Head Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 02:44, 23 February 2022

2022-02-23T02:44:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:44, 23 February 2022
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	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==
	[[File:Fetal_head_lateral.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Fetal head (week 12)]]		[[File:Fetal_head_lateral.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Fetal head (week 12)]]
	The {{head}} and neck is not really a "system", but structurally quite different in origin from the body. The head and neck are one of the most complicated structures that the embryo forms, with special intermediate structures (the {{pharyngeal arch}}) and contributions from all 3 embryonic layers ({{ectoderm}}, {{mesoderm}}, {{endoderm}}), and significantly, a major contribution from the {{neural crest}}. Neural crest contributes jaw skeletal elements,, connective tissues and tendons. The associated muscles derive mainly from cranial mesoderm. These components though will form different structures dependent upon which arch they are within. The cavity within the pharyngeal arches forms the [[P#pharynx\|pharynx]].		The {{head}} and neck is not really a "system", but structurally quite different in origin from the body. The head and neck are one of the most complicated structures that the embryo forms, with special intermediate structures (the {{pharyngeal arch}}) and contributions from all 3 embryonic layers ({{ectoderm}}, {{mesoderm}}, {{endoderm}}), and significantly, a major contribution from the {{neural crest}}. Neural crest contributes jaw skeletal elements, connective tissues and tendons. The associated muscles derive mainly from cranial mesoderm. These components though will form different structures dependent upon which arch they are within. The cavity within the pharyngeal arches forms the [[P#pharynx\|pharynx]].


	The pharynx contributes to 2 endocrine organs, in the roof the {{pituitary}} (hypophysis) and the floor the {{thyroid}}. The thyroid gland, being one of the first endocrine organs to be formed, has an important role in embryonic development. The pharynx floor of all arches also contribute to the formation of the tongue.		The pharynx contributes to 2 endocrine organs, in the roof the {{pituitary}} (hypophysis) and the floor the {{thyroid}}. The thyroid gland, being one of the first endocrine organs to be formed, has an important role in embryonic development. The pharynx floor of all arches also contribute to the formation of the {{tongue}}.

Z8600021 at 13:19, 24 August 2020

2020-08-24T13:19:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:19, 24 August 2020
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	===Reviews===		===Reviews===

			{{#pmid:32670926}}

	{{#pmid:29652578}}		{{#pmid:29652578}}

Z8600021 at 11:29, 31 Ocak 2019

2019-01-31T11:29:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:29, 31 Ocak 2019
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	* '''Branchial anomalies in children: A report of 105 surgical cases'''{{#pmid:29287855\|PMID29287855}} "Branchial anomalies (BAs) account for 20% of all congenital masses in children. We sought to review the incidence of involvement of individual anomalies, diagnostic methods, surgical treatment, and complications of BAs in children. ...A total of 33 (31.4%) cases presented with first BAs, 13 (12.4%) presented with second BAs, and 59 (56.2%) presented with third and fourth BAs, including 6 cases of congenital lower neck cutaneous fistula."		* '''Branchial anomalies in children: A report of 105 surgical cases'''{{#pmid:29287855\|PMID29287855}} "Branchial anomalies (BAs) account for 20% of all congenital masses in children. We sought to review the incidence of involvement of individual anomalies, diagnostic methods, surgical treatment, and complications of BAs in children. ...A total of 33 (31.4%) cases presented with first BAs, 13 (12.4%) presented with second BAs, and 59 (56.2%) presented with third and fourth BAs, including 6 cases of congenital lower neck cutaneous fistula."

	* '''Developmental and evolutionary origins of the pharyngeal apparatus'''{{#pmid:23020903\|PMID23020903}} "The vertebrate pharyngeal apparatus, serving the dual functions of feeding and respiration, has its embryonic origin in a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches. Developmental studies have been able to discern how these structures are constructed and this has opened the way for an analysis of how the pharyngeal apparatus was assembled and modified during evolution. For many years, the role of the neural crest in organizing pharyngeal development was emphasized and, as this was believed to be a uniquely vertebrate cell type, it was suggested that the development of the pharyngeal apparatus of vertebrates was distinct from that of other chordates."

	* '''hand2 and Dlx genes specify dorsal, intermediate and ventral domains within zebrafish pharyngeal arches.'''{{#pmid:20573696\|PMID20573696}} "The ventrally expressed secreted polypeptide endothelin1 (Edn1) patterns the skeleton derived from the first two pharyngeal arches into dorsal, intermediate and ventral domains. ...Collectively, our work indicates that the expression and function of hand2 and Dlx genes specify major patterning domains along the dorsoventral axis of zebrafish pharyngeal arches."
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Head+Development ''Head Development'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Head+Development ''Head Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pharyngeal+Arch+Development ''Pharyngeal Arch Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Skull+Development ''Skull Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Face+Development ''Face Development''] \|

			\|}
			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! Older papers
			\|-
			\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Developmental and evolutionary origins of the pharyngeal apparatus'''{{#pmid:23020903\|PMID23020903}} "The vertebrate pharyngeal apparatus, serving the dual functions of feeding and respiration, has its embryonic origin in a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches. Developmental studies have been able to discern how these structures are constructed and this has opened the way for an analysis of how the pharyngeal apparatus was assembled and modified during evolution. For many years, the role of the neural crest in organizing pharyngeal development was emphasized and, as this was believed to be a uniquely vertebrate cell type, it was suggested that the development of the pharyngeal apparatus of vertebrates was distinct from that of other chordates."

			* '''hand2 and Dlx genes specify dorsal, intermediate and ventral domains within zebrafish pharyngeal arches.'''{{#pmid:20573696\|PMID20573696}} "The ventrally expressed secreted polypeptide endothelin1 (Edn1) patterns the skeleton derived from the first two pharyngeal arches into dorsal, intermediate and ventral domains. ...Collectively, our work indicates that the expression and function of hand2 and Dlx genes specify major patterning domains along the dorsoventral axis of zebrafish pharyngeal arches."
	\|}		\|}
	== Textbooks ==		== Textbooks ==

Z8600021 at 06:53, 8 Ocak 2019

2019-01-08T06:53:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:53, 8 Ocak 2019
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	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Head+Development ''Head Development'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Head+Development ''Head Development'']

	~~<pubmed limit=5>Head Development</pubmed>~~
	\|}		\|}
	== Textbooks ==		== Textbooks ==

Z8600021 at 11:41, 6 November 2018

2018-11-06T11:41:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:41, 6 November 2018
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	===Neural Crest ===		===Neural Crest ===
	* Mesenchyme invaded by neural crest generating connective tissue components		* Mesenchyme invaded by {{neural crest}} generating connective tissue components
	* cartilage, bone, ligaments		* cartilage, bone, ligaments
	* arises from midbrain and hindbrain region		* arises from midbrain and hindbrain region

Z8600021 at 11:40, 6 November 2018

2018-11-06T11:40:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:40, 6 November 2018
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	:'''Links:''' [[Palate ~~Development]]~~		:'''Links:''' {{Palate}}

	==Ear Auricles==		==Ear Auricles==

Z8600021 at 11:37, 6 November 2018

2018-11-06T11:37:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:37, 6 November 2018
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	\|}		\|}

			{{Congdon1922 collapse table1}}

	==Arch Cartilage==		==Arch Cartilage==

Z8600021 at 03:07, 17 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-17T03:07:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:07, 17 Mayıs 2018
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	==Terms==		==Terms==
	{{Head ~~Terms~~}}		{{Head terms}}
			<br>
	* '''Sinuses''' - a pharyngeal groove abnormality, when a portion of the groove persists and opens to the skin surface, located laterally on the neck.
	* '''Fistula''' - a pharyngeal membrane abnormality, a tract extends from pharynx (tonsillar fossa) beween the carotid arteries (internal and external) to open on side of neck.
	* '''Cysts''' -a cervical sinus abnormality, remants of the cervical sinus remains as a fluid-filled cyst lined by an epithelium.
	* '''Vestiges''' - a cartilaginous or bony developmental remnants that lie under the skin on side of neck.
	* '''Clefting''' - the way in which the upper jaw forms from fusion of the smaller upper prominence of the first pharyngeal arch leads to a common congenital defect in this region called "clefting", which may involve either the upper lip, the palate or both structures.

	{{Palate terms}}		{{Palate terms}}

			{{Glossary}}
	==External Links==		==External Links==
	{{External Links}}		{{External Links}}
	* [http://orthodontics.cwru.edu/facialgrowth/text.htm Essentials of Facial Growth] Enlow and Hans		* [http://orthodontics.cwru.edu/facialgrowth/text.htm Essentials of Facial Growth] Enlow and Hans


	~~----~~
	~~{{Systems}}~~


	~~{{Glossary}}~~


	{{Footer}}		{{Footer}}

	[[Category:System Development]]		[[Category:System Development]]

Z8600021 at 02:33, 8 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-08T02:33:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:33, 8 Mayıs 2018
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	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
			{{#pmid:29652578}}

			{{#pmid:29616744}}

	{{#pmid:26924989}}		{{#pmid:26924989}}

Z8600021 at 01:06, 6 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-06T01:06:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:06, 6 Mayıs 2018
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	Because the head contains many different structures also review notes on: {{skull}}, {{sensory}} ({{placode}}, {{vision}}, {{hearing}}, {{~~mell~~}}, {{taste}}), {{respiratory}} ([[Respiratory_System_-_Upper_Respiratory_Tract\|pharynx]]), {{integumentary}}({{tooth}}, {{hair}}) and {{endocrine}} ({{pituitary}}, {{thyroid}}, {{parathyroid}}, {{thymus}}).		Because the head contains many different structures also review notes on: {{skull}}, {{sensory}} ({{placode}}, {{vision}}, {{hearing}}, {{smell}}, {{taste}}), {{respiratory}} ([[Respiratory_System_-_Upper_Respiratory_Tract\|pharynx]]), {{integumentary}}({{tooth}}, {{hair}}) and {{endocrine}} ({{pituitary}}, {{thyroid}}, {{parathyroid}}, {{thymus}}).