Endocrine System - Abnormalities - Revision history

Z8600021 at 22:51, 19 Mayıs 2020

2020-05-19T22:51:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:51, 20 Mayıs 2020
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	:'''Links:''' {{congenital adrenal hyperplasia}} \| {{adrenal}}		:'''Links:''' {{adrenal abnormalities}} \| {{congenital adrenal hyperplasia}} \| {{adrenal}}
	==Endocrine Disruptors==		==Endocrine Disruptors==

Z8600021 at 04:52, 21 November 2019

2019-11-21T04:52:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:52, 21 November 2019
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	{{Endocrine Links}}		{{Endocrine Links}}

			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! System Abnormalities
			\|-
			\| {{Abnormality Links}}
			\|}
	== Some Recent Findings ==		== Some Recent Findings ==
	[[File:Endocrine disrupting chemicals historical timeline.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Endocrine disrupting chemicals historical timeline\|Endocrine disrupting chemicals historical timeline{{#pmid:30881345\|PMID30881345}}]]		[[File:Endocrine disrupting chemicals historical timeline.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Endocrine disrupting chemicals historical timeline\|Endocrine disrupting chemicals historical timeline{{#pmid:30881345\|PMID30881345}}]]

Z8600021 at 04:50, 21 November 2019

2019-11-21T04:50:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:50, 21 November 2019
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	:'''Links:''' {{parathyroid}}		:'''Links:''' {{parathyroid}}

			==Thymus==

			Ectopic thymus - rare anomaly where the thymus does not completely descend can cause
			* tracheal or esophageal compression
			* Horner's syndrome (oculosympathetic paresis){{#pmid:31737141\|PMID31737141}}

			:'''Links:''' {{thymus}}

	==Pancreas==		==Pancreas==
	* Type 1 Diabetes - juvenile onset diabetes, more severe form of illness, increases risk of blindness, heart disease, kidney failure, neurological disease, T-lymphocyte-dependent autoimmune disease, infiltration and destruction of the islets of Langerhans, Approx 16 million Americans		* Type 1 Diabetes - juvenile onset diabetes, more severe form of illness, increases risk of blindness, heart disease, kidney failure, neurological disease, T-lymphocyte-dependent autoimmune disease, infiltration and destruction of the islets of Langerhans, Approx 16 million Americans

Z8600021 at 06:44, 20 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-20T06:44:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:44, 20 Mayıs 2019
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	* Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy - (PHHI, nesidioblastosis, congenital hyperinsulinism of infancy) a rare condition associated with persistently elevated levels of circulating insulin caused by hypersecretion by pancreatic β-cells and an absence of ketone production.		* Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy - (PHHI, nesidioblastosis, congenital hyperinsulinism of infancy) a rare condition associated with persistently elevated levels of circulating insulin caused by hypersecretion by pancreatic β-cells and an absence of ketone production.

			* Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia - (HH) is the unregulated secretion of insulin from the pancreatic β-cells in the presence of low blood glucose levels. Genetic abnormalities in nine genes (ABCC8, KCNJ11, GCK, SCHAD, GLUD1, SLC16A1, HNF1A, HNF4A, and UCP2) have been identified.{{#pmid:27065949\|PMID27065949}}

Z8600021 at 06:35, 20 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-20T06:35:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:35, 20 Mayıs 2019
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	* '''Review - Maternal hormonal milieu influence on fetal brain development'''{{#pmid:29484271\|PMID29484271}}An adverse maternal hormonal environment during pregnancy can be associated with abnormal brain growth. Subtle changes in fetal brain development have been observed even for maternal hormone levels within the currently accepted physiologic ranges. In this review, we provide an update of the research data on maternal hormonal impact on fetal neurodevelopment, giving particular emphasis to thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids. Thyroid hormones are required for normal brain development. Despite serum TSH appearing to be the most accurate indicator of thyroid function in pregnancy, maternal serum free T4 levels in the first trimester of pregnancy are the major determinant of postnatal psychomotor development. Even a transient period of maternal hypothyroxinemia at the beginning of neurogenesis can confer a higher risk of expressive language and nonverbal cognitive delays in offspring. Nevertheless, most recent clinical guidelines advocate for targeted high-risk case finding during first trimester of pregnancy despite universal thyroid function screening. Corticosteroids are determinant in suppressing cell proliferation and stimulating terminal differentiation, a fundamental switch for the maturation of fetal organs. Not surprisingly, intrauterine exposure to stress or high levels of glucocorticoids, endogenous or synthetic, has a molecular and structural impact on brain development and appears to impair cognition and increase anxiety and reactivity to stress. Limbic regions, such as hippocampus and amygdala, are particularly sensitive. Repeated doses of prenatal corticosteroids seem to have short-term benefits of less respiratory distress and fewer serious health problems in offspring. Nevertheless, neurodevelopmental growth in later childhood and adulthood needs further clarification. Future studies should address the relevance of monitoring the level of thyroid hormones and corticosteroids during pregnancy in the risk stratification for impaired postnatal neurodevelopment." {{neural}}		* '''Review - Maternal hormonal milieu influence on fetal brain development'''{{#pmid:29484271\|PMID29484271}}An adverse maternal hormonal environment during pregnancy can be associated with abnormal brain growth. Subtle changes in fetal brain development have been observed even for maternal hormone levels within the currently accepted physiologic ranges. In this review, we provide an update of the research data on maternal hormonal impact on fetal neurodevelopment, giving particular emphasis to thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids. Thyroid hormones are required for normal brain development. Despite serum TSH appearing to be the most accurate indicator of thyroid function in pregnancy, maternal serum free T4 levels in the first trimester of pregnancy are the major determinant of postnatal psychomotor development. Even a transient period of maternal hypothyroxinemia at the beginning of neurogenesis can confer a higher risk of expressive language and nonverbal cognitive delays in offspring. Nevertheless, most recent clinical guidelines advocate for targeted high-risk case finding during first trimester of pregnancy despite universal thyroid function screening. Corticosteroids are determinant in suppressing cell proliferation and stimulating terminal differentiation, a fundamental switch for the maturation of fetal organs. Not surprisingly, intrauterine exposure to stress or high levels of glucocorticoids, endogenous or synthetic, has a molecular and structural impact on brain development and appears to impair cognition and increase anxiety and reactivity to stress. Limbic regions, such as hippocampus and amygdala, are particularly sensitive. Repeated doses of prenatal corticosteroids seem to have short-term benefits of less respiratory distress and fewer serious health problems in offspring. Nevertheless, neurodevelopmental growth in later childhood and adulthood needs further clarification. Future studies should address the relevance of monitoring the level of thyroid hormones and corticosteroids during pregnancy in the risk stratification for impaired postnatal neurodevelopment." {{neural}}

	* '''Transplacental passage of antimicrobial paraben preservatives'''{{#pmid:25944699\|PMID25944699}} "Parabens are widely used preservatives suspected of being {{endocrine disruptors}}, with implications for human growth and development. The most common paraben found in consumer products is methylparaben. To date, no study has examined whether these substances cross the human placenta. A total of 100 study subjects (50 mother-child pairs) were enrolled at two medical institutions, serving primarily African-American and Caucasian women, respectively. A maternal blood sample was drawn on admission and a paired cord blood sample was obtained at delivery. Of the 50 mothers, 47 (94%) showed methylparaben in their blood (mean level 20.41 ng/l), and 47 in cords bloods (mean level 36.54 ng/l). There were 45 mother-child pairs where methylparaben was found in both samples. Of these, the fetal level was higher than the maternal level in 23 (51%). For butylparaben, only 4 mothers (8%) showed detectable levels (mean 40.54 ng/l), whereas 8 cord blood samples (16%) were positive (mean 32.5 ng/l). African-American mothers and infants showed higher prevalence of detectable levels (P=0.017). Methylparaben and butylparaben demonstrate transplacental passage. Additional studies are needed to examine potential differences in exposure by geography and demographics, what products are used by pregnant women that contain these preservatives, as well as any potential long-term effects in the growth and development of exposed children."

	\|}		\|}
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	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Transplacental passage of antimicrobial paraben preservatives'''{{#pmid:25944699\|PMID25944699}} "Parabens are widely used preservatives suspected of being {{endocrine disruptors}}, with implications for human growth and development. The most common paraben found in consumer products is methylparaben. To date, no study has examined whether these substances cross the human placenta. A total of 100 study subjects (50 mother-child pairs) were enrolled at two medical institutions, serving primarily African-American and Caucasian women, respectively. A maternal blood sample was drawn on admission and a paired cord blood sample was obtained at delivery. Of the 50 mothers, 47 (94%) showed methylparaben in their blood (mean level 20.41 ng/l), and 47 in cords bloods (mean level 36.54 ng/l). There were 45 mother-child pairs where methylparaben was found in both samples. Of these, the fetal level was higher than the maternal level in 23 (51%). For butylparaben, only 4 mothers (8%) showed detectable levels (mean 40.54 ng/l), whereas 8 cord blood samples (16%) were positive (mean 32.5 ng/l). African-American mothers and infants showed higher prevalence of detectable levels (P=0.017). Methylparaben and butylparaben demonstrate transplacental passage. Additional studies are needed to examine potential differences in exposure by geography and demographics, what products are used by pregnant women that contain these preservatives, as well as any potential long-term effects in the growth and development of exposed children."

	* '''Effect-directed identification of {{endocrine disruptors}} in plastic baby teethers'''{{#pmid:25988240\|PMID25988240}} "Concerns have been raised regarding the human health effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), many of which are associated with and leaching from plastics. As infants are particularly vulnerable to EDCs, we have investigated whether plastic teethers for babies represent a relevant source of exposure. Applying effect-directed analysis, we use bioassays to screen teethers, toys used to soothe a baby's teething ache, for endocrine activity and chemical analysis to identify the causative compounds. We detected significant endocrine activity in two of 10 plastic teethers. Those samples leached estrogenic and/or antiandrogenic activity as detected in the Yeast Estrogen Screen and Yeast Antiandrogen Screen. After sample fractionation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry non-target screening revealed that methyl-, ethyl- and propylparaben were responsible for the observed estrogenic and antiandrogenic activity in one product. The second product is likely to contain at least six different antiandrogenic compounds that remain so far unidentified. This study demonstrates that plastic teethers can be a source of infant exposure to well-established and unknown EDCs. Because of their limited value to the product, but potential toxicity, manufacturers should critically revisit the use of parabens in plastic teethers and further toys. Moreover, plastic teethers might leach EDCs that escape routine analysis and, thus, toxicological evaluation. The resulting uncertainty in product safety poses a problem to consumers, producers and regulators that remain to be resolved."		* '''Effect-directed identification of {{endocrine disruptors}} in plastic baby teethers'''{{#pmid:25988240\|PMID25988240}} "Concerns have been raised regarding the human health effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), many of which are associated with and leaching from plastics. As infants are particularly vulnerable to EDCs, we have investigated whether plastic teethers for babies represent a relevant source of exposure. Applying effect-directed analysis, we use bioassays to screen teethers, toys used to soothe a baby's teething ache, for endocrine activity and chemical analysis to identify the causative compounds. We detected significant endocrine activity in two of 10 plastic teethers. Those samples leached estrogenic and/or antiandrogenic activity as detected in the Yeast Estrogen Screen and Yeast Antiandrogen Screen. After sample fractionation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry non-target screening revealed that methyl-, ethyl- and propylparaben were responsible for the observed estrogenic and antiandrogenic activity in one product. The second product is likely to contain at least six different antiandrogenic compounds that remain so far unidentified. This study demonstrates that plastic teethers can be a source of infant exposure to well-established and unknown EDCs. Because of their limited value to the product, but potential toxicity, manufacturers should critically revisit the use of parabens in plastic teethers and further toys. Moreover, plastic teethers might leach EDCs that escape routine analysis and, thus, toxicological evaluation. The resulting uncertainty in product safety poses a problem to consumers, producers and regulators that remain to be resolved."

Z8600021 at 06:34, 20 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-20T06:34:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:34, 20 Mayıs 2019
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	== Some Recent Findings ==		== Some Recent Findings ==
			[[File:Endocrine disrupting chemicals historical timeline.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Endocrine disrupting chemicals historical timeline\|Endocrine disrupting chemicals historical timeline{{#pmid:30881345\|PMID30881345}}]]
	{\|		{\|
	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
			* '''Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: An Occult Mediator of Metabolic Disease'''{{#pmid:30881345\|PMID30881345}} "Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), a heterogeneous group of exogenous chemicals that can interfere with any aspect of endogenous hormones, represent an emerging global threat for human metabolism. There is now considerable evidence that the observed upsurge of metabolic disease cannot be fully attributed to increased caloric intake, physical inactivity, sleep deficit, and ageing. Among environmental factors implicated in the global deterioration of metabolic health, EDCs have drawn the biggest attention of scientific community, and not unjustifiably. EDCs unleash a coordinated attack toward multiple components of human metabolism, including crucial, metabolically-active organs such as hypothalamus, adipose tissue, pancreatic beta cells, skeletal muscle, and liver. Specifically, EDCs' impact during critical developmental windows can promote the disruption of individual or multiple systems involved in metabolism, via inducing epigenetic changes that can permanently alter the epigenome in the germline, enabling changes to be transmitted to the subsequent generations. The clear effect of this multifaceted attack is the manifestation of metabolic disease, clinically expressed as obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease."

	* '''Review - Maternal hormonal milieu influence on fetal brain development'''{{#pmid:29484271\|PMID29484271}}An adverse maternal hormonal environment during pregnancy can be associated with abnormal brain growth. Subtle changes in fetal brain development have been observed even for maternal hormone levels within the currently accepted physiologic ranges. In this review, we provide an update of the research data on maternal hormonal impact on fetal neurodevelopment, giving particular emphasis to thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids. Thyroid hormones are required for normal brain development. Despite serum TSH appearing to be the most accurate indicator of thyroid function in pregnancy, maternal serum free T4 levels in the first trimester of pregnancy are the major determinant of postnatal psychomotor development. Even a transient period of maternal hypothyroxinemia at the beginning of neurogenesis can confer a higher risk of expressive language and nonverbal cognitive delays in offspring. Nevertheless, most recent clinical guidelines advocate for targeted high-risk case finding during first trimester of pregnancy despite universal thyroid function screening. Corticosteroids are determinant in suppressing cell proliferation and stimulating terminal differentiation, a fundamental switch for the maturation of fetal organs. Not surprisingly, intrauterine exposure to stress or high levels of glucocorticoids, endogenous or synthetic, has a molecular and structural impact on brain development and appears to impair cognition and increase anxiety and reactivity to stress. Limbic regions, such as hippocampus and amygdala, are particularly sensitive. Repeated doses of prenatal corticosteroids seem to have short-term benefits of less respiratory distress and fewer serious health problems in offspring. Nevertheless, neurodevelopmental growth in later childhood and adulthood needs further clarification. Future studies should address the relevance of monitoring the level of thyroid hormones and corticosteroids during pregnancy in the risk stratification for impaired postnatal neurodevelopment." {{neural}}		* '''Review - Maternal hormonal milieu influence on fetal brain development'''{{#pmid:29484271\|PMID29484271}}An adverse maternal hormonal environment during pregnancy can be associated with abnormal brain growth. Subtle changes in fetal brain development have been observed even for maternal hormone levels within the currently accepted physiologic ranges. In this review, we provide an update of the research data on maternal hormonal impact on fetal neurodevelopment, giving particular emphasis to thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids. Thyroid hormones are required for normal brain development. Despite serum TSH appearing to be the most accurate indicator of thyroid function in pregnancy, maternal serum free T4 levels in the first trimester of pregnancy are the major determinant of postnatal psychomotor development. Even a transient period of maternal hypothyroxinemia at the beginning of neurogenesis can confer a higher risk of expressive language and nonverbal cognitive delays in offspring. Nevertheless, most recent clinical guidelines advocate for targeted high-risk case finding during first trimester of pregnancy despite universal thyroid function screening. Corticosteroids are determinant in suppressing cell proliferation and stimulating terminal differentiation, a fundamental switch for the maturation of fetal organs. Not surprisingly, intrauterine exposure to stress or high levels of glucocorticoids, endogenous or synthetic, has a molecular and structural impact on brain development and appears to impair cognition and increase anxiety and reactivity to stress. Limbic regions, such as hippocampus and amygdala, are particularly sensitive. Repeated doses of prenatal corticosteroids seem to have short-term benefits of less respiratory distress and fewer serious health problems in offspring. Nevertheless, neurodevelopmental growth in later childhood and adulthood needs further clarification. Future studies should address the relevance of monitoring the level of thyroid hormones and corticosteroids during pregnancy in the risk stratification for impaired postnatal neurodevelopment." {{neural}}

Z8600021 at 05:44, 20 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-20T05:44:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:44, 20 Mayıs 2019
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	Polychlorinated biphenyl pollutants - (PCBs) Rats exposed to PCBs have low levels of thyroid hormone. Compete for binding sites of thyroid hormone transport protein. Without being bound to this protein, thyroid hormones are excreted from the body (McKinney et al. 1985; Morse et al. 1996)		Polychlorinated biphenyl pollutants - (PCBs) Rats exposed to PCBs have low levels of thyroid hormone. Compete for binding sites of thyroid hormone transport protein. Without being bound to this protein, thyroid hormones are excreted from the body (McKinney et al. 1985; Morse et al. 1996)

			{{Thyroid Signaling Pathway Disruptors table}}

	Ziram - (zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate) agricultural fungicide acts as an endocrine disruptor and may cause birth abnormality of the male reproductive system.		Ziram - (zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate) agricultural fungicide acts as an endocrine disruptor and may cause birth abnormality of the male reproductive system.

Z8600021 at 05:20, 20 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-20T05:20:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:20, 20 Mayıs 2019
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	* '''Transplacental passage of antimicrobial paraben preservatives'''{{#pmid:25944699\|PMID25944699}} "Parabens are widely used preservatives suspected of being {{endocrine disruptors}}, with implications for human growth and development. The most common paraben found in consumer products is methylparaben. To date, no study has examined whether these substances cross the human placenta. A total of 100 study subjects (50 mother-child pairs) were enrolled at two medical institutions, serving primarily African-American and Caucasian women, respectively. A maternal blood sample was drawn on admission and a paired cord blood sample was obtained at delivery. Of the 50 mothers, 47 (94%) showed methylparaben in their blood (mean level 20.41 ng/l), and 47 in cords bloods (mean level 36.54 ng/l). There were 45 mother-child pairs where methylparaben was found in both samples. Of these, the fetal level was higher than the maternal level in 23 (51%). For butylparaben, only 4 mothers (8%) showed detectable levels (mean 40.54 ng/l), whereas 8 cord blood samples (16%) were positive (mean 32.5 ng/l). African-American mothers and infants showed higher prevalence of detectable levels (P=0.017). Methylparaben and butylparaben demonstrate transplacental passage. Additional studies are needed to examine potential differences in exposure by geography and demographics, what products are used by pregnant women that contain these preservatives, as well as any potential long-term effects in the growth and development of exposed children."		* '''Transplacental passage of antimicrobial paraben preservatives'''{{#pmid:25944699\|PMID25944699}} "Parabens are widely used preservatives suspected of being {{endocrine disruptors}}, with implications for human growth and development. The most common paraben found in consumer products is methylparaben. To date, no study has examined whether these substances cross the human placenta. A total of 100 study subjects (50 mother-child pairs) were enrolled at two medical institutions, serving primarily African-American and Caucasian women, respectively. A maternal blood sample was drawn on admission and a paired cord blood sample was obtained at delivery. Of the 50 mothers, 47 (94%) showed methylparaben in their blood (mean level 20.41 ng/l), and 47 in cords bloods (mean level 36.54 ng/l). There were 45 mother-child pairs where methylparaben was found in both samples. Of these, the fetal level was higher than the maternal level in 23 (51%). For butylparaben, only 4 mothers (8%) showed detectable levels (mean 40.54 ng/l), whereas 8 cord blood samples (16%) were positive (mean 32.5 ng/l). African-American mothers and infants showed higher prevalence of detectable levels (P=0.017). Methylparaben and butylparaben demonstrate transplacental passage. Additional studies are needed to examine potential differences in exposure by geography and demographics, what products are used by pregnant women that contain these preservatives, as well as any potential long-term effects in the growth and development of exposed children."

	* '''Effect-directed identification of {{endocrine disruptors}} in plastic baby teethers'''{{#pmid:25988240\|PMID25988240}} "Concerns have been raised regarding the human health effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), many of which are associated with and leaching from plastics. As infants are particularly vulnerable to EDCs, we have investigated whether plastic teethers for babies represent a relevant source of exposure. Applying effect-directed analysis, we use bioassays to screen teethers, toys used to soothe a baby's teething ache, for endocrine activity and chemical analysis to identify the causative compounds. We detected significant endocrine activity in two of 10 plastic teethers. Those samples leached estrogenic and/or antiandrogenic activity as detected in the Yeast Estrogen Screen and Yeast Antiandrogen Screen. After sample fractionation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry non-target screening revealed that methyl-, ethyl- and propylparaben were responsible for the observed estrogenic and antiandrogenic activity in one product. The second product is likely to contain at least six different antiandrogenic compounds that remain so far unidentified. This study demonstrates that plastic teethers can be a source of infant exposure to well-established and unknown EDCs. Because of their limited value to the product, but potential toxicity, manufacturers should critically revisit the use of parabens in plastic teethers and further toys. Moreover, plastic teethers might leach EDCs that escape routine analysis and, thus, toxicological evaluation. The resulting uncertainty in product safety poses a problem to consumers, producers and regulators that remain to be resolved."

	\|}		\|}
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Endocrine+Congenital+Abnormalities ''Endocrine Congenital Abnormalities''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Endocrine+Developmental+Abnormalities ''Endocrine Developmental Abnormalities'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Endocrine+Congenital+Abnormalities ''Endocrine Congenital Abnormalities''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Endocrine+Developmental+Abnormalities ''Endocrine Developmental Abnormalities''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Endocrine+Congenital+Disruptors ''Endocrine Congenital Disruptors'']

	\|}		\|}
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	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Effect-directed identification of {{endocrine disruptors}} in plastic baby teethers'''{{#pmid:25988240\|PMID25988240}} "Concerns have been raised regarding the human health effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), many of which are associated with and leaching from plastics. As infants are particularly vulnerable to EDCs, we have investigated whether plastic teethers for babies represent a relevant source of exposure. Applying effect-directed analysis, we use bioassays to screen teethers, toys used to soothe a baby's teething ache, for endocrine activity and chemical analysis to identify the causative compounds. We detected significant endocrine activity in two of 10 plastic teethers. Those samples leached estrogenic and/or antiandrogenic activity as detected in the Yeast Estrogen Screen and Yeast Antiandrogen Screen. After sample fractionation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry non-target screening revealed that methyl-, ethyl- and propylparaben were responsible for the observed estrogenic and antiandrogenic activity in one product. The second product is likely to contain at least six different antiandrogenic compounds that remain so far unidentified. This study demonstrates that plastic teethers can be a source of infant exposure to well-established and unknown EDCs. Because of their limited value to the product, but potential toxicity, manufacturers should critically revisit the use of parabens in plastic teethers and further toys. Moreover, plastic teethers might leach EDCs that escape routine analysis and, thus, toxicological evaluation. The resulting uncertainty in product safety poses a problem to consumers, producers and regulators that remain to be resolved."

	* '''Rare diseases in clinical endocrinology: a taxonomic classification system'''{{#pmid:25376364\|PMID25376364}} "Rare endocrine-metabolic diseases (REMD) represent an important area in the field of medicine and pharmacology. The rare diseases of interest to endocrinologists involve all fields of endocrinology, including rare diseases of the pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands, paraganglia, ovary and testis, disorders of bone and mineral metabolism, energy and lipid metabolism, water metabolism, and syndromes with possible involvement of multiple endocrine glands, and neuroendocrine tumors. Taking advantage of the constitution of a study group on REMD within the Italian Society of Endocrinology, consisting of basic and clinical scientists, a document on the taxonomy of REMD has been produced. METHODS AND RESULTS: This document has been designed to include mainly REMD manifesting or persisting into adulthood. The taxonomy of REMD of the adult comprises a total of 166 main disorders, 338 including all variants and subtypes, described into 11 tables. CONCLUSIONS: This report provides a complete taxonomy to classify REMD of the adult. In the future, the creation of registries of rare endocrine diseases to collect data on cohorts of patients and the development of common and standardized diagnostic and therapeutic pathways for each rare endocrine disease is advisable. This will help planning and performing intervention studies in larger groups of patients to prove the efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of a specific treatment."		* '''Rare diseases in clinical endocrinology: a taxonomic classification system'''{{#pmid:25376364\|PMID25376364}} "Rare endocrine-metabolic diseases (REMD) represent an important area in the field of medicine and pharmacology. The rare diseases of interest to endocrinologists involve all fields of endocrinology, including rare diseases of the pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands, paraganglia, ovary and testis, disorders of bone and mineral metabolism, energy and lipid metabolism, water metabolism, and syndromes with possible involvement of multiple endocrine glands, and neuroendocrine tumors. Taking advantage of the constitution of a study group on REMD within the Italian Society of Endocrinology, consisting of basic and clinical scientists, a document on the taxonomy of REMD has been produced. METHODS AND RESULTS: This document has been designed to include mainly REMD manifesting or persisting into adulthood. The taxonomy of REMD of the adult comprises a total of 166 main disorders, 338 including all variants and subtypes, described into 11 tables. CONCLUSIONS: This report provides a complete taxonomy to classify REMD of the adult. In the future, the creation of registries of rare endocrine diseases to collect data on cohorts of patients and the development of common and standardized diagnostic and therapeutic pathways for each rare endocrine disease is advisable. This will help planning and performing intervention studies in larger groups of patients to prove the efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of a specific treatment."
	\|}		\|}
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	===Thyroid Disruptors===		===Thyroid Disruptors===
	{\|
	~~\|Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) - 5, 7~~

	~~Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) - 5, 6, 7, 8~~

	~~Pesticides - 4, 5, 7~~

	~~Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) - 5, 6; NIS: 3~~		{{Thyroid Signaling Pathway Disruptors table}}

	~~Bisphenol A (BPA) - 2, 7~~

	~~Phthalates - 1, 2, 5, 8.~~
	~~\| [[File:Thyroid signaling - endocrine-disrupting chemicals.jpg\|400px]]~~

	~~Thyroid Endocrine disrupting chemicals~~{{~~#pmid:29760680\|PMID29760680}~~}
	\|}

	:'''Links:''' {{thyroid}}		:'''Links:''' {{thyroid}}

Z8600021 at 03:42, 20 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-20T03:42:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:42, 20 Mayıs 2019
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	:'''Links:''' {{thyroid}}		:'''Links:''' {{thyroid}}

			===Familial Goitrous Cretinism===

			Synthesis of thyroid hormones is disrupted due to an enzymatic defect. Features do not appear at birth, though if not treated, these features appear
			early in the neonatal period.

			# Low levels of thyroid hormones
			# Cause increased release of TSH by the pituitary
			# Causes in turn enlargement of the thyroid gland


	==Parathyroid==		==Parathyroid==

Z8600021 at 02:05, 6 March 2019

2019-03-06T02:05:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:05, 6 March 2019
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	! Diethylstilbestrol		! Diethylstilbestrol
	\|-		\|-
	\| width=260px[[File:Diethylstilbestrol.jpg\|250px]]		\| width=260px\|[[File:Diethylstilbestrol.jpg\|250px]]
	\| (DES or diethylstilbetrol) a drug prescribed to women from 1938-1971 to prevent miscarriage in high-risk pregnancies. Acts as a potent estrogen (mimics natural hormone) and therefore a potential endocrine disruptor. Banned by the USA FDA in 1979 as a teratogen, previously used as livestock growth promoter.		\| (DES or diethylstilbetrol) a drug prescribed to women from 1938-1971 to prevent miscarriage in high-risk pregnancies. Acts as a potent estrogen (mimics natural hormone) and therefore a potential endocrine disruptor. Banned by the USA FDA in 1979 as a teratogen, previously used as livestock growth promoter.