Hearing - Inner Ear Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 23:46, 27 Mayıs 2020

2020-05-27T23:46:35Z

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	{{#pmid:25040109}}		{{#pmid:25040109}}

			{{#pmid:26052920}}

	{{#pmid:20637105}}		{{#pmid:20637105}}
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	{{#pmid:18603386}}		{{#pmid:18603386}}

	===Search PubMed===		===Search PubMed===

Z8600021 at 01:35, 19 Mayıs 2020

2020-05-19T01:35:34Z

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	* {{FGF}} - {{FGF}}8 and {{FGFR}}3 are essential for pillar cell specification.{{#pmid:31570588\|PMID31570588}}		* {{FGF}} - {{FGF}}8 and {{FGFR}}3 are essential for pillar cell specification.{{#pmid:31570588\|PMID31570588}}



	Expression patterns of transcription factors leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1), SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2), and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) in the developing human fetal inner ear were studied between the gestation weeks 9 and 12. Further development of cochlear apex between gestational weeks 11 and 16 (GW11 and GW16) was examined using transmission electron microscopy.

	From a recent study of human fetal tissue.{{#pmid:31788757\|PMID31788757}}		From a recent study of human fetal tissue.{{#pmid:31788757\|PMID31788757}}
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	* SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2) - supporting cells of utricle at the earliest stage examined at {{GA}} week 9.		* SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2) - supporting cells of utricle at the earliest stage examined at {{GA}} week 9.
	* GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) - cochlear sensory epithelium and spiral ganglia at {{GA}} week 9. Midline of both the utricle and saccule in the zone corresponding to the striolar reversal zone where the hair cell phenotype switches from type I to type II.		* GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) - cochlear sensory epithelium and spiral ganglia at {{GA}} week 9. Midline of both the utricle and saccule in the zone corresponding to the striolar reversal zone where the hair cell phenotype switches from type I to type II.

			Tsukushi (TSK) - {{Mouse}} study{{#pmid:32127020\|PMID32127020}}
			* a small, secreted, leucine-rich-repeat proteoglycan-interacts with and regulates cellular signaling cascades.
			* interacts with {{Sox}}2 and {{BMP}}4 to control stereocilia formation in the inner hair cells.
			* early embryonic stages - accumulates in nonprosensory regions
			* late embryonic stages - and in both nonprosensory and prosensory.
			* adult mice - localized in the organ of Corti, spiral ganglion cells, and the stria vascularis.

Z8600021 at 01:29, 19 Mayıs 2020

2020-05-19T01:29:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:29, 19 Mayıs 2020
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	* {{FGF}} - {{FGF}}8 and {{FGFR}}3 are essential for pillar cell specification.{{#pmid:31570588\|PMID31570588}}		* {{FGF}} - {{FGF}}8 and {{FGFR}}3 are essential for pillar cell specification.{{#pmid:31570588\|PMID31570588}}



			Expression patterns of transcription factors leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1), SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2), and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) in the developing human fetal inner ear were studied between the gestation weeks 9 and 12. Further development of cochlear apex between gestational weeks 11 and 16 (GW11 and GW16) was examined using transmission electron microscopy.

			From a recent study of human fetal tissue.{{#pmid:31788757\|PMID31788757}}
			* Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) - apical poles of the sensory epithelium of the cochlear duct and the vestibular end organs {{GA}} week 11. Limited to hair cells of the organ of Corti by {{GA}} week 12.
			* transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1) - inner hair cells {{GA}} week 12 and colocalized with p75 neurotrophic receptor expression.
			* SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2) - supporting cells of utricle at the earliest stage examined at {{GA}} week 9.
			* GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) - cochlear sensory epithelium and spiral ganglia at {{GA}} week 9. Midline of both the utricle and saccule in the zone corresponding to the striolar reversal zone where the hair cell phenotype switches from type I to type II.


	==Semicircular canal ==		==Semicircular canal ==

Z8600021 at 01:24, 19 Mayıs 2020

2020-05-19T01:24:22Z

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	The otocyst epithelium then undergoes a series of morphological changes, forming the primitive membranous labyrinth. During the human fetal period this will differentiate into the inner ear components for hearing (cochlea) and balance (semi-circular canals).		The otocyst epithelium then undergoes a series of morphological changes, forming the primitive membranous labyrinth. During the human fetal period this will differentiate into the inner ear components for hearing (cochlea) and balance (semi-circular canals). Cochlear development involving a transcription factor spatiotemporal gradient continues through to {{GA}} week 16.{{#pmid:31788757\|PMID31788757}}



	The adult cochlear has a "snail-shell" appearance, with the total number of turns differing between species. The adult human cochlear is typically described as having 2.5 turns, but this can vary up to 2.75 or even 3 turns.{{#pmid:19225438\|PMID19225438}}		The adult cochlear has a "snail-shell" appearance, with the total number of turns differing between species. The adult human cochlear is typically described as having 2.5 turns, but this can vary up to 2.75 or even 3 turns.{{#pmid:19225438\|PMID19225438}}
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	===Articles===		===Articles===
	{{#pmid:32120242}}		{{#pmid:32120242}}

			{{#pmid:32127020}}

			{{#pmid:31788757}}

	{{#pmid:26504244}}		{{#pmid:26504244}}

Z8600021 at 01:20, 19 Mayıs 2020

2020-05-19T01:20:04Z

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	* '''Bookshelf - Neuroscience''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=neurosci.section.894 Neuroscience - The Inner Ear]		* '''Bookshelf - Neuroscience''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=neurosci.section.894 Neuroscience - The Inner Ear]
	===Articles===		===Articles===
			{{#pmid:32120242}}

	{{#pmid:26504244}}		{{#pmid:26504244}}

Z8600021 at 01:17, 19 Mayıs 2020

2020-05-19T01:17:40Z

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			* '''Characterization of the development of the mouse cochlear epithelium at the single cell level'''{{#pmid:32404924\|PMID32404924}} "Mammalian hearing requires the development of the organ of Corti, a sensory epithelium comprising unique cell types. The limited number of each of these cell types, combined with their close proximity, has prevented characterization of individual cell types and/or their developmental progression. To examine cochlear development more closely, we transcriptionally profile approximately 30,000 isolated mouse cochlear cells collected at four developmental time points. Here we report on the analysis of those cells including the identification of both known and unknown cell types. Trajectory analysis for OHCs indicates four phases of gene expression while fate mapping of progenitor cells suggests that OHCs and their surrounding supporting cells arise from a distinct (lateral) progenitor pool. Tgfβr1 is identified as being expressed in lateral progenitor cells and a Tgfβr1 antagonist inhibits OHC development."

	* '''β-Catenin is required for radial cell patterning and identity in the developing mouse cochlea'''{{#pmid:31570588\|PMID31570588}} "Development of multicellular organs requires the coordination of cell differentiation and patterning. Critical for sound detection, the mammalian organ of Corti contains functional units arranged tonotopically along the cochlear turns. Each unit consists of sensory hair cells intercalated by nonsensory supporting cells, both specified and radially patterned with exquisite precision during embryonic development. However, how cell identity and radial patterning are jointly controlled is poorly understood. Here we show that β-catenin is required for specification of hair cell and supporting cell subtypes and radial patterning of the cochlea in vivo. In 2 mouse models of conditional β-catenin deletion, early specification of Myosin7-expressing hair cells and Prox1-positive supporting cells was preserved. While β-catenin-deficient cochleae expressed {{FGF}}8 and {{FGF}}R3, both of which are essential for pillar cell specification, the radial patterning of organ of Corti was disrupted, revealed by aberrant expression of cadherins and the pillar cell markers P75 and Lgr6. Moreover, β-catenin ablation caused duplication of FGF8-positive inner hair cells and reduction of outer hair cells without affecting the overall hair cell density. In contrast, in another transgenic model with suppressed transcriptional activity of β-catenin but preserved cell adhesion function, both specification and radial patterning of the organ of Corti were intact. Our study reveals specific functions of β-catenin in governing cell identity and patterning mediated through cell adhesion in the developing cochlea.		* '''β-Catenin is required for radial cell patterning and identity in the developing mouse cochlea'''{{#pmid:31570588\|PMID31570588}} "Development of multicellular organs requires the coordination of cell differentiation and patterning. Critical for sound detection, the mammalian organ of Corti contains functional units arranged tonotopically along the cochlear turns. Each unit consists of sensory hair cells intercalated by nonsensory supporting cells, both specified and radially patterned with exquisite precision during embryonic development. However, how cell identity and radial patterning are jointly controlled is poorly understood. Here we show that β-catenin is required for specification of hair cell and supporting cell subtypes and radial patterning of the cochlea in vivo. In 2 mouse models of conditional β-catenin deletion, early specification of Myosin7-expressing hair cells and Prox1-positive supporting cells was preserved. While β-catenin-deficient cochleae expressed {{FGF}}8 and {{FGF}}R3, both of which are essential for pillar cell specification, the radial patterning of organ of Corti was disrupted, revealed by aberrant expression of cadherins and the pillar cell markers P75 and Lgr6. Moreover, β-catenin ablation caused duplication of FGF8-positive inner hair cells and reduction of outer hair cells without affecting the overall hair cell density. In contrast, in another transgenic model with suppressed transcriptional activity of β-catenin but preserved cell adhesion function, both specification and radial patterning of the organ of Corti were intact. Our study reveals specific functions of β-catenin in governing cell identity and patterning mediated through cell adhesion in the developing cochlea.

Z8600021 at 01:13, 19 Mayıs 2020

2020-05-19T01:13:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:13, 19 Mayıs 2020
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	* '''β-Catenin is required for radial cell patterning and identity in the developing mouse cochlea'''{{#pmid:31570588\|PMID31570588}} "Development of multicellular organs requires the coordination of cell differentiation and patterning. Critical for sound detection, the mammalian organ of Corti contains functional units arranged tonotopically along the cochlear turns. Each unit consists of sensory hair cells intercalated by nonsensory supporting cells, both specified and radially patterned with exquisite precision during embryonic development. However, how cell identity and radial patterning are jointly controlled is poorly understood. Here we show that β-catenin is required for specification of hair cell and supporting cell subtypes and radial patterning of the cochlea in vivo. In 2 mouse models of conditional β-catenin deletion, early specification of Myosin7-expressing hair cells and Prox1-positive supporting cells was preserved. While β-catenin-deficient cochleae expressed {{FGF}}8 and {{~~FGFR~~}}3, both of which are essential for pillar cell specification, the radial patterning of organ of Corti was disrupted, revealed by aberrant expression of cadherins and the pillar cell markers P75 and Lgr6. Moreover, β-catenin ablation caused duplication of FGF8-positive inner hair cells and reduction of outer hair cells without affecting the overall hair cell density. In contrast, in another transgenic model with suppressed transcriptional activity of β-catenin but preserved cell adhesion function, both specification and radial patterning of the organ of Corti were intact. Our study reveals specific functions of β-catenin in governing cell identity and patterning mediated through cell adhesion in the developing cochlea.		* '''β-Catenin is required for radial cell patterning and identity in the developing mouse cochlea'''{{#pmid:31570588\|PMID31570588}} "Development of multicellular organs requires the coordination of cell differentiation and patterning. Critical for sound detection, the mammalian organ of Corti contains functional units arranged tonotopically along the cochlear turns. Each unit consists of sensory hair cells intercalated by nonsensory supporting cells, both specified and radially patterned with exquisite precision during embryonic development. However, how cell identity and radial patterning are jointly controlled is poorly understood. Here we show that β-catenin is required for specification of hair cell and supporting cell subtypes and radial patterning of the cochlea in vivo. In 2 mouse models of conditional β-catenin deletion, early specification of Myosin7-expressing hair cells and Prox1-positive supporting cells was preserved. While β-catenin-deficient cochleae expressed {{FGF}}8 and {{FGF}}R3, both of which are essential for pillar cell specification, the radial patterning of organ of Corti was disrupted, revealed by aberrant expression of cadherins and the pillar cell markers P75 and Lgr6. Moreover, β-catenin ablation caused duplication of FGF8-positive inner hair cells and reduction of outer hair cells without affecting the overall hair cell density. In contrast, in another transgenic model with suppressed transcriptional activity of β-catenin but preserved cell adhesion function, both specification and radial patterning of the organ of Corti were intact. Our study reveals specific functions of β-catenin in governing cell identity and patterning mediated through cell adhesion in the developing cochlea.

	* '''Formation of the Periotic Space During the Early Fetal Period in Humans'''{{#pmid:29293291\|PMID29293291}} "Digital data sets from magnetic resonance images and phase-contrast X-ray tomography images of 24 inner ear organs from 24 human fetuses from the [[Kyoto Collection]] (fetuses in trimesters 1 and 2; crown-rump length: 14.4-197 mm) were analyzed. The membranous labyrinth was morphologically differentiated in samples at the end of the embryonic period (Carnegie stage {{CS23}}), and had grown linearly to more than eight times in size during the observation period. The periotic space was first detected at the 35-mm samples, around the vestibule and basal turn of the cochlea, which elongated rapidly to the tip of the cochlea and semicircular ducts, successively, and almost covered the membranous labyrinth at the 115-mm CRL stage or later. In those samples, several ossification centers were detected around the space."		* '''Formation of the Periotic Space During the Early Fetal Period in Humans'''{{#pmid:29293291\|PMID29293291}} "Digital data sets from magnetic resonance images and phase-contrast X-ray tomography images of 24 inner ear organs from 24 human fetuses from the [[Kyoto Collection]] (fetuses in trimesters 1 and 2; crown-rump length: 14.4-197 mm) were analyzed. The membranous labyrinth was morphologically differentiated in samples at the end of the embryonic period (Carnegie stage {{CS23}}), and had grown linearly to more than eight times in size during the observation period. The periotic space was first detected at the 35-mm samples, around the vestibule and basal turn of the cochlea, which elongated rapidly to the tip of the cochlea and semicircular ducts, successively, and almost covered the membranous labyrinth at the 115-mm CRL stage or later. In those samples, several ossification centers were detected around the space."
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Inner+Ear+Development ''Inner Ear Development'] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Inner+Ear+Embryology ''Inner Ear Embryology'] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Organ+of+Corti+Development ''Organ of Corti Development'] \|		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Inner+Ear+Development ''Inner Ear Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Inner+Ear+Embryology ''Inner Ear Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Organ+of+Corti+Development ''Organ of Corti Development''] \|
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}
	* '''Developmental profiling of microRNAs in the human embryonic inner ear'''{{#pmid:29373586\|PMID29373586}} "Due to the extreme inaccessibility of fetal human inner ear tissue, defining of the microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate development of the inner ear has relied on animal tissue. In the present study, we performed the first miRNA sequencing of otic precursors in human specimens. Using HTG miRNA Whole Transcriptome assays, we examined miRNA expression in the cochleovestibular ganglion (CVG), neural crest (NC), and otic vesicle (OV) from paraffin embedded (FFPE) human specimens in the Carnegie developmental stages {{CS13}}, {{CS14}} and {{CS15}}. We found that in human embryonic tissues, there are different patterns of miRNA expression in the CVG, NC and OV. In particular, members of the miR-183 family (miR-96, miR-182, and miR-183) are differentially expressed in the CVG compared to NC and OV at Carnegie developmental stage {{CS13}}. We further identified transcription factors that are differentially targeted in the CVG compared to the other tissues from stages 13-15, and we performed gene set enrichment analyses to determine differentially regulated pathways that are relevant to CVG development in humans. These findings not only provide insight into the mechanisms governing the development of the human inner ear, but also identify potential signaling pathways for promoting regeneration of the spiral ganglion and other components of the inner ear." {{~~Micro-RNA~~}}		* '''Developmental profiling of microRNAs in the human embryonic inner ear'''{{#pmid:29373586\|PMID29373586}} "Due to the extreme inaccessibility of fetal human inner ear tissue, defining of the microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate development of the inner ear has relied on animal tissue. In the present study, we performed the first miRNA sequencing of otic precursors in human specimens. Using HTG miRNA Whole Transcriptome assays, we examined miRNA expression in the cochleovestibular ganglion (CVG), neural crest (NC), and otic vesicle (OV) from paraffin embedded (FFPE) human specimens in the Carnegie developmental stages {{CS13}}, {{CS14}} and {{CS15}}. We found that in human embryonic tissues, there are different patterns of miRNA expression in the CVG, NC and OV. In particular, members of the miR-183 family (miR-96, miR-182, and miR-183) are differentially expressed in the CVG compared to NC and OV at Carnegie developmental stage {{CS13}}. We further identified transcription factors that are differentially targeted in the CVG compared to the other tissues from stages 13-15, and we performed gene set enrichment analyses to determine differentially regulated pathways that are relevant to CVG development in humans. These findings not only provide insight into the mechanisms governing the development of the human inner ear, but also identify potential signaling pathways for promoting regeneration of the spiral ganglion and other components of the inner ear." {{MicroRNA}}

	* '''Role of BDNF and neurotrophic receptors in human inner ear development'''{{#pmid:28924861\|PMID28924861}} "The expression patterns of the neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF, and the neurotrophic receptors-p75NTR and Trk receptors-in the developing human fetal inner ear between the gestational weeks ({{GA}}) 9 to 12 are examined via in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. BDNF mRNA expression was highest in the cochlea at {{GA}} 9 but declined in the course of development. In contrast to embryonic murine specimens, a decline in BDNF expression from the apical to the basal turn of the cochlea could not be observed. ...Our findings suggest that BDNF and neurotrophin receptors are important players during early human inner ear development. In particular, they seem to be important for the survival of the afferent sensory neurons."		* '''Role of BDNF and neurotrophic receptors in human inner ear development'''{{#pmid:28924861\|PMID28924861}} "The expression patterns of the neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF, and the neurotrophic receptors-p75NTR and Trk receptors-in the developing human fetal inner ear between the gestational weeks ({{GA}}) 9 to 12 are examined via in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. BDNF mRNA expression was highest in the cochlea at {{GA}} 9 but declined in the course of development. In contrast to embryonic murine specimens, a decline in BDNF expression from the apical to the basal turn of the cochlea could not be observed. ...Our findings suggest that BDNF and neurotrophin receptors are important players during early human inner ear development. In particular, they seem to be important for the survival of the afferent sensory neurons."

Z8600021 at 01:11, 19 Mayıs 2020

2020-05-19T01:11:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:11, 19 Mayıs 2020
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	These otic placodes fold inwards forming initially a depression, then pinch off entirely from the surface forming an epithelium surrounding a fluid-filled sac or vesicle ('''otic vesicle''', '''otocyst''', auditory vesicle). The vesicle sinks into the head mesenchyme some of which closely surrounds the otocyst forming the otic capsule.		These otic placodes fold inwards forming initially a depression, then pinch off entirely from the surface forming an epithelium surrounding a fluid-filled sac or vesicle ('''otic vesicle''', '''otocyst''', auditory vesicle). The vesicle sinks into the head mesenchyme some of which closely surrounds the otocyst forming the otic capsule.

	The otocyst finally lies close to the early developing hindbrain (~~[[Neural_-_Rhombencephalon_Development\|~~rhombencephalon]]) and the developing vestibulo-cochlear-facial ganglion complex.		The otocyst finally lies close to the early developing hindbrain ({{rhombencephalon}}) and the developing vestibulo-cochlear-facial ganglion complex.


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	The "organ of corti" that develops within the cochlea was first identified by Alfonso Giacomo Gaspare Corti (1822–1876), an Italian anatomist, in 1851.		The "organ of corti" that develops within the cochlea was first identified by Alfonso Giacomo Gaspare Corti (1822–1876), an Italian anatomist, in 1851.


	{{Hearing Links}}		{{Hearing Links}}

	== Some Recent Findings ==		== Some Recent Findings ==
	{\|		{\|
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	* '''Formation of the Periotic Space During the Early Fetal Period in Humans'''{{#pmid:29293291\|PMID29293291}} "Digital data sets from magnetic resonance images and phase-contrast X-ray tomography images of 24 inner ear organs from 24 human fetuses from the [[Kyoto Collection]] (fetuses in trimesters 1 and 2; crown-rump length: 14.4-197 mm) were analyzed. The membranous labyrinth was morphologically differentiated in samples at the end of the embryonic period (Carnegie stage {{CS23}}), and had grown linearly to more than eight times in size during the observation period. The periotic space was first detected at the 35-mm samples, around the vestibule and basal turn of the cochlea, which elongated rapidly to the tip of the cochlea and semicircular ducts, successively, and almost covered the membranous labyrinth at the 115-mm CRL stage or later. In those samples, several ossification centers were detected around the space."		* '''Formation of the Periotic Space During the Early Fetal Period in Humans'''{{#pmid:29293291\|PMID29293291}} "Digital data sets from magnetic resonance images and phase-contrast X-ray tomography images of 24 inner ear organs from 24 human fetuses from the [[Kyoto Collection]] (fetuses in trimesters 1 and 2; crown-rump length: 14.4-197 mm) were analyzed. The membranous labyrinth was morphologically differentiated in samples at the end of the embryonic period (Carnegie stage {{CS23}}), and had grown linearly to more than eight times in size during the observation period. The periotic space was first detected at the 35-mm samples, around the vestibule and basal turn of the cochlea, which elongated rapidly to the tip of the cochlea and semicircular ducts, successively, and almost covered the membranous labyrinth at the 115-mm CRL stage or later. In those samples, several ossification centers were detected around the space."

	* '''Developmental profiling of microRNAs in the human embryonic inner ear'''{{#pmid:29373586\|PMID29373586}} "Due to the extreme inaccessibility of fetal human inner ear tissue, defining of the microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate development of the inner ear has relied on animal tissue. In the present study, we performed the first miRNA sequencing of otic precursors in human specimens. Using HTG miRNA Whole Transcriptome assays, we examined miRNA expression in the cochleovestibular ganglion (CVG), neural crest (NC), and otic vesicle (OV) from paraffin embedded (FFPE) human specimens in the Carnegie developmental stages {{CS13}}, {{CS14}} and {{CS15}}. We found that in human embryonic tissues, there are different patterns of miRNA expression in the CVG, NC and OV. In particular, members of the miR-183 family (miR-96, miR-182, and miR-183) are differentially expressed in the CVG compared to NC and OV at Carnegie developmental stage {{CS13}}. We further identified transcription factors that are differentially targeted in the CVG compared to the other tissues from stages 13-15, and we performed gene set enrichment analyses to determine differentially regulated pathways that are relevant to CVG development in humans. These findings not only provide insight into the mechanisms governing the development of the human inner ear, but also identify potential signaling pathways for promoting regeneration of the spiral ganglion and other components of the inner ear." [[Molecular_Development_-_microRNA\|Micro-RNA]]

	* '''Role of BDNF and neurotrophic receptors in human inner ear development'''{{#pmid:28924861\|PMID28924861}} "The expression patterns of the neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF, and the neurotrophic receptors-p75NTR and Trk receptors-in the developing human fetal inner ear between the gestational weeks ({{GA}}) 9 to 12 are examined via in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. BDNF mRNA expression was highest in the cochlea at {{GA}} 9 but declined in the course of development. In contrast to embryonic murine specimens, a decline in BDNF expression from the apical to the basal turn of the cochlea could not be observed. ...Our findings suggest that BDNF and neurotrophin receptors are important players during early human inner ear development. In particular, they seem to be important for the survival of the afferent sensory neurons."

	* '''Lineage tracing of Sox2-expressing progenitor cells in the mouse inner ear reveals a broad contribution to non-sensory tissues and insights into the origin of the organ of Corti'''{{#pmid:27090805\|PMID27090805}} "The transcription factor [[Developmental Signals - Sox\|Sox2]] is both necessary and sufficient for the generation of sensory regions of the inner ear. ...We find that Sox2-expressing cells in the early otocyst give rise to large numbers of non-sensory structures throughout the inner ear, and that Sox2 only becomes a truly prosensory marker at embryonic day (E)11.5. Our fate map reveals the organ of Corti derives from a central domain on the medial side of the otocyst and shows that a significant amount of the organ of Corti derives from a Sox2-negative population in this region." [[Developmental Signals - Sox]] \| [[Mouse Development]]
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Inner+Ear+Development ''Inner Ear Development']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Inner+Ear+Development ''Inner Ear Development'] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Inner+Ear+Embryology ''Inner Ear Embryology'] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Organ+of+Corti+Development ''Organ of Corti Development'] \|

	<pubmed ~~limit~~=5>Inner Ear ~~Development<~~/pubmed>
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! Older papers		! Older papers
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Developmental profiling of microRNAs in the human embryonic inner ear'''{{#pmid:29373586\|PMID29373586}} "Due to the extreme inaccessibility of fetal human inner ear tissue, defining of the microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate development of the inner ear has relied on animal tissue. In the present study, we performed the first miRNA sequencing of otic precursors in human specimens. Using HTG miRNA Whole Transcriptome assays, we examined miRNA expression in the cochleovestibular ganglion (CVG), neural crest (NC), and otic vesicle (OV) from paraffin embedded (FFPE) human specimens in the Carnegie developmental stages {{CS13}}, {{CS14}} and {{CS15}}. We found that in human embryonic tissues, there are different patterns of miRNA expression in the CVG, NC and OV. In particular, members of the miR-183 family (miR-96, miR-182, and miR-183) are differentially expressed in the CVG compared to NC and OV at Carnegie developmental stage {{CS13}}. We further identified transcription factors that are differentially targeted in the CVG compared to the other tissues from stages 13-15, and we performed gene set enrichment analyses to determine differentially regulated pathways that are relevant to CVG development in humans. These findings not only provide insight into the mechanisms governing the development of the human inner ear, but also identify potential signaling pathways for promoting regeneration of the spiral ganglion and other components of the inner ear." {{Micro-RNA}}

			* '''Role of BDNF and neurotrophic receptors in human inner ear development'''{{#pmid:28924861\|PMID28924861}} "The expression patterns of the neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF, and the neurotrophic receptors-p75NTR and Trk receptors-in the developing human fetal inner ear between the gestational weeks ({{GA}}) 9 to 12 are examined via in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. BDNF mRNA expression was highest in the cochlea at {{GA}} 9 but declined in the course of development. In contrast to embryonic murine specimens, a decline in BDNF expression from the apical to the basal turn of the cochlea could not be observed. ...Our findings suggest that BDNF and neurotrophin receptors are important players during early human inner ear development. In particular, they seem to be important for the survival of the afferent sensory neurons."

			* '''Lineage tracing of Sox2-expressing progenitor cells in the mouse inner ear reveals a broad contribution to non-sensory tissues and insights into the origin of the organ of Corti'''{{#pmid:27090805\|PMID27090805}} "The transcription factor [[Developmental Signals - Sox\|Sox2]] is both necessary and sufficient for the generation of sensory regions of the inner ear. ...We find that Sox2-expressing cells in the early otocyst give rise to large numbers of non-sensory structures throughout the inner ear, and that Sox2 only becomes a truly prosensory marker at embryonic day (E)11.5. Our fate map reveals the organ of Corti derives from a central domain on the medial side of the otocyst and shows that a significant amount of the organ of Corti derives from a Sox2-negative population in this region." {{Sox}} \| {{Mouse}}

	* '''Development of the stria vascularis and potassium regulation in the human fetal cochlea'''{{#pmid:25663387\|PMID25663387}} "We present an investigation on the development of the stria vascularis in the human fetal cochlea between 9 and 18 weeks of gestation (W9-W18) and show the cochlear expression dynamics of key potassium-regulating proteins. At W12, MITF+/SOX10+/KIT+ neural-crest-derived melanocytes migrated into the cochlea and penetrated the basement membrane of the lateral wall epithelium, developing into the intermediate cells of the stria vascularis. These melanocytes tightly integrated with Na+ /K+ -ATPase-positive marginal cells, which started to express KCNQ1 in their apical membrane at W16. At W18, KCNJ10 and gap junction proteins GJB2/CX26 and GJB6/CX30 were expressed in the cells in the outer sulcus, but not in the spiral ligament."		* '''Development of the stria vascularis and potassium regulation in the human fetal cochlea'''{{#pmid:25663387\|PMID25663387}} "We present an investigation on the development of the stria vascularis in the human fetal cochlea between 9 and 18 weeks of gestation (W9-W18) and show the cochlear expression dynamics of key potassium-regulating proteins. At W12, MITF+/SOX10+/KIT+ neural-crest-derived melanocytes migrated into the cochlea and penetrated the basement membrane of the lateral wall epithelium, developing into the intermediate cells of the stria vascularis. These melanocytes tightly integrated with Na+ /K+ -ATPase-positive marginal cells, which started to express KCNQ1 in their apical membrane at W16. At W18, KCNJ10 and gap junction proteins GJB2/CX26 and GJB6/CX30 were expressed in the cells in the outer sulcus, but not in the spiral ligament."

Z8600021 at 01:00, 19 Mayıs 2020

2020-05-19T01:00:49Z

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			File:Stricht1919b plate1.jpg\|Plate 1 - {{cat}}, {{dog}}
			File:Stricht1919b plate2.jpg\|Plate 2 - {{dog}}, {{cat}}
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	File:Anson1934 fig01-8.jpg\|Fig. 1-8. Transverse sections of embryos in the Harvard Embryological Collection		File:Anson1934 fig01-8.jpg\|Fig. 1-8. Transverse sections of embryos in the Harvard Embryological Collection
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	File:Anson1934 fig18.jpg\|Anson Fig. 18		File:Anson1934 fig18.jpg\|Anson Fig. 18
	File:Anson1934 fig19.jpg\|Anson Fig. 19		File:Anson1934 fig19.jpg\|Anson Fig. 19
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	File:Streeter1906 fig01.jpg\|Streeter Fig. 1		File:Streeter1906 fig01.jpg\|Streeter Fig. 1
	File:Streeter1906 fig02.jpg\|Streeter Fig. 2		File:Streeter1906 fig02.jpg\|Streeter Fig. 2
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	File:Streeter030.jpg\|Fetus 130 mm CRL (lateral)		File:Streeter030.jpg\|Fetus 130 mm CRL (lateral)
	File:Streeter031.jpg\|Fetus 130 mm CRL (median)		File:Streeter031.jpg\|Fetus 130 mm CRL (median)

			{{Ref-Gray1918}}
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	File:Gray0924.jpg\|Gray Fig 924		File:Gray0924.jpg\|Gray Fig 924
	File:Gray0928.jpg\|Gray Fig 928		File:Gray0928.jpg\|Gray Fig 928
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	File:Streeter1957 fig07.jpg\|Stage 19-23		File:Streeter1957 fig07.jpg\|Stage 19-23
	File:Streeter1957 fig7-19.jpg\|[[Carnegie stage 19]] (~~[[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 5609\|~~Embryo ~~5609]]~~)		File:Streeter1957 fig7-19.jpg\|[[Carnegie stage 19]] (Embryo {{CE5609}})
	File:Streeter1957 fig7-20.jpg\|[[Carnegie stage 20]] (~~[[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 6202\|~~Embryo ~~6202]]~~)		File:Streeter1957 fig7-20.jpg\|[[Carnegie stage 20]] (Embryo {{CE6202}})
	File:Streeter1957 fig7-21.jpg\|[[Carnegie stage 21]] (~~[[:Category:Carnegie~~ Embryo ~~22\|Embryo 22]]~~)		File:Streeter1957 fig7-21.jpg\|[[Carnegie stage 21]] (Embryo {{CE22}})
	File:Streeter1957 fig7-22.jpg\|[[Carnegie stage 22]] (~~[[:Category:Carnegie~~ Embryo ~~840\|Embryo 840]]~~)		File:Streeter1957 fig7-22.jpg\|[[Carnegie stage 22]] (Embryo {{CE840}})
	File:Streeter1957 fig7-23.jpg\|[[Carnegie stage 23]] (~~[[:Category:Carnegie~~ Embryo ~~86\|Embryo 86]]~~)		File:Streeter1957 fig7-23.jpg\|[[Carnegie stage 23]] (Embryo {{CE86}})
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2020-05-19T00:56:04Z

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	===Historic===		===Historic===
	* Keith, A. (1902) [[Book - ~~Human Embryology and Morphology\|Human Embryology and Morphology]]. London: Edward Arnold. [[Book~~ - ~~Human Embryology and Morphology 4\|Development of the Organ of Hearing]]~~		{{Ref-Keith1902}}

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	==Additional Images==		==Additional Images==
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	===Historic Images===		===Historic Images===
	{{Historic Disclaimer}}		{{Historic Disclaimer}}

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	File:Kollmann731.jpg\|Kollmann Fig. 731		File:Kollmann731.jpg\|Kollmann Fig. 731
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