Genital - Female Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 12:38, 28 December 2019

2019-12-28T12:38:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:38, 28 December 2019
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	:'''Links:''' {{atrial septal defects}}		:'''Links:''' {{atrial septal defects}}

			More than 80% of auto{{immune}} disease predominantly affects {{female}}s.{{#pmid:26713507\|PMID26713507}}



			{{USA 1997-2009 Abnormalities Sex Ratio table}}


	== References ==		== References ==

Z8600021 at 03:58, 23 December 2019

2019-12-23T03:58:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:58, 23 December 2019
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	There are also currently separate pages describing {{ovary}} \| {{oocyte}} \| {{uterus}} \| {{vagina}} \| {{menstrual cycle}} \| {{X Inactivation}} \| {{ChrX}} chromosome \| {{Trisomy X}} \| [[:Category:Female\|Category:Female]]		There are also currently separate pages describing {{ovary}} \| {{oocyte}} \| {{uterus}} \| {{vagina}} \| {{menstrual cycle}} \| {{X Inactivation}} \| {{ChrX}} chromosome \| {{Trisomy X}} \| {{mammary gland}} \| [[:Category:Female\|Category:Female]]

	<br>		<br>

Z8600021 at 02:12, 29 July 2019

2019-07-29T02:12:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:12, 29 July 2019
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	* '''Development of the human penis and clitoris'''{{#pmid:30249413\|PMID30249413}} "The human penis and clitoris develop from the ambisexual genital tubercle. To compare and contrast the development of human penis and clitoris, we used macroscopic photography, optical projection tomography, light sheet microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry. The human genital tubercle differentiates into a penis under the influence of androgens forming a tubular urethra that develops by canalization of the urethral plate to form a wide diamond-shaped urethral groove (opening zipper) whose edges (urethral folds) fuse in the midline (closing zipper). In contrast, in females, without the influence of androgens, the vestibular plate (homologue of the urethral plate) undergoes canalization to form a wide vestibular groove whose edges (vestibular folds) remain unfused, ultimately forming the labia minora defining the vaginal vestibule. The neurovascular anatomy is similar in both the developing human penis and clitoris and is the key to successful surgical reconstructions."		* '''Development of the human penis and clitoris'''{{#pmid:30249413\|PMID30249413}} "The human penis and clitoris develop from the ambisexual genital tubercle. To compare and contrast the development of human penis and clitoris, we used macroscopic photography, optical projection tomography, light sheet microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry. The human genital tubercle differentiates into a penis under the influence of androgens forming a tubular urethra that develops by canalization of the urethral plate to form a wide diamond-shaped urethral groove (opening zipper) whose edges (urethral folds) fuse in the midline (closing zipper). In contrast, in females, without the influence of androgens, the vestibular plate (homologue of the urethral plate) undergoes canalization to form a wide vestibular groove whose edges (vestibular folds) remain unfused, ultimately forming the labia minora defining the vaginal vestibule. The neurovascular anatomy is similar in both the developing human penis and clitoris and is the key to successful surgical reconstructions."

	* '''FOXL2 is a female sex-determining gene in the goat'''{{#pmid:24485832\|PMID24485832}} "The origin of sex reversal in XX goats homozygous for the polled intersex syndrome (PIS) mutation was unclear because of the complexity of the mutation that affects the transcription of both FOXL2 and several long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Accumulating evidence suggested that FOXL2 could be the sole gene of the PIS locus responsible for XX sex reversal, the lncRNAs being involved in transcriptional regulation of FOXL2. In this study, using zinc-finger nuclease-directed mutagenesis, we generated several fetuses, of which one XX individual bears biallelic mutations of FOXL2. Our analysis demonstrates that FOXL2 loss of function dissociated from loss of lncRNA expression is sufficient to cause an XX female-to-male sex reversal in the goat model and, as in the mouse model, an agenesis of eyelids. Both developmental defects were reproduced in two newborn animals cloned from the XX FOXL2(-/-) fibroblasts. These results therefore identify FOXL2 as a bona fide female sex-determining gene in the goat. They also highlight a stage-dependent role of FOXL2 in the ovary, different between goats and mice, being important for fetal development in the former but for postnatal maintenance in the latter.
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=female+sex-determining ''female sex-determining'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=female+sex-determining ''female sex-determining''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Müllerian+duct''Müllerian duct'']

	\|}		\|}
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	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''FOXL2 is a female sex-determining gene in the {{goat}}'''{{#pmid:24485832\|PMID24485832}} "The origin of sex reversal in XX goats homozygous for the polled intersex syndrome (PIS) mutation was unclear because of the complexity of the mutation that affects the transcription of both FOXL2 and several long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Accumulating evidence suggested that FOXL2 could be the sole gene of the PIS locus responsible for XX sex reversal, the lncRNAs being involved in transcriptional regulation of FOXL2. In this study, using zinc-finger nuclease-directed mutagenesis, we generated several fetuses, of which one XX individual bears biallelic mutations of FOXL2. Our analysis demonstrates that FOXL2 loss of function dissociated from loss of lncRNA expression is sufficient to cause an XX female-to-male sex reversal in the goat model and, as in the mouse model, an agenesis of eyelids. Both developmental defects were reproduced in two newborn animals cloned from the XX FOXL2(-/-) fibroblasts. These results therefore identify FOXL2 as a bona fide female sex-determining gene in the goat. They also highlight a stage-dependent role of FOXL2 in the ovary, different between goats and mice, being important for fetal development in the former but for postnatal maintenance in the latter.

	* '''Temporal and spatial dissection of Shh signaling in genital tubercle development.'''{{#pmid:19906863\|PMID19906863}} "Genital tubercle (GT) initiation and outgrowth involve coordinated morphogenesis of surface ectoderm, cloacal mesoderm and hindgut endoderm. GT development appears to mirror that of the limb. Although Shh is essential for the development of both appendages, its role in GT development is much less clear than in the limb. Here, by removing Shh at different stages during GT development in mice, we demonstrate a continuous requirement for Shh in GT initiation and subsequent androgen-independent GT growth."		* '''Temporal and spatial dissection of Shh signaling in genital tubercle development.'''{{#pmid:19906863\|PMID19906863}} "Genital tubercle (GT) initiation and outgrowth involve coordinated morphogenesis of surface ectoderm, cloacal mesoderm and hindgut endoderm. GT development appears to mirror that of the limb. Although Shh is essential for the development of both appendages, its role in GT development is much less clear than in the limb. Here, by removing Shh at different stages during GT development in mice, we demonstrate a continuous requirement for Shh in GT initiation and subsequent androgen-independent GT growth."

Z8600021 at 09:06, 23 Haziran 2019

2019-06-23T09:06:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:06, 23 Haziran 2019
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	{{Footer}}		{{Footer}}
	[[Category:~~System Development~~]]		[[Category:Female]]

Z8600021 at 13:38, 3 Haziran 2019

2019-06-03T13:38:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:38, 3 Haziran 2019
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	===Historic Descrition===		===Female Historic Descrition===

	The entire process of development of the external genitalia in the female is accompanied by fewer pronounced morphological changes than occur in the male. It is noteworthy, however, that (in spite of this greater simplicity in structure) completion of development is more protracted, so that the final differentiation of the female genitalia, although brought about by comparatively minor changes, does not synchronize with the more complete transformation of the male (45 mm. CR length), but instead, beginning with a slight change at a length of about 50 mm., extends as a gradual process throughout a considerable period of early fetal life.		{{Ref-Spaulding1921}}

			The entire process of development of the external genitalia in the female is accompanied by fewer pronounced morphological changes than occur in the male. It is noteworthy, however, that (in spite of this greater simplicity in structure) completion of development is more protracted, so that the final differentiation of the female genitalia, although brought about by comparatively minor changes, does not synchronize with the more complete transformation of the male (45 mm CR length), but instead, beginning with a slight change at a length of about 50 mm., extends as a gradual process throughout a considerable period of early fetal life.

	From its beginning until the stage of 21 to 25 mm. the genital tubercle of the female closely resembles that of the male except for the shorter urethral groove. About this period the female shows the beginnings of the caudal decurvation, which is apparently brought about by an excess in the growth of the cavernous over the urethral regions of the phallus. At the same time the urethral folds have become compressed into plate-like caudal projections supporting the slightly overhanging glans, which in this way is more clearly defined than in the male. As has already been pointed out, the coronary sulcus is not formed in either sex until the embryos reach a length of about 45 mm. From 25 mm. to 45 mm. this caudal decurvation becomes a more and more pronounced characteristic of the female phallus, and for this reason is a diagnostic feature of increasing importance as development proceeds.

			From its beginning until the stage of 21 to 25 mm the genital tubercle of the female closely resembles that of the male except for the shorter urethral groove. About this period the female shows the beginnings of the caudal decurvation, which is apparently brought about by an excess in the growth of the cavernous over the urethral regions of the phallus. At the same time the urethral folds have become compressed into plate-like caudal projections supporting the slightly overhanging glans, which in this way is more clearly defined than in the male. As has already been pointed out, the coronary sulcus is not formed in either sex until the embryos reach a length of about 45 mm. From 25 mm. to 45 mm. this caudal decurvation becomes a more and more pronounced characteristic of the female phallus, and for this reason is a diagnostic feature of increasing importance as development proceeds.

	In the female important changes occur at about the stage of 45 to 50 mm. CR length, and these likewise mark the termination of the phallus period. While much less extensive than the correlated changes in the male, they are nevertheless characteristic and indicate the appro.ximate assumption of the final form. The most pronounced modification occurring at this time is that the caudal ends of the labio-scrotal swellings grow towards each other and finally join in the midventral line to form the posterior commissure (50 mm. CR length). In this manner these originally paired swellings are transformed into a cranially open, horseshoe- shaped rim, inclosing the rest of the external genitalia and separating them from the anus.

			In the female important changes occur at about the stage of 45 to 50 mm CR length, and these likewise mark the termination of the phallus period. While much less extensive than the correlated changes in the male, they are nevertheless characteristic and indicate the appro.ximate assumption of the final form. The most pronounced modification occurring at this time is that the caudal ends of the labio-scrotal swellings grow towards each other and finally join in the midventral line to form the posterior commissure (50 mm. CR length). In this manner these originally paired swellings are transformed into a cranially open, horseshoe- shaped rim, inclosing the rest of the external genitalia and separating them from the anus.

	The formation of the posterior commissure in the female thus synchronizes with the formation of the raphe in the male and may be considered as representing the advent of the final differentiation, and from now on we may refer to the genitalia by their adult terms. The labio-scrotal swellings form the labia majora. The glans and cavernous portion of the phallus may be considered as the chtoris, and the urethral folds as the labia minora. The inclosed primary urogenital opening may now be called the urethro-vaginal orifice. It must be pointed out, however, that the apphcation of these terms at this time is an arbitrary one, because the actual separation of the female phallus into these more definitely adult structures does not take place until some time after the close of the period included in the present study (100 mm. CR). Strict accuracy would demand that, until such division had been completed by the formation of the frenula clitoridis, the inclusive term phallus be retained.
			The formation of the posterior commissure in the female thus synchronizes with the formation of the raphe in the male and may be considered as representing the advent of the final differentiation, and from now on we may refer to the genitalia by their adult terms. The labio-scrotal swellings form the labia majora. The glans and cavernous portion of the phallus may be considered as the chtoris, and the urethral folds as the labia minora. The inclosed primary urogenital opening may now be called the urethro-vaginal orifice. It must be pointed out, however, that the apphcation of these terms at this time is an arbitrary one, because the actual separation of the female phallus into these more definitely adult structures does not take place until some time after the close of the period included in the present study (100 mm CR). Strict accuracy would demand that, until such division had been completed by the formation of the frenula clitoridis, the inclusive term phallus be retained.

			Because of the persistence of the urethral folds (labia minora) in the female and their failure to fuse together as they do in the male, the female phallus retains a more conical outline than does the penis of the male.

			In female embryos of 60 to 100 mm CR length there is shown a partial development of the prepuce, although the complicated set of folds involved in its complete formation is not produced at this time and only partial growth of the glandular portion is completed at the close of this period. While the glandular prepuce is apparently formed in much the same way as it is in the male, its growth is markedly slower, and in embryos 100 mm long the glans is not completely surrounded by it.

			In these older embryos (60 to 100 mm CR length) there is also some increase in the height of the labia majora, so that the inclosed portions are somewhat submerged in the rim thus formed, although this submergence is by no means as complete as it becomes in later fetal life. It should also be noted that in fetuses up to 100 mm CR the labia majora are still cranially separated and there is no indication that they play any part in the formation of the mons veneris.

	==Molecular==		==Molecular==

Z8600021 at 13:35, 3 Haziran 2019

2019-06-03T13:35:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:35, 3 Haziran 2019
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	</gallery>		</gallery>


			===Historic Descrition===

			The entire process of development of the external genitalia in the female is accompanied by fewer pronounced morphological changes than occur in the male. It is noteworthy, however, that (in spite of this greater simplicity in structure) completion of development is more protracted, so that the final differentiation of the female genitalia, although brought about by comparatively minor changes, does not synchronize with the more complete transformation of the male (45 mm. CR length), but instead, beginning with a slight change at a length of about 50 mm., extends as a gradual process throughout a considerable period of early fetal life.


			From its beginning until the stage of 21 to 25 mm. the genital tubercle of the female closely resembles that of the male except for the shorter urethral groove. About this period the female shows the beginnings of the caudal decurvation, which is apparently brought about by an excess in the growth of the cavernous over the urethral regions of the phallus. At the same time the urethral folds have become compressed into plate-like caudal projections supporting the slightly overhanging glans, which in this way is more clearly defined than in the male. As has already been pointed out, the coronary sulcus is not formed in either sex until the embryos reach a length of about 45 mm. From 25 mm. to 45 mm. this caudal decurvation becomes a more and more pronounced characteristic of the female phallus, and for this reason is a diagnostic feature of increasing importance as development proceeds.


			In the female important changes occur at about the stage of 45 to 50 mm. CR length, and these likewise mark the termination of the phallus period. While much less extensive than the correlated changes in the male, they are nevertheless characteristic and indicate the appro.ximate assumption of the final form. The most pronounced modification occurring at this time is that the caudal ends of the labio-scrotal swellings grow towards each other and finally join in the midventral line to form the posterior commissure (50 mm. CR length). In this manner these originally paired swellings are transformed into a cranially open, horseshoe- shaped rim, inclosing the rest of the external genitalia and separating them from the anus.


			The formation of the posterior commissure in the female thus synchronizes with the formation of the raphe in the male and may be considered as representing the advent of the final differentiation, and from now on we may refer to the genitalia by their adult terms. The labio-scrotal swellings form the labia majora. The glans and cavernous portion of the phallus may be considered as the chtoris, and the urethral folds as the labia minora. The inclosed primary urogenital opening may now be called the urethro-vaginal orifice. It must be pointed out, however, that the apphcation of these terms at this time is an arbitrary one, because the actual separation of the female phallus into these more definitely adult structures does not take place until some time after the close of the period included in the present study (100 mm. CR). Strict accuracy would demand that, until such division had been completed by the formation of the frenula clitoridis, the inclusive term phallus be retained.

	==Molecular==		==Molecular==

Z8600021 at 03:40, 15 April 2019

2019-04-15T03:40:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:40, 15 April 2019
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	==Abnormalities==		==Abnormalities==

	===Female Prevalence==		===Female Prevalence===

	[[File:Atrial Septal Defect.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|alt=Atrial Septal Defect cartoon\|Atrial Septal Defect]]		[[File:Atrial Septal Defect.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|alt=Atrial Septal Defect cartoon\|Atrial Septal Defect]]

Z8600021 at 03:33, 15 April 2019

2019-04-15T03:33:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:33, 15 April 2019
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			==Abnormalities==

			===Female Prevalence==

			[[File:Atrial Septal Defect.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|alt=Atrial Septal Defect cartoon\|Atrial Septal Defect]]
			{\|
			\|-bgcolor="FEF9E7"
			\| {{ICD-11}} {{ICD11weblink}}1055878726 '''LB20''' Congenital Anomaly of Atrioventricular Valves or Septum]
			:''A congenital cardiovascular malformation in which there is an abnormality of the atrioventricular valve or atrioventricular septum.''
			\|}

			The term {{atrial septal defects}} (ASD) describes a group of common (1% of cardiac) congenital anomolies defects occuring in a number of different forms and more often in {{female}}s. Patients have been reported living to old age with forms of this cardiac abnormality.{{#pmid:30799379\|PMID30799379}}


			:'''Links:''' {{atrial septal defects}}

	== References ==		== References ==

Z8600021 at 01:09, 26 February 2019

2019-02-26T01:09:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:09, 26 February 2019
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	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
			* '''Review - Development of the human female reproductive tract'''{{#pmid:30236463\|PMID30236463}} "Development of the human female reproductive tract is reviewed from the ambisexual stage to advanced development of the uterine tube, uterine corpus, uterine cervix and {{vagina}} at 22 weeks. Historically this topic has been under-represented in the literature, and for the most part is based upon hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. Recent immunohistochemical studies for {{PAX}}2 (reactive with Müllerian epithelium) and FOXA1 (reactive with urogenital sinus epithelium and its known pelvic derivatives) shed light on an age-old debate on the derivation of vaginal epithelium supporting the idea that human vaginal epithelium derives solely from urogenital sinus epithelium. Aside for the vagina, most of the female reproductive tract is derived from the Müllerian ducts, which fuse in the midline to form the uterovaginal canal, the precursor of uterine corpus and uterine cervix an important player in vaginal development as well. Epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation markers are described during human female reproductive tract development (keratins, homeobox proteins ({{HOX}}A11 and ISL1), steroid receptors (estrogen receptor alpha and progesterone receptor), transcription factors and signaling molecules (TP63 and RUNX1), which are expressed in a temporally and spatially dynamic fashion."

	* '''Development of the human penis and clitoris'''{{#pmid:30249413\|PMID30249413}} "The human penis and clitoris develop from the ambisexual genital tubercle. To compare and contrast the development of human penis and clitoris, we used macroscopic photography, optical projection tomography, light sheet microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry. The human genital tubercle differentiates into a penis under the influence of androgens forming a tubular urethra that develops by canalization of the urethral plate to form a wide diamond-shaped urethral groove (opening zipper) whose edges (urethral folds) fuse in the midline (closing zipper). In contrast, in females, without the influence of androgens, the vestibular plate (homologue of the urethral plate) undergoes canalization to form a wide vestibular groove whose edges (vestibular folds) remain unfused, ultimately forming the labia minora defining the vaginal vestibule. The neurovascular anatomy is similar in both the developing human penis and clitoris and is the key to successful surgical reconstructions."		* '''Development of the human penis and clitoris'''{{#pmid:30249413\|PMID30249413}} "The human penis and clitoris develop from the ambisexual genital tubercle. To compare and contrast the development of human penis and clitoris, we used macroscopic photography, optical projection tomography, light sheet microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry. The human genital tubercle differentiates into a penis under the influence of androgens forming a tubular urethra that develops by canalization of the urethral plate to form a wide diamond-shaped urethral groove (opening zipper) whose edges (urethral folds) fuse in the midline (closing zipper). In contrast, in females, without the influence of androgens, the vestibular plate (homologue of the urethral plate) undergoes canalization to form a wide vestibular groove whose edges (vestibular folds) remain unfused, ultimately forming the labia minora defining the vaginal vestibule. The neurovascular anatomy is similar in both the developing human penis and clitoris and is the key to successful surgical reconstructions."

Z8600021 at 03:31, 29 Ocak 2019

2019-01-29T03:31:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:31, 29 Ocak 2019
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	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
			* '''Development of the human penis and clitoris'''{{#pmid:30249413\|PMID30249413}} "The human penis and clitoris develop from the ambisexual genital tubercle. To compare and contrast the development of human penis and clitoris, we used macroscopic photography, optical projection tomography, light sheet microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry. The human genital tubercle differentiates into a penis under the influence of androgens forming a tubular urethra that develops by canalization of the urethral plate to form a wide diamond-shaped urethral groove (opening zipper) whose edges (urethral folds) fuse in the midline (closing zipper). In contrast, in females, without the influence of androgens, the vestibular plate (homologue of the urethral plate) undergoes canalization to form a wide vestibular groove whose edges (vestibular folds) remain unfused, ultimately forming the labia minora defining the vaginal vestibule. The neurovascular anatomy is similar in both the developing human penis and clitoris and is the key to successful surgical reconstructions."

	* '''FOXL2 is a female sex-determining gene in the goat'''{{#pmid:24485832\|PMID24485832}} "The origin of sex reversal in XX goats homozygous for the polled intersex syndrome (PIS) mutation was unclear because of the complexity of the mutation that affects the transcription of both FOXL2 and several long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Accumulating evidence suggested that FOXL2 could be the sole gene of the PIS locus responsible for XX sex reversal, the lncRNAs being involved in transcriptional regulation of FOXL2. In this study, using zinc-finger nuclease-directed mutagenesis, we generated several fetuses, of which one XX individual bears biallelic mutations of FOXL2. Our analysis demonstrates that FOXL2 loss of function dissociated from loss of lncRNA expression is sufficient to cause an XX female-to-male sex reversal in the goat model and, as in the mouse model, an agenesis of eyelids. Both developmental defects were reproduced in two newborn animals cloned from the XX FOXL2(-/-) fibroblasts. These results therefore identify FOXL2 as a bona fide female sex-determining gene in the goat. They also highlight a stage-dependent role of FOXL2 in the ovary, different between goats and mice, being important for fetal development in the former but for postnatal maintenance in the latter.		* '''FOXL2 is a female sex-determining gene in the goat'''{{#pmid:24485832\|PMID24485832}} "The origin of sex reversal in XX goats homozygous for the polled intersex syndrome (PIS) mutation was unclear because of the complexity of the mutation that affects the transcription of both FOXL2 and several long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Accumulating evidence suggested that FOXL2 could be the sole gene of the PIS locus responsible for XX sex reversal, the lncRNAs being involved in transcriptional regulation of FOXL2. In this study, using zinc-finger nuclease-directed mutagenesis, we generated several fetuses, of which one XX individual bears biallelic mutations of FOXL2. Our analysis demonstrates that FOXL2 loss of function dissociated from loss of lncRNA expression is sufficient to cause an XX female-to-male sex reversal in the goat model and, as in the mouse model, an agenesis of eyelids. Both developmental defects were reproduced in two newborn animals cloned from the XX FOXL2(-/-) fibroblasts. These results therefore identify FOXL2 as a bona fide female sex-determining gene in the goat. They also highlight a stage-dependent role of FOXL2 in the ovary, different between goats and mice, being important for fetal development in the former but for postnatal maintenance in the latter.

	* '''Temporal and spatial dissection of Shh signaling in genital tubercle development.'''{{#pmid:19906863\|PMID19906863}} "Genital tubercle (GT) initiation and outgrowth involve coordinated morphogenesis of surface ectoderm, cloacal mesoderm and hindgut endoderm. GT development appears to mirror that of the limb. Although Shh is essential for the development of both appendages, its role in GT development is much less clear than in the limb. Here, by removing Shh at different stages during GT development in mice, we demonstrate a continuous requirement for Shh in GT initiation and subsequent androgen-independent GT growth."

	* '''Bmp7 expression and null phenotype in the urogenital system suggest a role in re-organization of the urethral epithelium.'''{{#pmid:19159697\|PMID19159697}} "Signaling by Bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) has multiple and diverse roles in patterning and morphogenesis of the kidney, eye, limbs and the neural tube. ...Together, our analysis of Bmp7 expression and the null phenotype, indicates that Bmp7 may play an important role in re-organization of the epithelium during cloacal septation and morphogenesis of the genital tubercle."
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=female+sex-determining ''female sex-determining'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=female+sex-determining ''female sex-determining'']

	~~<pubmed limit~~=~~5>female sex~~-~~determining</pubmed>~~		\|}
			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! Older papers
			\|-
			\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Temporal and spatial dissection of Shh signaling in genital tubercle development.'''{{#pmid:19906863\|PMID19906863}} "Genital tubercle (GT) initiation and outgrowth involve coordinated morphogenesis of surface ectoderm, cloacal mesoderm and hindgut endoderm. GT development appears to mirror that of the limb. Although Shh is essential for the development of both appendages, its role in GT development is much less clear than in the limb. Here, by removing Shh at different stages during GT development in mice, we demonstrate a continuous requirement for Shh in GT initiation and subsequent androgen-independent GT growth."

			* '''Bmp7 expression and null phenotype in the urogenital system suggest a role in re-organization of the urethral epithelium.'''{{#pmid:19159697\|PMID19159697}} "Signaling by Bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) has multiple and diverse roles in patterning and morphogenesis of the kidney, eye, limbs and the neural tube. ...Together, our analysis of Bmp7 expression and the null phenotype, indicates that Bmp7 may play an important role in re-organization of the epithelium during cloacal septation and morphogenesis of the genital tubercle."
	\|}		\|}
	== Textbooks ==		== Textbooks ==