise the protein components of koala milk across lactation, with a focus on immune constituents. The most abundant proteins were well-characterised milk proteins, including β-lactoglobulin and lactotransferrin. In the mammary transcriptome, 851 immune transcripts were expressed, including immunoglobulins and complement components. We identified many abundant antimicrobial peptides, as well as novel proteins with potential antimicrobial roles. We discovered that marsupial VELP is an ortholog of eutherian Glycam1, and likely has an antimicrobial function in milk. We also identified highly-abundant koala endogenous-retrovirus sequences, identifying a potential transmission route from mother to young." {{milk}}

	* '''~~Developmental origins~~ of ~~precocial forelimbs~~ in marsupial ~~neonates~~'''{{#pmid:~~21098569~~\|~~PMID21098569~~}} "~~Marsupial mammals are born~~ in ~~an embryonic state~~, ~~as compared with their eutherian counterparts, yet certain features are accelerated. The most conspicuous~~ of ~~these features are~~ the ~~precocial forelimbs~~, ~~which~~ the ~~newborns use to climb unaided from~~ the ~~opening~~ of the ~~birth canal to~~ the ~~teat~~. ~~The developmental mechanisms that produce this acceleration are unknown. Here we show~~ that ~~heterochronic~~ and ~~heterotopic changes early in limb development contribute~~ to ~~forelimb acceleration~~. Using ~~Tbx5 and Tbx4~~ as ~~fore~~- ~~and hindlimb field markers~~, ~~respectively~~, ~~we have found that~~, ~~compared with mouse~~, ~~both limb fields arise notably early during opossum development~~." ~~{{limb}}~~		* '''The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): a case study in the development of reproductive technology in a marsupial'''{{#pmid:25091911\|PMID25091911}} "The successful development and application of an assisted breeding program in any animal relies primarily on a thorough understanding of the fundamental reproductive biology (anatomy, physiology and behaviour) of the species in question. Surely, the ultimate goal and greatest hallmark of such a program is the efficacious establishment of a series of reliable techniques that facilitate the reproductive and genetic management of fragmented populations, both in captivity and in the wild. Such an achievement is all the more challenging when the reproductive biology of that species is essentially rudimentary and without adequate reproductive models to compare to. Using the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) as a case study, this chapter provides some personal insights into the evolution of a concept that began as a small undergraduate student project but that subsequently evolved into the first-ever successful artificial insemination of a marsupial. Apart from this historical perspective, we also provide a brief review of the current reproductive biology of the koala, discuss technical elements of current assisted breeding technology of this species, its potential application to the wombat, and the future role it might play in helping to conserve wild koala populations. There is little doubt that the unique reproductive biology and tractability of the koala has in this case been a benefit rather than a hindrance to the success of artificial breeding in this species."

	\|}		\|}
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	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Developmental origins of precocial forelimbs in marsupial neonates'''{{#pmid:21098569\|PMID21098569}} "Marsupial mammals are born in an embryonic state, as compared with their eutherian counterparts, yet certain features are accelerated. The most conspicuous of these features are the precocial forelimbs, which the newborns use to climb unaided from the opening of the birth canal to the teat. The developmental mechanisms that produce this acceleration are unknown. Here we show that heterochronic and heterotopic changes early in limb development contribute to forelimb acceleration. Using Tbx5 and Tbx4 as fore- and hindlimb field markers, respectively, we have found that, compared with mouse, both limb fields arise notably early during opossum development." {{limb}}

	* '''Levonorgestrel, not etonogestrel, provides contraception in free-ranging koalas'''{{#pmid:20591325\|PMID20591325}} "Management of high-density koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations is essential because of the browsing damage they inflict on their habitat. We have tested two types of gestagen implant, namely levonorgestrel and etonogestrel, as contraceptives for koalas. Free-ranging female koalas were given either a control, levonorgestrel (70 mg) or etonogestrel (34 or 68 mg) implant before the breeding season. ...Plasma progesterone in levonorgestrel-treated females remained low all year, but rose in controls concurrent with the onset of the breeding season. This suggests that levonorgestrel prevents pregnancy by blocking ovulation. Etonogestrel had absolutely no contraceptive effect at the two doses delivered and so is not suitable for controlling koala populations. In contrast, levonorgestrel was effective as a long-term, reversible contraceptive in wild koalas."		* '''Levonorgestrel, not etonogestrel, provides contraception in free-ranging koalas'''{{#pmid:20591325\|PMID20591325}} "Management of high-density koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations is essential because of the browsing damage they inflict on their habitat. We have tested two types of gestagen implant, namely levonorgestrel and etonogestrel, as contraceptives for koalas. Free-ranging female koalas were given either a control, levonorgestrel (70 mg) or etonogestrel (34 or 68 mg) implant before the breeding season. ...Plasma progesterone in levonorgestrel-treated females remained low all year, but rose in controls concurrent with the onset of the breeding season. This suggests that levonorgestrel prevents pregnancy by blocking ovulation. Etonogestrel had absolutely no contraceptive effect at the two doses delivered and so is not suitable for controlling koala populations. In contrast, levonorgestrel was effective as a long-term, reversible contraceptive in wild koalas."

Z8600021 at 11:49, 6 Ocak 2019

2019-01-06T11:49:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:49, 6 Ocak 2019
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Koala+Embryology ''Koala Embryology'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Koala+Embryology ''Koala Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Koala+Development ''Koala Development'']

	~~<pubmed limit=5>Koala Embryology</pubmed>~~
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! Older papers		! Older papers
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\| {{Older papers}}
	* '''Levonorgestrel, not etonogestrel, provides contraception in free-ranging koalas'''{{#pmid:20591325\|PMID20591325}} "Management of high-density koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations is essential because of the browsing damage they inflict on their habitat. We have tested two types of gestagen implant, namely levonorgestrel and etonogestrel, as contraceptives for koalas. Free-ranging female koalas were given either a control, levonorgestrel (70 mg) or etonogestrel (34 or 68 mg) implant before the breeding season. ...Plasma progesterone in levonorgestrel-treated females remained low all year, but rose in controls concurrent with the onset of the breeding season. This suggests that levonorgestrel prevents pregnancy by blocking ovulation. Etonogestrel had absolutely no contraceptive effect at the two doses delivered and so is not suitable for controlling koala populations. In contrast, levonorgestrel was effective as a long-term, reversible contraceptive in wild koalas."		* '''Levonorgestrel, not etonogestrel, provides contraception in free-ranging koalas'''{{#pmid:20591325\|PMID20591325}} "Management of high-density koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations is essential because of the browsing damage they inflict on their habitat. We have tested two types of gestagen implant, namely levonorgestrel and etonogestrel, as contraceptives for koalas. Free-ranging female koalas were given either a control, levonorgestrel (70 mg) or etonogestrel (34 or 68 mg) implant before the breeding season. ...Plasma progesterone in levonorgestrel-treated females remained low all year, but rose in controls concurrent with the onset of the breeding season. This suggests that levonorgestrel prevents pregnancy by blocking ovulation. Etonogestrel had absolutely no contraceptive effect at the two doses delivered and so is not suitable for controlling koala populations. In contrast, levonorgestrel was effective as a long-term, reversible contraceptive in wild koalas."

Z8600021 at 11:49, 23 Haziran 2018

2018-06-23T11:49:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:49, 23 Haziran 2018
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	* '''Developmental origins of precocial forelimbs in marsupial neonates'''{{#pmid:21098569\|PMID21098569}} "Marsupial mammals are born in an embryonic state, as compared with their eutherian counterparts, yet certain features are accelerated. The most conspicuous of these features are the precocial forelimbs, which the newborns use to climb unaided from the opening of the birth canal to the teat. The developmental mechanisms that produce this acceleration are unknown. Here we show that heterochronic and heterotopic changes early in limb development contribute to forelimb acceleration. Using Tbx5 and Tbx4 as fore- and hindlimb field markers, respectively, we have found that, compared with mouse, both limb fields arise notably early during opossum development." {{limb}}		* '''Developmental origins of precocial forelimbs in marsupial neonates'''{{#pmid:21098569\|PMID21098569}} "Marsupial mammals are born in an embryonic state, as compared with their eutherian counterparts, yet certain features are accelerated. The most conspicuous of these features are the precocial forelimbs, which the newborns use to climb unaided from the opening of the birth canal to the teat. The developmental mechanisms that produce this acceleration are unknown. Here we show that heterochronic and heterotopic changes early in limb development contribute to forelimb acceleration. Using Tbx5 and Tbx4 as fore- and hindlimb field markers, respectively, we have found that, compared with mouse, both limb fields arise notably early during opossum development." {{limb}}

	* '''Levonorgestrel, not etonogestrel, provides contraception in free-ranging koalas'''{{#pmid:20591325\|PMID20591325}} "Management of high-density koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations is essential because of the browsing damage they inflict on their habitat. We have tested two types of gestagen implant, namely levonorgestrel and etonogestrel, as contraceptives for koalas. Free-ranging female koalas were given either a control, levonorgestrel (70 mg) or etonogestrel (34 or 68 mg) implant before the breeding season. ...Plasma progesterone in levonorgestrel-treated females remained low all year, but rose in controls concurrent with the onset of the breeding season. This suggests that levonorgestrel prevents pregnancy by blocking ovulation. Etonogestrel had absolutely no contraceptive effect at the two doses delivered and so is not suitable for controlling koala populations. In contrast, levonorgestrel was effective as a long-term, reversible contraceptive in wild koalas."

	* '''Artificial insemination in marsupials'''{{#pmid:18950846\|PMID18950846}} "Artificial insemination has been used to produce viable young in two marsupial species, the koala and tammar wallaby. However, in these species the timing of ovulation can be predicted with considerably more confidence than in any other marsupial. In a limited number of other marsupials, such precise timing of ovulation has only been achieved using hormonal treatment leading to conception but not live young. A unique marsupial ART strategy which has been shown to have promise is cross-fostering; the transfer of pouch young of a threatened species to the pouches of foster mothers of a common related species as a means to increase productivity. For the foreseeable future, except for a few highly iconic or well studied species, there is unlikely to be sufficient reproductive information on which to base AI. However, if more generic approaches can be developed; such as ICSI (to generate embryos) and female synchronization (to provide oocyte donors or embryo recipients), then the prospects for broader application of AI/ART to marsupials are promising." {{fertilisation}}
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	<pubmed limit=5>Koala Embryology</pubmed>		<pubmed limit=5>Koala Embryology</pubmed>
			\|}
			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! Older papers
			\|-
			\|
			* '''Levonorgestrel, not etonogestrel, provides contraception in free-ranging koalas'''{{#pmid:20591325\|PMID20591325}} "Management of high-density koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations is essential because of the browsing damage they inflict on their habitat. We have tested two types of gestagen implant, namely levonorgestrel and etonogestrel, as contraceptives for koalas. Free-ranging female koalas were given either a control, levonorgestrel (70 mg) or etonogestrel (34 or 68 mg) implant before the breeding season. ...Plasma progesterone in levonorgestrel-treated females remained low all year, but rose in controls concurrent with the onset of the breeding season. This suggests that levonorgestrel prevents pregnancy by blocking ovulation. Etonogestrel had absolutely no contraceptive effect at the two doses delivered and so is not suitable for controlling koala populations. In contrast, levonorgestrel was effective as a long-term, reversible contraceptive in wild koalas."

			* '''Artificial insemination in marsupials'''{{#pmid:18950846\|PMID18950846}} "Artificial insemination has been used to produce viable young in two marsupial species, the koala and tammar wallaby. However, in these species the timing of ovulation can be predicted with considerably more confidence than in any other marsupial. In a limited number of other marsupials, such precise timing of ovulation has only been achieved using hormonal treatment leading to conception but not live young. A unique marsupial ART strategy which has been shown to have promise is cross-fostering; the transfer of pouch young of a threatened species to the pouches of foster mothers of a common related species as a means to increase productivity. For the foreseeable future, except for a few highly iconic or well studied species, there is unlikely to be sufficient reproductive information on which to base AI. However, if more generic approaches can be developed; such as ICSI (to generate embryos) and female synchronization (to provide oocyte donors or embryo recipients), then the prospects for broader application of AI/ART to marsupials are promising." {{fertilisation}}
	\|}		\|}
	== Taxon ==		== Taxon ==

Z8600021 at 02:30, 5 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-05T02:30:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:30, 5 Mayıs 2018
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	'''Lineage''' ( full )		'''Lineage''' ( full )
	cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Fungi/Metazoa group; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Coelomata; Deuterostomia; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Theria; Metatheria; Diprotodontia; Phascolarctidae; Phascolarctos		cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Fungi/Metazoa group; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Coelomata; Deuterostomia; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Theria; Metatheria; Diprotodontia; Phascolarctidae; Phascolarctos


	:'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=38626 Taxonomy Browser Phascolarctos cinereus]		:'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=38626 Taxonomy Browser Phascolarctos cinereus]

	== Development Overview ==		== Development Overview ==
	[[File:Koala fetus.jpg\|thumb\|Koala fetus near birth.]]		[[File:Koala fetus.jpg\|thumb\|Koala fetus near birth.]]

	* Adults - females reach maturity at 2 to 3 years of age, males at about 3 years of age.~~<ref><pubmed>~~9543340~~</pubmed></ref>~~		* Adults - females reach maturity at 2 to 3 years of age, males at about 3 years of age.{{#pmid:9543340\|PMID9543340}}
	* Joey - a single young produced each year for about 12 years.		* Joey - a single young produced each year for about 12 years.
	* Gestation - approximately 35 days, born under-developed (hairless, blind, and earless). There is a report of extended gestation.~~<ref><pubmed>~~11943495~~</pubmed></ref>~~		* Gestation - approximately 35 days, born under-developed (hairless, blind, and earless). There is a report of extended gestation.{{#pmid:11943495\|PMID11943495}}
	* Birth - joey about 6 mm long crawls into the the mother's downward-facing pouch.		* Birth - joey about 6 mm long crawls into the the mother's downward-facing pouch.
	* Pouch Development - joey remain in the pouch for about 6 months attached to one of the two available teats and feeding on milk, complete development.		* Pouch Development - joey remain in the pouch for about 6 months attached to one of the two available teats and feeding on milk, complete development.
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	:'''Links:''' ~~[[Oocyte Development]]~~		:'''Links:''' {{oocyte}} \| {{zona pellucida}}

	==Spermatozoa==		==Spermatozoa==
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	:'''Links:''' ~~[[Spermatozoa Development]]~~		:'''Links:''' {{spermatozoa}}

	==References==		==References==

Z8600021 at 02:29, 5 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-05T02:29:00Z

Show changes

Z8600021 at 02:09, 5 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-05T02:09:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:09, 5 Mayıs 2018
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	[[File:Koala.jpg\|thumb\|Adult Koala]]		[[File:Koala.jpg\|thumb\|Adult Koala]]

	The koala (''Phascolarctos cinereus'') is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia, and the only extant representative of the family Phascolarctidae.		The {{koala}} (''Phascolarctos cinereus'') is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia, and the only extant representative of the family Phascolarctidae.

	(Greek, ''phaskolos'' = "pouch" and ''arktos'' = "bear"; Latin, ''cinereus'' = "ash-coloured")		(Greek, ''phaskolos'' = "pouch" and ''arktos'' = "bear"; Latin, ''cinereus'' = "ash-coloured")

	~~Koala comes from the Dharuk ''gula'', the word is erroneously said to mean "doesn't drink"~~


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	* '''Characterisation of the immune compounds in koala milk using a combined transcriptomic and proteomic approach'''~~<ref name=~~PMID27713568~~><pubmed>27713568</pubmed></ref>~~ "Production of milk is a key characteristic of mammals, but the features of lactation vary greatly between monotreme, marsupial and eutherian mammals. Marsupials have a short gestation followed by a long lactation period, and milk constituents vary greatly across lactation. Marsupials are born immunologically naïve and rely on their mother's milk for immunological protection. Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are an iconic Australian species that are increasingly threatened by disease. Here we use a mammary transcriptome, two milk proteomes and the koala genome to comprehensively characterise the protein components of koala milk across lactation, with a focus on immune constituents. The most abundant proteins were well-characterised milk proteins, including β-lactoglobulin and lactotransferrin. In the mammary transcriptome, 851 immune transcripts were expressed, including immunoglobulins and complement components. We identified many abundant antimicrobial peptides, as well as novel proteins with potential antimicrobial roles. We discovered that marsupial VELP is an ortholog of eutherian Glycam1, and likely has an antimicrobial function in milk. We also identified highly-abundant koala endogenous-retrovirus sequences, identifying a potential transmission route from mother to young."		* '''Characterisation of the immune compounds in koala milk using a combined transcriptomic and proteomic approach'''{{#pmid:27713568\|PMID27713568}} "Production of milk is a key characteristic of mammals, but the features of lactation vary greatly between monotreme, marsupial and eutherian mammals. Marsupials have a short gestation followed by a long lactation period, and milk constituents vary greatly across lactation. Marsupials are born immunologically naïve and rely on their mother's milk for immunological protection. Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are an iconic Australian species that are increasingly threatened by disease. Here we use a mammary transcriptome, two milk proteomes and the koala genome to comprehensively characterise the protein components of koala milk across lactation, with a focus on immune constituents. The most abundant proteins were well-characterised milk proteins, including β-lactoglobulin and lactotransferrin. In the mammary transcriptome, 851 immune transcripts were expressed, including immunoglobulins and complement components. We identified many abundant antimicrobial peptides, as well as novel proteins with potential antimicrobial roles. We discovered that marsupial VELP is an ortholog of eutherian Glycam1, and likely has an antimicrobial function in milk. We also identified highly-abundant koala endogenous-retrovirus sequences, identifying a potential transmission route from mother to young."

	* '''Developmental origins of precocial forelimbs in marsupial neonates'''<ref><pubmed>21098569</pubmed></ref> "Marsupial mammals are born in an embryonic state, as compared with their eutherian counterparts, yet certain features are accelerated. The most conspicuous of these features are the precocial forelimbs, which the newborns use to climb unaided from the opening of the birth canal to the teat. The developmental mechanisms that produce this acceleration are unknown. Here we show that heterochronic and heterotopic changes early in limb development contribute to forelimb acceleration. Using Tbx5 and Tbx4 as fore- and hindlimb field markers, respectively, we have found that, compared with mouse, both limb fields arise notably early during opossum development."		* '''Developmental origins of precocial forelimbs in marsupial neonates'''<ref><pubmed>21098569</pubmed></ref> "Marsupial mammals are born in an embryonic state, as compared with their eutherian counterparts, yet certain features are accelerated. The most conspicuous of these features are the precocial forelimbs, which the newborns use to climb unaided from the opening of the birth canal to the teat. The developmental mechanisms that produce this acceleration are unknown. Here we show that heterochronic and heterotopic changes early in limb development contribute to forelimb acceleration. Using Tbx5 and Tbx4 as fore- and hindlimb field markers, respectively, we have found that, compared with mouse, both limb fields arise notably early during opossum development."

Z8600021 at 23:45, 29 September 2017

2017-09-29T23:45:50Z

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			* '''Characterisation of the immune compounds in koala milk using a combined transcriptomic and proteomic approach'''<ref name=PMID27713568><pubmed>27713568</pubmed></ref> "Production of milk is a key characteristic of mammals, but the features of lactation vary greatly between monotreme, marsupial and eutherian mammals. Marsupials have a short gestation followed by a long lactation period, and milk constituents vary greatly across lactation. Marsupials are born immunologically naïve and rely on their mother's milk for immunological protection. Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are an iconic Australian species that are increasingly threatened by disease. Here we use a mammary transcriptome, two milk proteomes and the koala genome to comprehensively characterise the protein components of koala milk across lactation, with a focus on immune constituents. The most abundant proteins were well-characterised milk proteins, including β-lactoglobulin and lactotransferrin. In the mammary transcriptome, 851 immune transcripts were expressed, including immunoglobulins and complement components. We identified many abundant antimicrobial peptides, as well as novel proteins with potential antimicrobial roles. We discovered that marsupial VELP is an ortholog of eutherian Glycam1, and likely has an antimicrobial function in milk. We also identified highly-abundant koala endogenous-retrovirus sequences, identifying a potential transmission route from mother to young."

	* '''Developmental origins of precocial forelimbs in marsupial neonates'''<ref><pubmed>21098569</pubmed></ref> "Marsupial mammals are born in an embryonic state, as compared with their eutherian counterparts, yet certain features are accelerated. The most conspicuous of these features are the precocial forelimbs, which the newborns use to climb unaided from the opening of the birth canal to the teat. The developmental mechanisms that produce this acceleration are unknown. Here we show that heterochronic and heterotopic changes early in limb development contribute to forelimb acceleration. Using Tbx5 and Tbx4 as fore- and hindlimb field markers, respectively, we have found that, compared with mouse, both limb fields arise notably early during opossum development."		* '''Developmental origins of precocial forelimbs in marsupial neonates'''<ref><pubmed>21098569</pubmed></ref> "Marsupial mammals are born in an embryonic state, as compared with their eutherian counterparts, yet certain features are accelerated. The most conspicuous of these features are the precocial forelimbs, which the newborns use to climb unaided from the opening of the birth canal to the teat. The developmental mechanisms that produce this acceleration are unknown. Here we show that heterochronic and heterotopic changes early in limb development contribute to forelimb acceleration. Using Tbx5 and Tbx4 as fore- and hindlimb field markers, respectively, we have found that, compared with mouse, both limb fields arise notably early during opossum development."

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	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! More recent papers		! More recent papers
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

Z8600021 at 23:29, 13 Ocak 2016

2016-01-13T23:29:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:29, 14 Ocak 2016
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	Note searches using the term "Koala" will also find papers that refer to the KOALA Birth Cohort Study, a European study not related to the Australian animal.		Note searches using the term "Koala" will also find papers that refer to the KOALA Birth Cohort Study, a European study not related to the Australian animal.


	~~Search Nov 2010 "Koala development" '''41''' reference articles of which '''0''' were reviews.~~

Z8600021 at 23:28, 13 Ocak 2016

2016-01-13T23:28:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:28, 14 Ocak 2016
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	=== Reviews===		=== Reviews===

	<pubmed></pubmed>		<pubmed></pubmed>
			<pubmed>25091911</pubmed>
			<pubmed>8371091</pubmed>