File:Marcello Malpighi.jpg - Revision history

Z8600021 at 03:49, 20 February 2020

2020-02-20T03:49:34Z

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	It must have been during this time, although it is difficult to gather it from his autobiography, that Malpiglii collected together his notes or made the new studies upon the viscera and their minute structure which forms the material for his book " De Viscervm Structvra Exercitatio Anatomica," which was printed in 1666 in Bologna. He writes: "The fourth year of my stay slipping by and the curriculum of lectures being completed I meditated a return to my own country. But it pleased the illustrious senate of Messina to request, on April, 1666, that I should continue yet another four j-ears and with this in view I started to Bologna in the beginning of May with the plan, health, and my domestic affairs permitting, of returning in the autumn. In Naples I met the learned Cornelius and Leonardus and others of that school and talked and consulted with them as long as I was able, to the great recreation of my mind. In Kome it was my fortune to meet for the first time the famous Nicolao Stenone, who was very suave and friendly . . . and many others and at length reached Bologna safely. After a short bodily rest I had printed the material which I had arranged concerning the structure of the viscera."		It must have been during this time, although it is difficult to gather it from his autobiography, that Malpiglii collected together his notes or made the new studies upon the viscera and their minute structure which forms the material for his book " De Viscervm Structvra Exercitatio Anatomica," which was printed in 1666 in Bologna. He writes: "The fourth year of my stay slipping by and the curriculum of lectures being completed I meditated a return to my own country. But it pleased the illustrious senate of Messina to request, on April, 1666, that I should continue yet another four j-ears and with this in view I started to Bologna in the beginning of May with the plan, health, and my domestic affairs permitting, of returning in the autumn. In Naples I met the learned Cornelius and Leonardus and others of that school and talked and consulted with them as long as I was able, to the great recreation of my mind. In Kome it was my fortune to meet for the first time the famous Nicolao Stenone, who was very suave and friendly . . . and many others and at length reached Bologna safely. After a short bodily rest I had printed the material which I had arranged concerning the structure of the viscera."

	This tract,, printed separately at least once again by Petrum le Grand in Amsterdam in 1669 and finally in the various editions of his complete works, is one of great interest. It contains essays on the liver, the cerebral cortex, the ~~kidneys~~, and the spleen, and each of these essays added much to what was known of the anatomy of these organs — indeed they shed the first clear light upon them. Malpighi apologized for writing of the liver after Glisson had written so well, but his contribution, notwithstanding that Glisson had written, is of great importance. He recognized the structure of the liver as that of a conglomerate gland, composed of hexagonal lobules, the number and structure of which he left to others to discern. He decided, too, that the bile-duct is the ordinary secretory outlet of the liver as in other glands their ducts, and that the bile is actually secreted by the liver and not by the gall-bladder. All these were important advances on the ideas that referred to the liver, chiefiy the function of blood formation.		This tract,, printed separately at least once again by Petrum le Grand in Amsterdam in 1669 and finally in the various editions of his complete works, is one of great interest. It contains essays on the {{liver}}, the cerebral {{cortex}}, the {{kidney}}s, and the {{spleen}}, and each of these essays added much to what was known of the anatomy of these organs — indeed they shed the first clear light upon them. Malpighi apologized for writing of the liver after Glisson had written so well, but his contribution, notwithstanding that Glisson had written, is of great importance. He recognized the structure of the liver as that of a conglomerate gland, composed of hexagonal lobules, the number and structure of which he left to others to discern. He decided, too, that the bile-duct is the ordinary secretory outlet of the liver as in other glands their ducts, and that the bile is actually secreted by the liver and not by the gall-bladder. All these were important advances on the ideas that referred to the liver, chiefiy the function of blood formation.

	The essay on the kidneys is a masterpiece. Naturally he knew well the work of Lorenzo Bellini, who, in 1662, described the masses of tubules which make up the cortex, and began with this idea, soon discovering that the tubules are not straight but greatly twisted. He studied the form and general arrangement of the various tissues in the kidneys and we still hear his name in connection with the pyramids, although others must have known them before. He was the first to see the glomeruli, which also bear his name and which he correctly interprets as small tufts of vessels, for he could inject them either from the artery or from the vein. He describes them as hanging from the vessels like apples on a tree. The nature of their connection with the tubules was only explained clearly by Bowman much later, but Malpighi knew that they were connected and attempted to force colored fluids through them into the tubules but with no success. He also injected colored fluids into the ureter and in the living animal tied simultaneously the ureter and veins but without results of which he could be quite sure.		The essay on the kidneys is a masterpiece. Naturally he knew well the work of Lorenzo Bellini, who, in 1662, described the masses of tubules which make up the cortex, and began with this idea, soon discovering that the tubules are not straight but greatly twisted. He studied the form and general arrangement of the various tissues in the kidneys and we still hear his name in connection with the pyramids, although others must have known them before. He was the first to see the glomeruli, which also bear his name and which he correctly interprets as small tufts of vessels, for he could inject them either from the artery or from the vein. He describes them as hanging from the vessels like apples on a tree. The nature of their connection with the tubules was only explained clearly by Bowman much later, but Malpighi knew that they were connected and attempted to force colored fluids through them into the tubules but with no success. He also injected colored fluids into the ureter and in the living animal tied simultaneously the ureter and veins but without results of which he could be quite sure.

Z8600021: /* Marcello Malpighi 1628-1694 */

2020-02-20T03:47:50Z

Marcello Malpighi 1628-1694

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	* Read at the meeting of the Johns Hopkins Hospital Historical Club, January 16, 1905.		* Read at the meeting of the Johns Hopkins Hospital Historical Club, January 16, 1905.

	There is in the history of medicine a remarkable contrast between two ~~tj'pes~~ of mind, both of which are represented by great and familiar names. Of these extremes, each of which has nearly always some of the characters of the other, one is made up of those men who, with great personal influence over their fellow-men, use what facts they have at their disposal, or more frequently what convictions are grafted in their minds to construct a theory and from the theory a system of knowledge with an explanation for all difficulties, and a niche even for such as are not yet thought of. Such men were Galen, Paracelsus, Hoffmann, John Brown, Broussais, and many more — men not always without wide knowledge, but who employ rather the deductive method than the inductive. At the other extreme were such as Hippocrates, Vesalius, Harvey, John Hunter, Morgagni, and Malpighi — men who did produce generalizations, but generalizations which were conscientiously based on real facts which they themselves had delved out of nature and which, unlike such systems as Brownianism and the physiological medicine, will last for all time. It is particularly in this character of objective observer, possessed of treasures of fact, before he signed any bond of theory, that Malpighi comes before us to this day as a model. He appeared at an epoch when such giants as Vesalius and Harvey had overthrown the universal confidence in the authority of the ancients — a period when there was suddenly work to do with no appeal to precedent — when the microscope suddenly threw open the enormous field of the minute and invisible, to the searching eye. Letters had fallen to a low ebb — ignorance was vast and overwhelming, and despite the brilliance of the preceding centuries, writers were given over to bombastic ornamentation of their writing, but a few honest and bold spirits turned from authority to nature — exact science arose.		There is in the history of medicine a remarkable contrast between two types of mind, both of which are represented by great and familiar names. Of these extremes, each of which has nearly always some of the characters of the other, one is made up of those men who, with great personal influence over their fellow-men, use what facts they have at their disposal, or more frequently what convictions are grafted in their minds to construct a theory and from the theory a system of knowledge with an explanation for all difficulties, and a niche even for such as are not yet thought of. Such men were Galen, Paracelsus, Hoffmann, John Brown, Broussais, and many more — men not always without wide knowledge, but who employ rather the deductive method than the inductive. At the other extreme were such as Hippocrates, Vesalius, Harvey, John Hunter, Morgagni, and Malpighi — men who did produce generalizations, but generalizations which were conscientiously based on real facts which they themselves had delved out of nature and which, unlike such systems as Brownianism and the physiological medicine, will last for all time. It is particularly in this character of objective observer, possessed of treasures of fact, before he signed any bond of theory, that Malpighi comes before us to this day as a model. He appeared at an epoch when such giants as Vesalius and Harvey had overthrown the universal confidence in the authority of the ancients — a period when there was suddenly work to do with no appeal to precedent — when the microscope suddenly threw open the enormous field of the minute and invisible, to the searching eye. Letters had fallen to a low ebb — ignorance was vast and overwhelming, and despite the brilliance of the preceding centuries, writers were given over to bombastic ornamentation of their writing, but a few honest and bold spirits turned from authority to nature — exact science arose.

	Malpighi was one of the leaders of the movement which tore science from the bonds of tradition and the church, and rendered it independent of the ancient masters who had for so many centuries dominated everything medical.		Malpighi was one of the leaders of the movement which tore science from the bonds of tradition and the church, and rendered it independent of the ancient masters who had for so many centuries dominated everything medical.

Z8600021 at 03:47, 20 February 2020

2020-02-20T03:47:04Z

Show changes

Z8600021: /* Marcello Malpighi */

2020-01-23T03:50:14Z

Marcello Malpighi

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	'''Malpighian corpuscle''' - (renal corpuscle) The initial component of the nephron (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule) in the kidneys.		'''Malpighian corpuscle''' - (renal corpuscle) The initial component of the nephron (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule) in the kidneys.

			<br>
			{{Liver Vignette}}

Z8600021 at 01:56, 18 February 2019

2019-02-18T01:56:08Z

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	~~== Summary ==~~
	==Marcello Malpighi==		==Marcello Malpighi==
	Marcello Malpighi (1628 – 1694) an Italian biologist and physician. Historic portrait by Carlo Cignani.		Marcello Malpighi (1628 – 1694) an Italian biologist and physician. Historic portrait by Carlo Cignani.
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	He is known for the {{spleen}} and {{renal}} structures that bear his name.		He is known for the {{spleen}} and {{renal}} structures that bear his name.

	Malpighian bodies ~~of the spleen~~ - (Malpighian bodies, spleen white pulp, splenic lymphoid nodules) A spleen lymphoid region, organized as lymphoid sheaths with both T-cell and B-cell compartments, around the branching arterial vessels (resembles lymph node structure).		'''Malpighian bodies''' - (Malpighian bodies of the spleen, spleen white pulp, splenic lymphoid nodules) A spleen lymphoid region, organized as lymphoid sheaths with both T-cell and B-cell compartments, around the branching arterial vessels (resembles lymph node structure).

	Malpighian corpuscle - (renal corpuscle) The initial component of the nephron (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule) in the kidneys.		'''Malpighian corpuscle''' - (renal corpuscle) The initial component of the nephron (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule) in the kidneys.

Z8600021: ==Marcello Malpighi== Marcello Malpighi (1628 – 1694) an Italian biologist and physician. Historic portrait by Carlo Cignani. He is known for the {{spleen}} and {{renal}} structures that bear his name. Malpighian bodies of the spleen - (Malpighian...

2019-02-18T01:55:19Z

==Marcello Malpighi== Marcello Malpighi (1628 – 1694) an Italian biologist and physician. Historic portrait by Carlo Cignani. He is known for the {{spleen}} and {{renal}} structures that bear his name. Malpighian bodies of the spleen - (Malpighian...

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== Summary ==
==Marcello Malpighi==
Marcello Malpighi (1628 – 1694) an Italian biologist and physician. Historic portrait by Carlo Cignani.

He is known for the {{spleen}} and {{renal}} structures that bear his name.

Malpighian bodies of the spleen - (Malpighian bodies, spleen white pulp, splenic lymphoid nodules) A spleen lymphoid region, organized as lymphoid sheaths with both T-cell and B-cell compartments, around the branching arterial vessels (resembles lymph node structure).

Malpighian corpuscle - (renal corpuscle) The initial component of the nephron (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule) in the kidneys.

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[[Category:People]]