Integumentary System Development - Vernix Caseosa - Revision history

Z8600021 at 01:49, 16 Ocak 2020

2020-01-16T01:49:04Z

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			* '''Review - Biology of the vernix caseosa'''{{#pmid:31507021\|PMID31507021}} "The vernix caseosa is a complex membranous structure comprising 80% water, 10% protein, and 10% lipids including barrier lipids such as ceramides, free fatty acids, phospholipids and cholesterol, synthesized partly by fetal sebaceous glands during the last trimester of pregnancy in an antero-posterior and dorsoventral manner. Because of its lipid content, vernix is hydrophobic and protects the skin from excessive water exposure during the development of the stratum corneum. The vernix caseosa has various functions during fetal transition from an intrauterine to an extrauterine environment, including lubrication of the birth canal during parturition, barrier function to prevent water loss, temperature regulation, for innate immunity and for intestinal development. This review discusses the evidence supporting the prenatal and postnatal functions of vernix caseosa, along with its structure, composition, and physical and biological characteristics. Understanding the biology of the vernix may facilitate improved care of preterm infants immediately post-partum.}

	* '''Applying a vernix caseosa based formulation accelerates skin barrier repair by modulating lipid biosynthesis'''{{#pmid:29217624\|PMID29217624}} "Restoring the lipid homeostasis of the stratum corneum (SC) is a common strategy to enhance skin barrier function. Here, we used a ceramide containing vernix caseosa (VC)-based formulation and were able to accelerate barrier recovery in healthy volunteers. The recovery was examined over 16 days by monitoring trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) after barrier disruption by tape-stripping. Four skin sites were used to examine the effects of both treatment and barrier recovery. After 16 days, samples were harvested at these sites to examine the SC ceramide composition and lipid organization. Changes in ceramide profiles were identified using principal component analysis. After barrier recovery, the untreated sites showed increased levels of ceramide subclass AS and ceramides with a 34 total carbon-atom chain length, while the mean ceramide chain length was reduced. These changes were diminished by treatment with the studied formulation, which concurrently increased the formulated ceramides. Correlations were observed between SC lipid composition, lipid organization, and TEWL, and changes in the ceramide subclass composition suggest changes in the ceramide biosynthesis. These results suggest that VC-based formulations enhance skin barrier recovery and are attractive candidates to treat skin disorders with impaired barrier properties."		* '''Applying a vernix caseosa based formulation accelerates skin barrier repair by modulating lipid biosynthesis'''{{#pmid:29217624\|PMID29217624}} "Restoring the lipid homeostasis of the stratum corneum (SC) is a common strategy to enhance skin barrier function. Here, we used a ceramide containing vernix caseosa (VC)-based formulation and were able to accelerate barrier recovery in healthy volunteers. The recovery was examined over 16 days by monitoring trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) after barrier disruption by tape-stripping. Four skin sites were used to examine the effects of both treatment and barrier recovery. After 16 days, samples were harvested at these sites to examine the SC ceramide composition and lipid organization. Changes in ceramide profiles were identified using principal component analysis. After barrier recovery, the untreated sites showed increased levels of ceramide subclass AS and ceramides with a 34 total carbon-atom chain length, while the mean ceramide chain length was reduced. These changes were diminished by treatment with the studied formulation, which concurrently increased the formulated ceramides. Correlations were observed between SC lipid composition, lipid organization, and TEWL, and changes in the ceramide subclass composition suggest changes in the ceramide biosynthesis. These results suggest that VC-based formulations enhance skin barrier recovery and are attractive candidates to treat skin disorders with impaired barrier properties."

Z8600021 at 03:21, 27 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-27T03:21:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:21, 27 Mayıs 2019
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	Lanugo hair is the first hair produced by the fetal hair follicles, appearing at about 5 months of gestation. The hair is very fine, soft, and usually unpigmented. Normally lost (shed) before birth, though sometimes present at birth.		Lanugo hair is the first hair produced by the fetal hair follicles, appearing at about 5 months of gestation. The hair is very fine, soft, and usually unpigmented. Normally lost (shed) before birth, though sometimes present at birth.

			:'''Links:''' {{hair}}
	==Abnormalities==		==Abnormalities==
	===Neonatal Aspiration Syndrome===		===Neonatal Aspiration Syndrome===

Z8600021 at 03:19, 27 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-27T03:19:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:19, 27 Mayıs 2019
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	* cathelicidin LL-37, alpha-defensins, and LL-37 in neutrophils.{{#pmid:15565791\|PMID15565791}}		* cathelicidin LL-37, alpha-defensins, and LL-37 in neutrophils.{{#pmid:15565791\|PMID15565791}}
	* Lysozyme, lactoferrin, human neutrophil peptides 1-3, and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor		* Lysozyme, lactoferrin, human neutrophil peptides 1-3, and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor


			==Lanugo Hair==

			Lanugo hair is the first hair produced by the fetal hair follicles, appearing at about 5 months of gestation. The hair is very fine, soft, and usually unpigmented. Normally lost (shed) before birth, though sometimes present at birth.

	==Abnormalities==		==Abnormalities==
	===Neonatal Aspiration Syndrome===		===Neonatal Aspiration Syndrome===

Z8600021 at 03:10, 27 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-27T03:10:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:10, 27 Mayıs 2019
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	* '''Skin barrier in the neonate'''{{#pmid:29596733\|PMID29596733}} "The purpose of this review is to focus on determinants of skin barrier function in neonates at molecular and cellular levels. The skin barrier is critical in terms of water and gas exchanges during fetal life and undergoes rapid changes at birth, followed by a progressive maturation. Consequences of skin barrier disruption can be extremely detrimental or lethal, as shown in severe genetic epidermal defects. In this context, the fine-tuned rapid adaptation from a liquid to a gaseous milieu is not fully understood. The stratum corneum provides an air-liquid barrier, tight junctions in the granular layer provide a liquid-liquid barrier, aquaporins represent a plumbing system for water-glycerol as well as gas exchanges, and Langerhans cells are central to the immunological barrier. Acid mantle formation is essential for appropriate interaction between the skin and microbial symbionts. Temperature and pH regulate the key enzyme activities responsible for the integrity of the stratum corneum. Skin barrier permeability can be assessed noninvasively and simply with miniaturized devices measuring transepidermal water loss, where water flow is faster in cases of a damaged or functionally premature barrier. New avenues for therapeutic skin barrier research in neonates include a better delineation of the maturation of aquaporins in water balance and gas exchanges from fetal to neonatal life and a better understanding of the role of vernix caseosa, in particular, for the implantation of a healthy microbiote. Practical applications should be derived for caring for infant skin, particularly in fragile zones, such as the diaper area." {{neonatal}}		* '''Skin barrier in the neonate'''{{#pmid:29596733\|PMID29596733}} "The purpose of this review is to focus on determinants of skin barrier function in neonates at molecular and cellular levels. The skin barrier is critical in terms of water and gas exchanges during fetal life and undergoes rapid changes at birth, followed by a progressive maturation. Consequences of skin barrier disruption can be extremely detrimental or lethal, as shown in severe genetic epidermal defects. In this context, the fine-tuned rapid adaptation from a liquid to a gaseous milieu is not fully understood. The stratum corneum provides an air-liquid barrier, tight junctions in the granular layer provide a liquid-liquid barrier, aquaporins represent a plumbing system for water-glycerol as well as gas exchanges, and Langerhans cells are central to the immunological barrier. Acid mantle formation is essential for appropriate interaction between the skin and microbial symbionts. Temperature and pH regulate the key enzyme activities responsible for the integrity of the stratum corneum. Skin barrier permeability can be assessed noninvasively and simply with miniaturized devices measuring transepidermal water loss, where water flow is faster in cases of a damaged or functionally premature barrier. New avenues for therapeutic skin barrier research in neonates include a better delineation of the maturation of aquaporins in water balance and gas exchanges from fetal to neonatal life and a better understanding of the role of vernix caseosa, in particular, for the implantation of a healthy microbiote. Practical applications should be derived for caring for infant skin, particularly in fragile zones, such as the diaper area." {{neonatal}}

	* '''Newborn boys and girls differ in the lipid composition of vernix caseosa'''{{#pmid:24911066\|PMID24911066}} "Vernix caseosa protects the skin of a human fetus during the last trimester of pregnancy and of a newborn after the delivery. Besides its cellular and proteinaceous components, an important constituent and functional agent is a complex lipid fraction, implicated in a multitude of salubrious effects of vernix caseosa. Little is known about how the chemical composition of vernix caseosa lipids is affected by various biological characteristics of the baby, such as the gestational age, birth weight, and, last but not least, the gender of the newborn. This study reports on the chemical variability of lipids contained in the vernix caseosa of twenty newborn girls and boys and shows that the quantitative patterns of the lipids are sex-specific. The specificity of lipids was investigated at the level of fatty acids in the total lipid extracts and intact lipids of several neutral lipid classes. Hydrocarbons, wax esters, cholesteryl esters, diol diesters and triacylglycerols were isolated using optimized semipreparative thin-layer chromatography, and the molecular species within each class were characterized using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Statistical evaluation revealed significant quantitative sex-related differences in the lipid composition of vernix caseosa among the newborns, pronounced in the two lipid classes associated with the activity of sebaceous glands. Higher proportions of wax esters and triacylglycerols with longer hydrocarbon chains were observed in newborn girls."

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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Vernix+Caseosa ''Vernix Caseosa'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Vernix+Caseosa ''Vernix Caseosa''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Vernix+Development ''Vernix Development'']
			\|}
	~~<pubmed limit~~=5>Vernix ~~Caseosa<~~/~~pubmed>~~		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! Older papers
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			\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Newborn boys and girls differ in the lipid composition of vernix caseosa'''{{#pmid:24911066\|PMID24911066}} "Vernix caseosa protects the skin of a human fetus during the last trimester of pregnancy and of a newborn after the delivery. Besides its cellular and proteinaceous components, an important constituent and functional agent is a complex lipid fraction, implicated in a multitude of salubrious effects of vernix caseosa. Little is known about how the chemical composition of vernix caseosa lipids is affected by various biological characteristics of the baby, such as the gestational age, birth weight, and, last but not least, the gender of the newborn. This study reports on the chemical variability of lipids contained in the vernix caseosa of twenty newborn girls and boys and shows that the quantitative patterns of the lipids are sex-specific. The specificity of lipids was investigated at the level of fatty acids in the total lipid extracts and intact lipids of several neutral lipid classes. Hydrocarbons, wax esters, cholesteryl esters, diol diesters and triacylglycerols were isolated using optimized semipreparative thin-layer chromatography, and the molecular species within each class were characterized using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Statistical evaluation revealed significant quantitative sex-related differences in the lipid composition of vernix caseosa among the newborns, pronounced in the two lipid classes associated with the activity of sebaceous glands. Higher proportions of wax esters and triacylglycerols with longer hydrocarbon chains were observed in newborn girls."
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	== Textbooks ==		== Textbooks ==

Z8600021 at 01:19, 12 August 2018

2018-08-12T01:19:31Z

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	{{Header}}		{{Header}}
	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==
			[[File:Vernix caseosa 01.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Vernix caseosa\|Newborn vernix caseosa]]
	[[File:Newborn - vernix caseosa.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Newborn vernix caseosa\|Newborn vernix caseosa]]		[[File:Newborn - vernix caseosa.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Newborn vernix caseosa\|Newborn vernix caseosa]]
	~~[[File:Vernix caseosa 01.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Vernix caseosa\|Newborn vernix caseosa]]~~
	The {{vernix caseosa}} consists of a bilayer formed by corneocytes embedded in a rich lipid matrix, formed by the sebaceous glands and epidermis, that is anchored to the fetal epithelium by lanugo hair.		The {{vernix caseosa}} consists of a bilayer formed by corneocytes embedded in a rich lipid matrix, formed by the sebaceous glands and epidermis, that is anchored to the fetal epithelium by lanugo hair.

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	In late gestation, vernix from the fetal skin sheds as particles suspended within the amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid is also continuously swallowed during this period and found within both the fetal {{gastrointestinal tract}} and {{respiratory}} tract. o		In late gestation, vernix from the fetal skin sheds as particles suspended within the amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid is also continuously swallowed during this period and found within both the fetal {{gastrointestinal tract}} and {{respiratory}} tract.

Z8600021 at 01:18, 12 August 2018

2018-08-12T01:18:12Z

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	[[File:Newborn - vernix caseosa.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Newborn vernix caseosa\|Newborn vernix caseosa]]		[[File:Newborn - vernix caseosa.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Newborn vernix caseosa\|Newborn vernix caseosa]]
			[[File:Vernix caseosa 01.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Vernix caseosa\|Newborn vernix caseosa]]
	The {{vernix caseosa}} consists of a bilayer formed by corneocytes embedded in a rich lipid matrix, formed by the sebaceous glands and epidermis, that is anchored to the fetal epithelium by lanugo hair.		The {{vernix caseosa}} consists of a bilayer formed by corneocytes embedded in a rich lipid matrix, formed by the sebaceous glands and epidermis, that is anchored to the fetal epithelium by lanugo hair.

Z8600021 at 03:38, 9 August 2018

2018-08-09T03:38:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:38, 9 August 2018
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	==Components==		==Components==
	* high water content (80%) largely compartmentalized within fetal corneocytes (cells forming the stratum corneum)		* high water content (80%) largely compartmentalized within fetal corneocytes (cells forming the stratum corneum)
			* saturated branched chain fatty acids (BCFA)
			* squalene, a lipid produced by sebaceous glands, and also the biochemical precursor to steroids.
	* cathelicidin LL-37, alpha-defensins, and LL-37 in neutrophils.{{#pmid:15565791\|PMID15565791}}		* cathelicidin LL-37, alpha-defensins, and LL-37 in neutrophils.{{#pmid:15565791\|PMID15565791}}
	* Lysozyme, lactoferrin, human neutrophil peptides 1-3, and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor		* Lysozyme, lactoferrin, human neutrophil peptides 1-3, and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor

Z8600021 at 03:34, 9 August 2018

2018-08-09T03:34:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:34, 9 August 2018
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	In late gestation, vernix from the fetal skin sheds as particles suspended within the amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid is also continuously swallowed during this period and found within both the fetal {{gastrointestinal tract}} and {{respiratory}} tract.
			In late gestation, vernix from the fetal skin sheds as particles suspended within the amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid is also continuously swallowed during this period and found within both the fetal {{gastrointestinal tract}} and {{respiratory}} tract. o

Z8600021 at 03:33, 9 August 2018

2018-08-09T03:33:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:33, 9 August 2018
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	In late gestation, vernix from the fetal skin sheds as particles suspended within the amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid is also continuously swallowed during this period and found within both the fetal {{gastrointestinal}} and {{respiratory}} ~~tracts~~.		In late gestation, vernix from the fetal skin sheds as particles suspended within the amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid is also continuously swallowed during this period and found within both the fetal {{gastrointestinal tract}} and {{respiratory}} tract.

Z8600021 at 03:32, 9 August 2018

2018-08-09T03:32:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:32, 9 August 2018
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	Prenatally, this thick integumentary surface layer may, like the stratum corneum, protect the fetal skin from the watery amniotic environment and the enzymatic agents it contains. At birth, this slippery layer may aid the delivery process. The vernix has also many other known protective and immune as well as potential functions.{{#pmid:11069626\|PMID11069626}} The constituent components and their concentrations appear to differ between individuals and the sexes.{{#pmid:24911066\|PMID24911066}}		Prenatally, this thick integumentary surface layer may, like the stratum corneum, protect the fetal skin from the watery amniotic environment and the enzymatic agents it contains. At birth, this slippery layer may aid the delivery process. The vernix has also many other known protective and immune as well as potential functions.{{#pmid:11069626\|PMID11069626}} The constituent components and their concentrations appear to differ between individuals and the sexes.{{#pmid:24911066\|PMID24911066}}


			In late gestation, vernix from the fetal skin sheds as particles suspended within the amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid is also continuously swallowed during this period and found within both the fetal {{gastrointestinal}} and {{respiratory}} tracts.