Gastrointestinal Tract - Gallbladder Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 03:39, 11 March 2019

2019-03-11T03:39:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:39, 11 March 2019
Line 71:		Line 71:

	==Abnormalities==		==Abnormalities==

			{{ICD11weblink}}1737370752 LB20.1 Structural developmental anomalies of gallbladder]

			===LB20.10 Agenesis, aplasia or hypoplasia of gallbladder===
			{{ICD11weblink}}932947798 LB20.10 Agenesis, aplasia or hypoplasia of gallbladder]

			===Bile Ducts===
			{{ICD11weblink}}252906655 LB20.2 Structural developmental anomalies of bile ducts]

			{{ICD11weblink}}819487805 LB20.20 Choledochal cyst]

			===LB20.21 Biliary atresia===

			{{ICD11weblink}}645741117 LB20.21 Biliary atresia] - ''Biliary atresia is a rare disease characterised by an inflammatory biliary obstruction of unknown origin that presents in the neonatal period. It is the most frequent surgical cause of cholestatic jaundice in this age group. Untreated, this condition leads to cirrhosis and death within the first years of life.''

			{{ICD11weblink}}1127675817 LB20.22 Congenital stenosis or stricture of bile ducts] (Congenital hypoplasia of bile ducts)

			{{ICD11weblink}}14483357 LB20.23 Structural developmental anomalies of cystic duct]

			{{ICD11weblink}}1259579536 LB20.24 Accessory bile duct]


	===Infections===		===Infections===

Z8600021 at 05:57, 4 February 2019

2019-02-04T05:57:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:57, 4 February 2019
Line 2:		Line 2:
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Stage_13_image_077.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Early embryonic gallbladder ([[Carnegie stage 13]], [[Week 4]])]]		[[File:Stage_13_image_077.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Early embryonic gallbladder ([[Carnegie stage 13]], [[Week 4]])]]
	This section of notes gives an overview of {{gallbladder}} (gall bladder, gall-bladder) and billary tree development, histology and abnormalities associated with the biliary system. In the adult, the gallbladder is a site of bile salt storage and concentration, to then be released into the duodenum where they act to solubilize dietary lipids by their detergent effect. Bile salts are a cholesterol derivative (breakdown product).		This section of notes gives an overview of {{gallbladder}} ({{gall bladder}}, {{gall-bladder}}) and billary tree development, histology and abnormalities associated with the biliary system. In the adult, the gallbladder is a site of bile salt storage and concentration, to then be released into the duodenum where they act to solubilize dietary lipids by their detergent effect. Bile salts are a cholesterol derivative (breakdown product).

	The transverse septum differentiates to form the hepatic diverticulum and the hepatic primordium, these two structures together will go on to form different components of the mature {{liver}} and {{gallbladder}}.		The transverse septum differentiates to form the hepatic diverticulum and the hepatic primordium, these two structures together will go on to form different components of the mature {{liver}} and {{gallbladder}}.

Z8600021 at 04:18, 23 Ocak 2019

2019-01-23T04:18:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:18, 23 Ocak 2019
Line 2:		Line 2:
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Stage_13_image_077.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Early embryonic gallbladder ([[Carnegie stage 13]], [[Week 4]])]]		[[File:Stage_13_image_077.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Early embryonic gallbladder ([[Carnegie stage 13]], [[Week 4]])]]
	This section of notes gives an overview of {{gallbladder}} (gall bladder, gall-bladder) and ~~hillary~~ tree development, histology and abnormalities associated with the biliary system. In the adult, the gallbladder is a site of bile salt storage and concentration, to then be released into the duodenum where they act to solubilize dietary lipids by their detergent effect. Bile salts are a cholesterol derivative (breakdown product).		This section of notes gives an overview of {{gallbladder}} (gall bladder, gall-bladder) and billary tree development, histology and abnormalities associated with the biliary system. In the adult, the gallbladder is a site of bile salt storage and concentration, to then be released into the duodenum where they act to solubilize dietary lipids by their detergent effect. Bile salts are a cholesterol derivative (breakdown product).

	The transverse septum differentiates to form the hepatic diverticulum and the hepatic primordium, these two structures together will go on to form different components of the mature {{liver}} and {{gallbladder}}.		The transverse septum differentiates to form the hepatic diverticulum and the hepatic primordium, these two structures together will go on to form different components of the mature {{liver}} and {{gallbladder}}.

Z8600021 at 04:18, 23 Ocak 2019

2019-01-23T04:18:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:18, 23 Ocak 2019
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Header}}		{{Header}}
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Stage_13_image_077.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Early embryonic ~~gall bladder~~ ([[Carnegie stage 13]], [[Week 4]])]]		[[File:Stage_13_image_077.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Early embryonic gallbladder ([[Carnegie stage 13]], [[Week 4]])]]
	This section of notes gives an overview of {{gallbladder}} (gall bladder, gall-bladder) and hillary tree development, histology and abnormalities associated with the biliary system. In the adult, the ~~gall bladder~~ is a site of bile salt storage and concentration, to then be released into the duodenum where they act to solubilize dietary lipids by their detergent effect. Bile salts are a cholesterol derivative (breakdown product).		This section of notes gives an overview of {{gallbladder}} (gall bladder, gall-bladder) and hillary tree development, histology and abnormalities associated with the biliary system. In the adult, the gallbladder is a site of bile salt storage and concentration, to then be released into the duodenum where they act to solubilize dietary lipids by their detergent effect. Bile salts are a cholesterol derivative (breakdown product).

	The transverse septum differentiates to form the hepatic diverticulum and the hepatic primordium, these two structures together will go on to form different components of the mature {{liver}} and {{gallbladder}}.		The transverse septum differentiates to form the hepatic diverticulum and the hepatic primordium, these two structures together will go on to form different components of the mature {{liver}} and {{gallbladder}}.
Line 14:		Line 14:


	See also: [[Gastrointestinal Tract - ~~Gall Bladder~~ Histology\|~~Gall Bladder~~ Histology]].		See also: [[Gastrointestinal Tract - Gallbladder Histology\|Gallbladder Histology]].

	<br>		<br>
Line 54:		Line 54:
	[[File:Stage_13_image_077.jpg\|600px]]		[[File:Stage_13_image_077.jpg\|600px]]

	Early embryonic ~~gall bladder~~ ([[Carnegie stage 13]], [[Week 4]])		Early embryonic gallbladder ([[Carnegie stage 13]], [[Week 4]])

	===Stage 22===		===Stage 22===
	[[File:Stage_22_image_084.jpg\|600px]]		[[File:Stage_22_image_084.jpg\|600px]]

	Late embryonic ~~gall bladder~~ ([[Carnegie stage 22]], [[Week 8]])		Late embryonic gallbladder ([[Carnegie stage 22]], [[Week 8]])

	==Historic==		==Historic==
Line 73:		Line 73:

	===Infections===		===Infections===
	These mainly relate to postnatal infections. Recent studies in the mouse have identified that gastrointestinal tract listeria infections can relocate to the ~~gall bladder~~ and reside there, leading to later reinfection of the gastrointestinal tract.		These mainly relate to postnatal infections. Recent studies in the {{mouse}} have identified that gastrointestinal tract listeria infections can relocate to the gallbladder and reside there, leading to later reinfection of the gastrointestinal tract.


Line 145:		Line 145:
	{{Footer}}		{{Footer}}

	[[Category:~~Gall Bladder~~]][[Category:Liver]]		[[Category:Gallbladder]][[Category:Liver]]

Z8600021 at 04:16, 23 Ocak 2019

2019-01-23T04:16:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:16, 23 Ocak 2019
Line 2:		Line 2:
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Stage_13_image_077.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Early embryonic gall bladder ([[Carnegie stage 13]], [[Week 4]])]]		[[File:Stage_13_image_077.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Early embryonic gall bladder ([[Carnegie stage 13]], [[Week 4]])]]
	This section of notes gives an overview of {{gallbladder}} and hillary tree development, histology and abnormalities associated with the biliary system. In the adult, the gall bladder is a site of bile salt storage and concentration, to then be released into the duodenum where they act to solubilize dietary lipids by their detergent effect. Bile salts are a cholesterol derivative (breakdown product).		This section of notes gives an overview of {{gallbladder}} (gall bladder, gall-bladder) and hillary tree development, histology and abnormalities associated with the biliary system. In the adult, the gall bladder is a site of bile salt storage and concentration, to then be released into the duodenum where they act to solubilize dietary lipids by their detergent effect. Bile salts are a cholesterol derivative (breakdown product).

	The transverse septum differentiates to form the hepatic diverticulum and the hepatic primordium, these two structures together will go on to form different components of the mature {{liver}} and {{gallbladder}}.		The transverse septum differentiates to form the hepatic diverticulum and the hepatic primordium, these two structures together will go on to form different components of the mature {{liver}} and {{gallbladder}}.

Z8600021 at 03:58, 23 Ocak 2019

2019-01-23T03:58:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:58, 23 Ocak 2019
Line 24:		Line 24:
	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
			* '''Anatomy of rodent and human livers: What are the differences?'''{{#pmid:29842921\|PMID29842921}} "The size of the liver of terrestrial mammals obeys the allometric scaling law over a weight range of >3 ∗ 106. Since scaling reflects adaptive changes in size or scale among otherwise similar animals, we can expect to observe more similarities than differences between rodent and human livers. Obvious differences, such as the presence (rodents) or absence (humans) of lobation and the presence (mice, humans) or absence (rats) of a gallbladder, suggest qualitative differences between the livers of these species. After review, however, we conclude that these dissimilarities represent relatively small quantitative differences. The microarchitecture of the liver is very similar among mammalian species and best represented by the lobular concept, with the biggest difference present in the degree of connective tissue development in the portal tracts. Although larger mammals have larger lobules, increasing size of the liver is mainly accomplished by increasing the number of lobules. The increasing role of the hepatic artery in lobular perfusion of larger species is, perhaps, the most important and least known difference between small and large livers, because it profoundly affects not only interventions like liver transplantations, but also calculations of liver function."

			* '''The fate of the vitelline and umbilical veins during the development of the human liver'''{{#pmid:28786203\|PMID28786203}} "Differentiation of endodermal cells into hepatoblasts is well studied, but the remodeling of the vitelline and umbilical veins during liver development is less well understood. We compared human embryos between 3 and 10 weeks of development with pig and mouse embryos at comparable stages, and used Amira 3D reconstruction and Cinema 4D remodeling software for visualization. The vitelline and umbilical veins enter the systemic venous sinus on each side via a common entrance, the hepatocardiac channel. During expansion into the transverse septum at Carnegie Stage (CS)12 the liver bud develops as two dorsolateral lobes or 'wings' and a single ventromedial lobe, with the liver hilum at the intersection of these lobes. The dorsolateral lobes each engulf a vitelline vein during CS13 and the ventromedial lobe both umbilical veins during CS14, but both venous systems remain temporarily identifiable inside the liver. The dominance of the left-sided umbilical vein and the rightward repositioning of the sinuatrial junction cause de novo development of left-to-right shunts between the left umbilical vein in the liver hilum and the right hepatocardiac channel (venous duct) and the right vitelline vein (portal sinus), respectively. Once these shunts have formed, portal branches develop from the intrahepatic portions of the portal vein on the right side and the umbilical vein on the left side. The gall bladder is a reliable marker for this hepatic vascular midline. We found no evidence for large-scale fragmentation of embryonic veins as claimed by the 'vestigial' theory. Instead and in agreement with the 'lineage' theory, the vitelline and umbilical veins remained temporally identifiable inside the liver after being engulfed by hepatoblasts. In agreement with the 'hemodynamic' theory, the left-right shunts develop de novo.

	* '''Fate mapping of gallbladder progenitors in posteroventral foregut endoderm of mouse early somite stage embryos'''{{#pmid:25648459\|PMID25648459}} "In early embryogenesis, the posteroventral foregut endoderm gives rise to the budding endodermal organs including the liver, ventral pancreas and gallbladder during early somitogenesis. Despite the detailed fate maps of the liver and pancreatic progenitors in the mouse foregut endoderm, the exact location of the gallbladder progenitors remains unclear. In this study, we performed a DiI fate-mapping analysis using whole-embryo cultures of mouse early somite-stage embryos. Here, we show that the majority of gallbladder progenitors in 9-11-somite-stage embryos are located in the lateral-most domain of the foregut endoderm at the first intersomite junction level along the anteroposterior axis. This definition of their location highlights a novel entry point to understanding of the molecular mechanisms of initial specification of the gallbladder."		* '''Fate mapping of gallbladder progenitors in posteroventral foregut endoderm of mouse early somite stage embryos'''{{#pmid:25648459\|PMID25648459}} "In early embryogenesis, the posteroventral foregut endoderm gives rise to the budding endodermal organs including the liver, ventral pancreas and gallbladder during early somitogenesis. Despite the detailed fate maps of the liver and pancreatic progenitors in the mouse foregut endoderm, the exact location of the gallbladder progenitors remains unclear. In this study, we performed a DiI fate-mapping analysis using whole-embryo cultures of mouse early somite-stage embryos. Here, we show that the majority of gallbladder progenitors in 9-11-somite-stage embryos are located in the lateral-most domain of the foregut endoderm at the first intersomite junction level along the anteroposterior axis. This definition of their location highlights a novel entry point to understanding of the molecular mechanisms of initial specification of the gallbladder."

Z8600021 at 03:55, 23 Ocak 2019

2019-01-23T03:55:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:55, 23 Ocak 2019
Line 80:		Line 80:

	===Reviews===		===Reviews===

			{{#pmid:29842921}}

	{{#pmid:21074731}}		{{#pmid:21074731}}

Line 91:		Line 94:

	===Articles===		===Articles===
			{{#pmid:30258310}}

			{{#pmid:25757833}}
	{{#pmid:21078254}}		{{#pmid:21078254}}

Z8600021 at 03:51, 23 Ocak 2019

2019-01-23T03:51:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:51, 23 Ocak 2019
Line 25:		Line 25:
	\|		\|
	* '''Fate mapping of gallbladder progenitors in posteroventral foregut endoderm of mouse early somite stage embryos'''{{#pmid:25648459\|PMID25648459}} "In early embryogenesis, the posteroventral foregut endoderm gives rise to the budding endodermal organs including the liver, ventral pancreas and gallbladder during early somitogenesis. Despite the detailed fate maps of the liver and pancreatic progenitors in the mouse foregut endoderm, the exact location of the gallbladder progenitors remains unclear. In this study, we performed a DiI fate-mapping analysis using whole-embryo cultures of mouse early somite-stage embryos. Here, we show that the majority of gallbladder progenitors in 9-11-somite-stage embryos are located in the lateral-most domain of the foregut endoderm at the first intersomite junction level along the anteroposterior axis. This definition of their location highlights a novel entry point to understanding of the molecular mechanisms of initial specification of the gallbladder."		* '''Fate mapping of gallbladder progenitors in posteroventral foregut endoderm of mouse early somite stage embryos'''{{#pmid:25648459\|PMID25648459}} "In early embryogenesis, the posteroventral foregut endoderm gives rise to the budding endodermal organs including the liver, ventral pancreas and gallbladder during early somitogenesis. Despite the detailed fate maps of the liver and pancreatic progenitors in the mouse foregut endoderm, the exact location of the gallbladder progenitors remains unclear. In this study, we performed a DiI fate-mapping analysis using whole-embryo cultures of mouse early somite-stage embryos. Here, we show that the majority of gallbladder progenitors in 9-11-somite-stage embryos are located in the lateral-most domain of the foregut endoderm at the first intersomite junction level along the anteroposterior axis. This definition of their location highlights a novel entry point to understanding of the molecular mechanisms of initial specification of the gallbladder."

	* '''Embryology of the biliary tract'''{{#pmid:20551648\|PMID20551648}} "A hepatic diverticulum appears in the ventral wall of the primitive midgut early in the 4th week of intrauterine life in the development of the human embryo. This small diverticulum is the anlage for the development of the liver, extrahepatic biliary ducts, gallbladder, and ventral pancreas. By the 5th week, all elements of the biliary tree are recognizable. Marked elongation of the common duct occurs with plugging of the lumen by epithelial cells. Recanalization of the lumen of the common duct starts at the end of the 5th week and moves slowly distally. By the 6th week, the common duct and ventral pancreatic bud rotate 180 degrees clockwise around the duodenum. Early in the 7th week, the bile and pancreatic ducts end in closed cavities of the duodenum. Between the early 8th and 12th week, hepatopancreatic ducts have both superior and inferior orifices."

	\|}		\|}
Line 34:		Line 32:
	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: ''~~Gall Bladder~~ Embryology''		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Gallbladder+Embryology ''Gallbladder Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Gallbladder+Development ''Gallbladder Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Bile+Embryology ''Bile Embryology'']

	<pubmed ~~limit~~=~~5>Gall Bladder Embryology<~~/pubmed>
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
Line 42:		Line 38:
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Fate mapping of gallbladder progenitors in posteroventral foregut endoderm of mouse early somite stage embryos'''{{#pmid:25648459\|PMID25648459}} "In early embryogenesis, the posteroventral foregut endoderm gives rise to the budding endodermal organs including the liver, ventral pancreas and gallbladder during early somitogenesis. Despite the detailed fate maps of the liver and pancreatic progenitors in the mouse foregut endoderm, the exact location of the gallbladder progenitors remains unclear. In this study, we performed a DiI fate-mapping analysis using whole-embryo cultures of mouse early somite-stage embryos. Here, we show that the majority of gallbladder progenitors in 9-11-somite-stage embryos are located in the lateral-most domain of the foregut endoderm at the first intersomite junction level along the anteroposterior axis. This definition of their location highlights a novel entry point to understanding of the molecular mechanisms of initial specification of the gallbladder."

			* '''Embryology of the biliary tract'''{{#pmid:20551648\|PMID20551648}} "A hepatic diverticulum appears in the ventral wall of the primitive midgut early in the 4th week of intrauterine life in the development of the human embryo. This small diverticulum is the anlage for the development of the liver, extrahepatic biliary ducts, gallbladder, and ventral pancreas. By the 5th week, all elements of the biliary tree are recognizable. Marked elongation of the common duct occurs with plugging of the lumen by epithelial cells. Recanalization of the lumen of the common duct starts at the end of the 5th week and moves slowly distally. By the 6th week, the common duct and ventral pancreatic bud rotate 180 degrees clockwise around the duodenum. Early in the 7th week, the bile and pancreatic ducts end in closed cavities of the duodenum. Between the early 8th and 12th week, hepatopancreatic ducts have both superior and inferior orifices."

	* '''Muscularis mucosae versus muscularis propria in gallbladder, cystic duct, and common bile duct: smoothelin and desmin immunohistochemical study'''{{#pmid:21074688\|PMID21074688}} "The muscle layer in the cystic duct and common bile duct is not well defined, and it is unresolved whether it represents muscularis mucosae or muscularis propria. ... Based on our findings, we conclude that, in the gallbladder wall, the muscle layer is muscularis propria and there is no muscularis mucosae present. In the cystic duct and common bile duct, only an attenuated and incomplete muscle layer of muscularis mucosae is present; because there is no muscularis propria, there probably is limited contractile function."		* '''Muscularis mucosae versus muscularis propria in gallbladder, cystic duct, and common bile duct: smoothelin and desmin immunohistochemical study'''{{#pmid:21074688\|PMID21074688}} "The muscle layer in the cystic duct and common bile duct is not well defined, and it is unresolved whether it represents muscularis mucosae or muscularis propria. ... Based on our findings, we conclude that, in the gallbladder wall, the muscle layer is muscularis propria and there is no muscularis mucosae present. In the cystic duct and common bile duct, only an attenuated and incomplete muscle layer of muscularis mucosae is present; because there is no muscularis propria, there probably is limited contractile function."
	\|}		\|}

Z8600021 at 03:36, 23 Ocak 2019

2019-01-23T03:36:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:36, 23 Ocak 2019
Line 2:		Line 2:
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Stage_13_image_077.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Early embryonic gall bladder ([[Carnegie stage 13]], [[Week 4]])]]		[[File:Stage_13_image_077.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Early embryonic gall bladder ([[Carnegie stage 13]], [[Week 4]])]]
	This section of notes gives an overview of {{~~gall bladder~~}} and hillary tree development, histology and abnormalities associated with the biliary system. In the adult, the gall bladder is a site of bile salt storage and concentration, to then be released into the duodenum where they act to solubilize dietary lipids by their detergent effect. Bile salts are a cholesterol derivative (breakdown product).		This section of notes gives an overview of {{gallbladder}} and hillary tree development, histology and abnormalities associated with the biliary system. In the adult, the gall bladder is a site of bile salt storage and concentration, to then be released into the duodenum where they act to solubilize dietary lipids by their detergent effect. Bile salts are a cholesterol derivative (breakdown product).

	The transverse septum differentiates to form the hepatic diverticulum and the hepatic primordium, these two structures together will go on to form different components of the mature {{liver}} and {{~~gall bladder~~}}.		The transverse septum differentiates to form the hepatic diverticulum and the hepatic primordium, these two structures together will go on to form different components of the mature {{liver}} and {{gallbladder}}.

	The hepatic diverticulum divides into two parts: pars hepatica (larger cranial part, primordium of the liver) and pars cystica (smaller ventral invagination, primordium of {{~~gall bladder~~}}).		The hepatic diverticulum divides into two parts: pars hepatica (larger cranial part, primordium of the liver) and pars cystica (smaller ventral invagination, primordium of {{gallbladder}}).

Z8600021: Created page with "{{Header}} ==Introduction== Early embryonic gall bladder ([[Carnegie stage 13, Week 4)]] This section of notes gives an overvie..."

2019-01-23T03:28:13Z

Created page with "{{Header}} ==Introduction== thumb|300px|Early embryonic gall bladder ([[Carnegie stage 13, Week 4)]] This section of notes gives an overvie..."

New page

{{Header}}
==Introduction==
[[File:Stage_13_image_077.jpg|thumb|300px|Early embryonic gall bladder ([[Carnegie stage 13]], [[Week 4]])]]
This section of notes gives an overview of {{gall bladder}} and hillary tree development, histology and abnormalities associated with the biliary system. In the adult, the gall bladder is a site of bile salt storage and concentration, to then be released into the duodenum where they act to solubilize dietary lipids by their detergent effect. Bile salts are a cholesterol derivative (breakdown product).

The transverse septum differentiates to form the hepatic diverticulum and the hepatic primordium, these two structures together will go on to form different components of the mature {{liver}} and {{gall bladder}}.

The hepatic diverticulum divides into two parts: pars hepatica (larger cranial part, primordium of the liver) and pars cystica (smaller ventral invagination, primordium of {{gall bladder}}).

The pars cystica vacuolates and expands, the stalk becoming the cystic duct. This structure is initially hollow, then solid (by proliferation of epithelial lining), and then recanalized occurs by vacuolation of this expanded epithelium. There are several opinions as to whether the duct has a solid phase or remains patent throughout development.{{#pmid:12360416|PMID12360416}}{{#pmid:20551648|PMID20551648}}

Note that in some animals, for example {{horse}} and elephant, the gall bladder is normally absent.

See also: [[Gastrointestinal Tract - Gall Bladder Histology|Gall Bladder Histology]].

<br>
{{Gastrointestinal Tract Links}}

Historic: {{Ref-LeeHalpert1932}}
== Some Recent Findings ==
{|
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
|
* '''Fate mapping of gallbladder progenitors in posteroventral foregut endoderm of mouse early somite stage embryos'''{{#pmid:25648459|PMID25648459}} "In early embryogenesis, the posteroventral foregut endoderm gives rise to the budding endodermal organs including the liver, ventral pancreas and gallbladder during early somitogenesis. Despite the detailed fate maps of the liver and pancreatic progenitors in the mouse foregut endoderm, the exact location of the gallbladder progenitors remains unclear. In this study, we performed a DiI fate-mapping analysis using whole-embryo cultures of mouse early somite-stage embryos. Here, we show that the majority of gallbladder progenitors in 9-11-somite-stage embryos are located in the lateral-most domain of the foregut endoderm at the first intersomite junction level along the anteroposterior axis. This definition of their location highlights a novel entry point to understanding of the molecular mechanisms of initial specification of the gallbladder."

* '''Embryology of the biliary tract'''{{#pmid:20551648|PMID20551648}} "A hepatic diverticulum appears in the ventral wall of the primitive midgut early in the 4th week of intrauterine life in the development of the human embryo. This small diverticulum is the anlage for the development of the liver, extrahepatic biliary ducts, gallbladder, and ventral pancreas. By the 5th week, all elements of the biliary tree are recognizable. Marked elongation of the common duct occurs with plugging of the lumen by epithelial cells. Recanalization of the lumen of the common duct starts at the end of the 5th week and moves slowly distally. By the 6th week, the common duct and ventral pancreatic bud rotate 180 degrees clockwise around the duodenum. Early in the 7th week, the bile and pancreatic ducts end in closed cavities of the duodenum. Between the early 8th and 12th week, hepatopancreatic ducts have both superior and inferior orifices."

|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! More recent papers  
|-
| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

Search term: ''Gall Bladder Embryology''

<pubmed limit=5>Gall Bladder Embryology</pubmed>
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Older papers  
|-
| {{Older papers}}
* '''Muscularis mucosae versus muscularis propria in gallbladder, cystic duct, and common bile duct: smoothelin and desmin immunohistochemical study'''{{#pmid:21074688|PMID21074688}} "The muscle layer in the cystic duct and common bile duct is not well defined, and it is unresolved whether it represents muscularis mucosae or muscularis propria. ... Based on our findings, we conclude that, in the gallbladder wall, the muscle layer is muscularis propria and there is no muscularis mucosae present. In the cystic duct and common bile duct, only an attenuated and incomplete muscle layer of muscularis mucosae is present; because there is no muscularis propria, there probably is limited contractile function."
|}
==Embryonic Development==
===Stage 13===
[[File:Stage_13_image_076.jpg|600px]]

[[File:Stage_13_image_077.jpg|600px]]

Early embryonic gall bladder ([[Carnegie stage 13]], [[Week 4]])

===Stage 22===
[[File:Stage_22_image_084.jpg|600px]]

Late embryonic gall bladder ([[Carnegie stage 22]], [[Week 8]])

==Historic==
{{Ref-GrosserLewisMcMurrich1912}}

[[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_17-7#The_Gall-bladder.2C_Ductus_Cysticus_and_Ductus_Choledochus|Gall-bladder]] Human Embryo (CRL)
* '''7.5 mm''' - epithelium is surrounded by a layer of mesenchyma, and the entire structure is so imbedded in the under surface of the liver that it causes only a slight swelling of the peritoneal surface. Above and on the sides the mesenchyma is in direct relation with the hepatic trabecular, and it receives a few prolongations of the venous capillaries. Below it is covered by the peritoneal epithelium except on the left, where that layer is reflected to the abdominal walls in connection with the falciform ligament. In later stages the gall-bladder is separated from the hepatic trabecular on either side, and is attached to the liver only along its upper surface.
* '''16 mm''' mesenchyma surrounding the gall-bladder is still undifferentiated.
* '''22.8 mm''' forms two broad concentric zones, of which the inner is darker and more compact than the outer.
* '''29 mm''' certain cells in the peripheral part of the dark zone form a third layer, which is thin and somewhat interrupted. As seen in later stages these cells are myoblasts, so that at 29 mm all three layers of the adult gall-bladder are indicated. These are the mucosa, muscularis, and serosa. The layers become gradually less distinct toward the hepatic duct.

==Abnormalities==

===Infections===
These mainly relate to postnatal infections. Recent studies in the mouse have identified that gastrointestinal tract listeria infections can relocate to the gall bladder and reside there, leading to later reinfection of the gastrointestinal tract.

:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal Development - Bacterial Infection|Bacterial Infection]]

==References==
<references/>

===Reviews===
{{#pmid:21074731}}

{{#pmid:20152372}}

{{#pmid:18484608}}

{{#pmid:15853977}}

{{#pmid:15382016}}

===Articles===
{{#pmid:21078254}}

{{#pmid:20191134}}

{{#pmid:16273658}}

===Search Pubmed===
July 2010

'''Search Bookshelf''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=Gall%20Bladder%20Development Gall Bladder Development]

'''Search Pubmed Now:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Gall%20Bladder%20Development Gall Bladder Development] |
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Cholangiocyte%20Development Cholangiocyte Development] |

[[Talk:Gastrointestinal_Tract_-_Gall_Bladder_Development|More Reviews and Articles]]

==Additional Images==

See also [[Gastrointestinal Tract - Gall Bladder Histology|Gall Bladder Histology]]

<gallery>
File:Gray1095.jpg|Historic drawing gall bladder anatomy
File:Gray1096.jpg|Historic drawing gall bladder transverse section
File:Common bile duct in duodenal bulb.jpg|Abnormality - ectopic opening of the common bile duct (CBD) into the duodenal bulb.
</gallery>

[[Book_-_Human_Embryology_and_Morphology_18|Chapter XVIII. The Organs of Digestion]] Keith, A. (1902) [[Book - Human Embryology and Morphology|Human Embryology and Morphology]]. London: Edward Arnold.
<gallery>
Keith1902 fig212.jpg|Fig. 212. The Mesentery of the Fore-gut and its Contents, -viewed from the left side (schematic).
Keith1902 fig213a.jpg|Fig. 213 A. The origin of the Peritoneal Ligaments connected with the Liver.
Keith1902 fig213b.jpg|Fig. 213 B. The origin of the Peritoneal Ligaments connected with the Liver.
Keith1902 fig214.jpg|Fig. 214. Diagram of a mammalian Liver viewed from behind and below.
Keith1902 fig215.jpg|Fig. 215. The lower surface of the Liver of a human foetus during the 3rd month, showing Vestiges of Fissures and Lobes of the typical mammalian Liver.
Keith1902 fig216.jpg|Fig. 216. The Relationship of the Spleen, Pancreas, and Liver to the Mesogastrium in the Embryo.
Keith1902 fig217.jpg|Fig. 217. A diagrammatic transverse Section of the Mesogastrium viewed from behind.
Keith1902 fig218.jpg|Fig. 218. The Pancreatic and Hepatic Processes of a 4th week human embryo. (After Kollmann.)
</gallery>

{{Glossary}}

{{Footer}}

[[Category:Gall Bladder]][[Category:Liver]]