Intermediate - Vascular Overview - Revision history

Z8600021 at 22:03, 6 February 2014

2014-02-06T22:03:59Z

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	===Development of Arteries===		===Development of Arteries===

	[[~~Image~~:~~Aortic Arches (Drawing)~~.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=1.5\|The aortic arches]]Upon folding of the embryo the paired dorsal aortae connecting to the cranial end of the heart tube are brought ventrally to form the first aortic arches. Additional aortic arches develop over the next few weeks which are later remodelled to form the arteries of the upper body. Caudal to the arches, the paired dorsal aortae fuse to form a single median dorsal aorta which develops the following branches:		[[File:Gray0473.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=1.5\|The aortic arches]]Upon folding of the embryo the paired dorsal aortae connecting to the cranial end of the heart tube are brought ventrally to form the first aortic arches. Additional aortic arches develop over the next few weeks which are later remodelled to form the arteries of the upper body. Caudal to the arches, the paired dorsal aortae fuse to form a single median dorsal aorta which develops the following branches:
	*Ventral (gut) branches - derived from the vitelline arteries		*Ventral (gut) branches - derived from the vitelline arteries
	*Lateral branches - supply retroperitoneal structures		*Lateral branches - supply retroperitoneal structures

Z3212774 at 01:48, 14 March 2010

2010-03-14T01:48:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:48, 14 March 2010
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	{{Template:Cardiac_modules}}		{{Template:Cardiac_modules}}

	[[Image:~~HeartILP_draft_itimeline~~.jpg\|center\|850px]]		[[Image:Intermediate Heart Development Timeline.jpg\|center\|850px]]


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	===Development of Arteries===		===Development of Arteries===

	[[Image:~~HeartILP_draft_aorticarch~~.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=1.5\|The aortic arches]]Upon folding of the embryo the paired dorsal aortae connecting to the cranial end of the heart tube are brought ventrally to form the first aortic arches. Additional aortic arches develop over the next few weeks which are later remodelled to form the arteries of the upper body. Caudal to the arches, the paired dorsal aortae fuse to form a single median dorsal aorta which develops the following branches:		[[Image:Aortic Arches (Drawing).jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=1.5\|The aortic arches]]Upon folding of the embryo the paired dorsal aortae connecting to the cranial end of the heart tube are brought ventrally to form the first aortic arches. Additional aortic arches develop over the next few weeks which are later remodelled to form the arteries of the upper body. Caudal to the arches, the paired dorsal aortae fuse to form a single median dorsal aorta which develops the following branches:
	*Ventral (gut) branches - derived from the vitelline arteries		*Ventral (gut) branches - derived from the vitelline arteries
	*Lateral branches - supply retroperitoneal structures		*Lateral branches - supply retroperitoneal structures
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	{\|align=center		{\|align=center
	\|[[Image:~~HeartILP_draft_embryoniccirc~~.jpg\|thumb\|center\|upright=2\|The three embryonic circulations]]		\|[[Image:Embryonic Circulations.jpg\|thumb\|center\|upright=2\|The three embryonic circulations]]
	\|[[Image:~~HeartILP_draft_grayembryoniccirc~~.jpg\|thumb\|center\|upright=2\|The embryonic cardiovascular system]]		\|[[Image:Embryonic Cardiovascular System (Drawing).jpg\|thumb\|center\|upright=2\|The embryonic cardiovascular system]]
	\|}		\|}

	===Fetal Circulation===		===Fetal Circulation===

	[[Image:~~HeartILP_draft_foetalcirc~~.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=2\|Fetal circulation]]Fetal circulation consequently differs from the adult one predominantly due to the presence of 3 major vascular shunts:		[[Image:Fetal Circulation Pathway.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=2\|Fetal circulation]]Fetal circulation consequently differs from the adult one predominantly due to the presence of 3 major vascular shunts:
	*Ductus venosus - between the umbilical vein and IVC		*Ductus venosus - between the umbilical vein and IVC
	*Foramen ovale - between the right and left atrium		*Foramen ovale - between the right and left atrium

Z3212774 at 09:14, 30 Ocak 2010

2010-01-30T09:14:31Z

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			{{Template:Glossary}}

			'''Angioblastic cords:''' Groups or ‘columns’ of embryonic precursor cells which will form the walls of both arteries and veins.

			'''Angiogenesis:''' Growth of new blood vessels.

			'''Aortic arch arteries:''' (Or pharyngeal arch arteries.) Each early developing pharyngeal arch contains a lateral pair of arteries arising from the aortic sac, above the heart, and running into the dorsal aorta. Later in development these arch arteries are extensively remodelled to form specific components of the vascular system.

			'''Dorsal aortae:''' Two largest arteries either side of the midline which later fuse to form the descending portion of the aorta.

			'''Hypoxia:''' Pathological condition in which part or all of the body suffers from inadequate oxygen supply.

			'''Retroperitoneal:''' Refers to abdominal organs located external to the peritoneal cavity.

			'''Vasculogenesis:''' Growth of blood vessels from endothelial precursor cells which migrate and differentiate to form blood vessels. Differs from angiogenesis which refers to the growth of blood vessels from pre-existing ones.

			[[category:heart]]

Z3212774 at 23:24, 8 November 2009

2009-11-08T23:24:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:24, 9 November 2009
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	\|width="30%" bgcolor="gold"\|<big>'''[[Intermediate_-_Cardiac_Abnormalities\|Back to Abnormalities]]'''</big>		\|width="30%" bgcolor="gold"\|<big>'''[[Intermediate_-_Cardiac_Abnormalities\|Back to Abnormalities]]'''</big>
	\|		\|
	\|width="30%" bgcolor="~~firebrick~~" align="right"\|<big>'''[[Advanced_Cardiac_Embryology\|Next: Begin Advanced Module]]'''</big>		\|width="30%" bgcolor="#FF6666" align="right"\|<big>'''[[Advanced_Cardiac_Embryology\|Next: Begin Advanced Module]]'''</big>
	\|-		\|-
	\|bgcolor="limegreen"\|<big>'''[[Basic_-_Vascular_Heart_Connections\|Go to this section in the basic level]]'''</big>		\|bgcolor="limegreen"\|<big>'''[[Basic_-_Vascular_Heart_Connections\|Go to this section in the basic level]]'''</big>

S8600021: /* Fetal Circulation */

2009-11-06T05:02:09Z

Fetal Circulation

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:02, 6 November 2009
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	===Fetal Circulation===		===Fetal Circulation===

	[[Image:HeartILP_draft_foetalcirc.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=2\|~~Foetal~~ circulation]]Fetal circulation consequently differs from the adult one predominantly due to the presence of 3 major vascular shunts:		[[Image:HeartILP_draft_foetalcirc.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=2\|Fetal circulation]]Fetal circulation consequently differs from the adult one predominantly due to the presence of 3 major vascular shunts:
	*Ductus venosus - between the umbilical vein and IVC		*Ductus venosus - between the umbilical vein and IVC
	*Foramen ovale - between the right and left atrium		*Foramen ovale - between the right and left atrium

S8600021: /* Foetal Circulation */

2009-11-06T05:01:29Z

Foetal Circulation

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:01, 6 November 2009
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	\|}		\|}

	===~~Foetal~~ Circulation===		===Fetal Circulation===

	[[Image:HeartILP_draft_foetalcirc.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=2\|Foetal circulation]]~~Foetal~~ circulation consequently differs from the adult one predominantly due to the presence of 3 major vascular shunts:		[[Image:HeartILP_draft_foetalcirc.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=2\|Foetal circulation]]Fetal circulation consequently differs from the adult one predominantly due to the presence of 3 major vascular shunts:
	*Ductus venosus - between the umbilical vein and IVC		*Ductus venosus - between the umbilical vein and IVC
	*Foramen ovale - between the right and left atrium		*Foramen ovale - between the right and left atrium

Z3212774 at 03:25, 6 November 2009

2009-11-06T03:25:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:25, 6 November 2009
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	\|}		\|}

	===~~Fetal~~ Circulation===		===Foetal Circulation===

	[[Image:HeartILP_draft_foetalcirc.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=2\|Foetal circulation]]Foetal circulation consequently differs from the adult one predominantly due to the presence of 3 major vascular shunts:		[[Image:HeartILP_draft_foetalcirc.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=2\|Foetal circulation]]Foetal circulation consequently differs from the adult one predominantly due to the presence of 3 major vascular shunts:

Z3212774 at 03:20, 6 November 2009

2009-11-06T03:20:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:20, 6 November 2009
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	Some understanding of embryonic vascular development is helpful in a study of cardiac embryology and the embryonic circulation. Early in the third week of embryonic development, vasculogenesis begins, whereby endothelial cell precursors form aggregations as angioblastic cords. This process underlies the initial formation of the endocardial heart tubes as well as the primitive blood vessels. The cords coalesce to form blood vessels, while continued angiogenesis, driven by metabolic requirements and specifically hypoxia, allows for the creation of a vascular network.		Some understanding of embryonic vascular development is helpful in a study of cardiac embryology and the embryonic circulation. Early in the third week of embryonic development vasculogenesis begins whereby endothelial cell precursors form aggregations as angioblastic cords. This process underlies the initial formation of the endocardial heart tubes as well as the primitive blood vessels. The cords coalesce to form blood vessels while continued angiogenesis, driven by metabolic requirements and specifically hypoxia, allows for the creation of a vascular network.

	===Development of Arteries===		===Development of Arteries===

	[[Image:HeartILP_draft_aorticarch.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=1.5\|The aortic arches]]Upon folding of the embryo, the paired dorsal aortae connecting to the cranial end of the heart tube are brought ventrally to form the first aortic arches. Additional aortic arches develop over the next few weeks which are later remodelled to form the arteries of the upper body. Caudal to the arches, the paired dorsal aortae fuse to form a single median dorsal aorta which develops the following branches:		[[Image:HeartILP_draft_aorticarch.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=1.5\|The aortic arches]]Upon folding of the embryo the paired dorsal aortae connecting to the cranial end of the heart tube are brought ventrally to form the first aortic arches. Additional aortic arches develop over the next few weeks which are later remodelled to form the arteries of the upper body. Caudal to the arches, the paired dorsal aortae fuse to form a single median dorsal aorta which develops the following branches:
	*Ventral (gut) branches: derived from the vitelline arteries		*Ventral (gut) branches - derived from the vitelline arteries
	*Lateral branches: supply retroperitoneal structures		*Lateral branches - supply retroperitoneal structures
	*Dorsolateral branches (intersegmental arteries): supply the head, neck, body wall, limbs and vertebral column		*Dorsolateral branches (intersegmental arteries) - supply the head, neck, body wall, limbs and vertebral column

	===Development of Veins===		===Development of Veins===

	Three paired veins drain into the primordial heart tube:		Three paired veins drain into the primordial heart tube:
	*Vitelline veins: return poorly oxygenated blood from the yolk sac		*Vitelline veins - return poorly oxygenated blood from the yolk sac
	*Umbilical veins: carry well-oxygenated blood from the primordial placenta		*Umbilical veins - carry well-oxygenated blood from the primordial placenta
	*Common cardinal veins: return poorly oxygenated blood from the body of the embryo		*Common cardinal veins - return poorly oxygenated blood from the body of the embryo
	The vitelline venous system gives rise to the liver sinusoids and portal system and forms the ductus venosus which acts as a shunt from the umbilical vein to the IVC. The IVC is formed during a left to right shift in the embryonic veins and is composed of:		The vitelline venous system gives rise to the liver sinusoids and portal system and forms the ductus venosus which acts as a shunt from the umbilical vein to the IVC. The IVC is formed during a left-to-right shift in the embryonic veins and is composed of:
	*A hepatic segment: from the hepatic vein and sinusoids		*A hepatic segment - from the hepatic vein and sinusoids
	*A prerenal segment: from the right subcardinal vein		*A prerenal segment - from the right subcardinal vein
	*A renal segment: from subcardinal and supracardinal anastomosis		*A renal segment - from subcardinal and supracardinal anastomosis
	*A postrenal segment: from right supracardinal vein		*A postrenal segment - from right supracardinal vein

	The following two diagrams give an overview to the embryonic vasculature:		The following two diagrams give an overview to the embryonic vasculature:
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	===Fetal Circulation===		===Fetal Circulation===

	[[Image:HeartILP_draft_foetalcirc.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=2\|~~Fetal~~ circulation]]~~Fetal~~ circulation consequently differs from the adult one predominantly due to the presence of 3 major vascular shunts:		[[Image:HeartILP_draft_foetalcirc.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=2\|Foetal circulation]]Foetal circulation consequently differs from the adult one predominantly due to the presence of 3 major vascular shunts:
	*Ductus venosus: between the umbilical vein and IVC		*Ductus venosus - between the umbilical vein and IVC
	*Foramen ovale: between the right and left atrium		*Foramen ovale - between the right and left atrium
	*Ductus arteriosus: between the pulmonary artery and descending aorta		*Ductus arteriosus - between the pulmonary artery and descending aorta

	The main function of these shunts is to redirect oxygenated blood away from the lungs, liver and kidney (whose functions are performed by the placenta).		The main function of these shunts is to redirect oxygenated blood away from the lungs, liver and kidney (whose functions are performed by the placenta).

	Oxygenated blood is carried from the placenta to the ~~fetus~~ in the umbilical vein, most of which then passes through the ductus venosus to the IVC, while some blood supplies the liver via the portal vein. Blood from the liver drains into the IVC through the hepatic veins. The blood in the IVC is a mixture of oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein and desaturated blood from the lower limbs and abdominal organs (e.g. the liver). This blood enters the right atrium, where most of it is directed to the left atrium through the foramen ovale and from here to the left ventricle and aorta. The remainder of the blood in the right atrium passes with blood from the SVC (from the head and upper limbs) to the right ventricle and pulmonary artery where most of it passes to the aorta via the ductus arteriosus. The blood passes from the aorta to the hypogastric arteries, umbilical arteries and back to the placenta.		Oxygenated blood is carried from the placenta to the foetus in the umbilical vein, most of which then passes through the ductus venosus to the IVC while some blood supplies the liver via the portal vein. Blood from the liver drains into the IVC through the hepatic veins. The blood in the IVC is a mixture of oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein and desaturated blood from the lower limbs and abdominal organs (e.g. the liver). This blood enters the right atrium where most of it is directed to the left atrium through the foramen ovale and from here to the left ventricle and aorta. The remainder of the blood in the right atrium passes with blood from the SVC (from the head and upper limbs) to the right ventricle and pulmonary artery where most of it passes to the aorta via the ductus arteriosus. The blood passes from the aorta to the hypogastric arteries, umbilical arteries and then back to the placenta.

	{\| width="100%"		{\| width="100%"

Z3212774 at 01:46, 5 November 2009

2009-11-05T01:46:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:46, 5 November 2009
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	{{Template:Cardiac_modules}}		{{Template:Cardiac_modules}}

			[[Image:HeartILP_draft_itimeline.jpg\|center\|850px]]

Z3212774 at 02:23, 14 October 2009

2009-10-14T02:23:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:23, 14 October 2009
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	Oxygenated blood is carried from the placenta to the fetus in the umbilical vein, most of which then passes through the ductus venosus to the IVC, while some blood supplies the liver via the portal vein. Blood from the liver drains into the IVC through the hepatic veins. The blood in the IVC is a mixture of oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein and desaturated blood from the lower limbs and abdominal organs (e.g. the liver). This blood enters the right atrium, where most of it is directed to the left atrium through the foramen ovale and from here to the left ventricle and aorta. The remainder of the blood in the right atrium passes with blood from the SVC (from the head and upper limbs) to the right ventricle and pulmonary artery where most of it passes to the aorta via the ductus arteriosus. The blood passes from the aorta to the hypogastric arteries, umbilical arteries and back to the placenta.		Oxygenated blood is carried from the placenta to the fetus in the umbilical vein, most of which then passes through the ductus venosus to the IVC, while some blood supplies the liver via the portal vein. Blood from the liver drains into the IVC through the hepatic veins. The blood in the IVC is a mixture of oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein and desaturated blood from the lower limbs and abdominal organs (e.g. the liver). This blood enters the right atrium, where most of it is directed to the left atrium through the foramen ovale and from here to the left ventricle and aorta. The remainder of the blood in the right atrium passes with blood from the SVC (from the head and upper limbs) to the right ventricle and pulmonary artery where most of it passes to the aorta via the ductus arteriosus. The blood passes from the aorta to the hypogastric arteries, umbilical arteries and back to the placenta.

			{\| width="100%"
			\|-
			\|width="30%" bgcolor="gold"\|<big>'''[[Intermediate_-_Cardiac_Abnormalities\|Back to Abnormalities]]'''</big>
			\|
			\|width="30%" bgcolor="firebrick" align="right"\|<big>'''[[Advanced_Cardiac_Embryology\|Next: Begin Advanced Module]]'''</big>
			\|-
			\|bgcolor="limegreen"\|<big>'''[[Basic_-_Vascular_Heart_Connections\|Go to this section in the basic level]]'''</big>
			\|
			\|
			\|}