Endocrine - Pituitary Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 23:54, 20 September 2023

2023-09-20T23:54:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:54, 21 September 2023
Line 29:		Line 29:
	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
			* '''Single-cell transcriptomics identifies divergent developmental lineage trajectories during human pituitary development'''{{#pmid:33077725\|PMID33077725}} "We characterize divergent developmental trajectories with distinct transitional intermediate states in five hormone-producing cell lineages. Corticotropes exhibit an early intermediate state prior to full differentiation. Three cell types of the PIT-1 lineage (somatotropes, lactotropes and thyrotropes) segregate from a common progenitor coexpressing lineage-specific transcription factors of different sublineages. Gonadotropes experience two multistep developmental trajectories. Furthermore, we identify a fetal gonadotrope cell subtype expressing the primate-specific hormone chorionic gonadotropin."

	* '''Canonical WNT Signaling Regulates the Pituitary Organizer and Pituitary Gland Formation'''{{#pmid:28938441\|PMID28938441}} "The pituitary organizer is a domain within the ventral diencephalon that expresses Bmp4, Fgf8, and Fgf10, which induce the formation of the pituitary precursor, Rathke's pouch, from the oral ectoderm. The WNT signaling pathway regulates this pituitary organizer such that loss of Wnt5a leads to an expansion of the pituitary organizer and an enlargement of Rathke's pouch. WNT signaling is classified into canonical signaling, which is mediated by β-CATENIN, and noncanonical signaling, which operates independently of β-CATENIN. ...This result suggests that canonical WNT signaling promotes pituitary organizer function, instead of inhibiting it."		* '''Canonical WNT Signaling Regulates the Pituitary Organizer and Pituitary Gland Formation'''{{#pmid:28938441\|PMID28938441}} "The pituitary organizer is a domain within the ventral diencephalon that expresses Bmp4, Fgf8, and Fgf10, which induce the formation of the pituitary precursor, Rathke's pouch, from the oral ectoderm. The WNT signaling pathway regulates this pituitary organizer such that loss of Wnt5a leads to an expansion of the pituitary organizer and an enlargement of Rathke's pouch. WNT signaling is classified into canonical signaling, which is mediated by β-CATENIN, and noncanonical signaling, which operates independently of β-CATENIN. ...This result suggests that canonical WNT signaling promotes pituitary organizer function, instead of inhibiting it."

Line 303:		Line 305:

	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
			{{#pmid:32163208}}

	{{#pmid:25858531}}		{{#pmid:25858531}}

Z8600021 at 00:53, 16 Haziran 2019

2019-06-16T00:53:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:53, 16 Haziran 2019
Line 20:		Line 20:


	{{~~Historic table caption~~}}		{{Pituitary Vignette}}
	{\|
	~~\|+ '''Historic Embryology'''~~
	\|-
	~~\| [[File:Martin Rathke.jpg\|100px\|alt=Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793 – 1860)]]~~
	~~Martin Rathke~~
	\| Rathke's pouch is named after German embryologist and anatomist [[History_-_Embryologists#Martin_Heinrich_Rathke_.281793_-_1860.29\|Martin Heinrich Rathke]] (1793 -1860). During development, the boundary surface {{ectoderm}} {{placode}} epithelium on the roof of the pharynx forms a pocket (Rathke's pouch) that comes into contact with the ectoderm of developing brain.
	\|}

	{{Endocrine Links}} \| [[Lecture - Head Development]] \| ~~[[Placodes]]~~
			{{Endocrine Links}} \| [[Lecture - Head Development]] \| {{Placode}}

	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==

Z8600021 at 00:43, 16 Haziran 2019

2019-06-16T00:43:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:43, 16 Haziran 2019
Line 19:		Line 19:
	Maternal pituitary also increases in size during pregnancy, due mainly to hyperplasia of the prolactin secreting cells (lactotrophs), in preparation for lactation after birth.		Maternal pituitary also increases in size during pregnancy, due mainly to hyperplasia of the prolactin secreting cells (lactotrophs), in preparation for lactation after birth.


			{{Historic table caption}}
	{\|		{\|
	\|+ '''Historic Embryology'''		\|+ '''Historic Embryology'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[File:Martin Rathke.jpg\|100px\|alt=Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793 – 1860)]]		\| [[File:Martin Rathke.jpg\|100px\|alt=Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793 – 1860)]]
	Martin ~~Heinrich~~ Rathke ~~(1793 – 1860)~~		Martin Rathke
	\| Rathke's pouch is named after German embryologist and anatomist [[History_-_Embryologists#Martin_Heinrich_Rathke_.281793_-_1860.29\|Martin Heinrich Rathke]] (1793 -1860). During development, the boundary surface {{ectoderm}} {{placode}} epithelium on the roof of the pharynx forms a pocket (Rathke's pouch) that comes into contact with the ectoderm of developing brain.		\| Rathke's pouch is named after German embryologist and anatomist [[History_-_Embryologists#Martin_Heinrich_Rathke_.281793_-_1860.29\|Martin Heinrich Rathke]] (1793 -1860). During development, the boundary surface {{ectoderm}} {{placode}} epithelium on the roof of the pharynx forms a pocket (Rathke's pouch) that comes into contact with the ectoderm of developing brain.
	\|}		\|}

Z8600021 at 00:41, 16 Haziran 2019

2019-06-16T00:41:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:41, 16 Haziran 2019
Line 2:		Line 2:
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Historic-pituitary.jpg\|thumb\|Adult pituitary]]		[[File:Historic-pituitary.jpg\|thumb\|Adult pituitary]]
	~~[[File:Martin Rathke.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|alt=Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793 – 1860)\|Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793 – 1860)]]~~
	[[File:Pituitary histology 011.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|Adult histology]]		[[File:Pituitary histology 011.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|Adult histology]]
	Historically, this endocrine gland was called the "{{pituitary}}" as it was originally thought to produce mucous that discharged through the nose. We now know that this is not the function of the pituitary, or '''hypophysis''' is an endocrine gland links the brain to peripheral endocrine organs and systems of the body through several specific hormones. The developmental origin of the hypophysis is also unique, with dual epithelial origins from neural ectoderm (posterior) and from surface ectoderm (anterior).		Historically, this endocrine gland was called the "{{pituitary}}" as it was originally thought to produce mucous that discharged through the nose. We now know that this is not the function of the pituitary, or '''hypophysis''' is an endocrine gland links the brain to peripheral endocrine organs and systems of the body through several specific hormones. The developmental origin of the hypophysis is also unique, with dual epithelial origins from neural ectoderm (posterior) and from surface ectoderm (anterior).


	During development, the boundary ~~epitheilal~~ ectoderm in the roof of the pharynx forms a pocket (Rathke's pouch) that comes into contact with the ectoderm of developing brain~~. Rathke's pouch is named after German embryologist and anatomist [[History_-_Embryologists#Martin_Heinrich_Rathke_.281793_-_1860.29\|Martin Heinrich Rathke]] (1793 -1860)~~.		During development, the boundary surface {{ectoderm}} {{placode}} epithelium on the roof of the pharynx forms a pocket (Rathke's pouch) that comes into contact with the ectoderm of developing brain.


Line 20:		Line 19:
	Maternal pituitary also increases in size during pregnancy, due mainly to hyperplasia of the prolactin secreting cells (lactotrophs), in preparation for lactation after birth.		Maternal pituitary also increases in size during pregnancy, due mainly to hyperplasia of the prolactin secreting cells (lactotrophs), in preparation for lactation after birth.

			{\|
			\|+ '''Historic Embryology'''
			\|-
			\| [[File:Martin Rathke.jpg\|100px\|alt=Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793 – 1860)]]
			Martin Heinrich Rathke (1793 – 1860)
			\| Rathke's pouch is named after German embryologist and anatomist [[History_-_Embryologists#Martin_Heinrich_Rathke_.281793_-_1860.29\|Martin Heinrich Rathke]] (1793 -1860). During development, the boundary surface {{ectoderm}} {{placode}} epithelium on the roof of the pharynx forms a pocket (Rathke's pouch) that comes into contact with the ectoderm of developing brain.
			\|}

	{{Endocrine Links}} \| [[Lecture - Head Development]] \| [[Placodes]]		{{Endocrine Links}} \| [[Lecture - Head Development]] \| [[Placodes]]

Z8600021 at 00:36, 16 Haziran 2019

2019-06-16T00:36:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:36, 16 Haziran 2019
Line 36:		Line 36:


	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pituitary+Embryologyy ''Pituitary Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hypophysis+~~Embryologyy~~ ''Hypophysis ~~Embryology~~''] \|		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pituitary+Embryology ''Pituitary Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pituitary+Embryologyy ''Pituitary Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hypophysis+Development ''Hypophysis Development''] \|
	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=adenohypophysis+~~Embryologyy~~ ''adenohypophysis Embryology''] \|		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=adenohypophysis+Embryology ''adenohypophysis Embryology''] \|
	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=pars+distalis+~~Embryologyy~~ ''pars distalis Embryology''] \|		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=pars+distalis+Embryology ''pars distalis Embryology''] \|
	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=pars+intermedia+~~Embryologyy~~ ''pars intermedia Embryology''] \|		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=pars+intermedia+Embryology ''pars intermedia Embryology''] \|
	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=pars+tuberalis+~~Embryologyy~~ ''pars tuberalis Embryology''] \|		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=pars+tuberalis+Embryology ''pars tuberalis Embryology''] \|
	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sella+turcica ''sella turcica'']		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sella+turcica ''sella turcica'']

Z8600021 at 00:29, 16 Haziran 2019

2019-06-16T00:29:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:29, 16 Haziran 2019
Line 278:		Line 278:
	== References ==		== References ==
	<references/>		<references/>

			===Journals===
			[https://link.springer.com/journal/11102 '''Pituitary'''] The Official Journal of the Pituitary Society - Pituitary is an international publication devoted to basic and clinical aspects of the pituitary gland. It is designed to publish original, high quality research in both basic and pituitary function as well as clinical pituitary disease.


	=== Online Textbooks ===		=== Online Textbooks ===
Line 300:		Line 304:

	{{#pmid:19837867}}		{{#pmid:19837867}}

			{{#pmid:17638086z}}

	{{#pmid:11036930}}		{{#pmid:11036930}}
Line 367:		Line 373:
	==Terms==		==Terms==
	* '''adenohypophyseal placode''' - Specialised cranial surface [[E#ectoderm\|ectoderm]] [[P#placode\|placode]] region that will form the endocrine anterior pituitary ([[A#adenohypophysis\|adenohypophysis]]).		* '''adenohypophyseal placode''' - Specialised cranial surface [[E#ectoderm\|ectoderm]] [[P#placode\|placode]] region that will form the endocrine anterior pituitary ([[A#adenohypophysis\|adenohypophysis]]).

	* '''adenohypophysis''' - (anterior pituitary, pars anterior) The anterior part of the pituitary, which develops in the early [[E#embryo\|embryo]] from the surface [[E#ectoderm\|ectoderm]] adenohypophyseal placode. This placode will fold inward on the roof of the pharynx forming a transient structure [[R#Rathke's pouch\|Rathke's pouch]], that looses its connection with the surface.		* '''adenohypophysis''' - (anterior pituitary, pars anterior) The anterior part of the pituitary, which develops in the early [[E#embryo\|embryo]] from the surface [[E#ectoderm\|ectoderm]] adenohypophyseal placode. This placode will fold inward on the roof of the pharynx forming a transient structure [[R#Rathke's pouch\|Rathke's pouch]], that looses its connection with the surface.

	* '''anterior pituitary''' - (adenohypophysis, pars anterior, pars distalis)		* '''anterior pituitary''' - (adenohypophysis, pars anterior, pars distalis)
	* '''neurohypophysis''' - (posterior pituitary)		* '''neurohypophysis''' - (posterior pituitary)

Z8600021 at 01:30, 2 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-02T01:30:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:30, 2 Mayıs 2019
Line 174:		Line 174:

	===Follicle Stimulating Hormone===		===Follicle Stimulating Hormone===
	[[File:FSH regulation of AMH transcriptional activation.jpg\|thumb\|alt=FSH regulation of AMH transcriptional activation\|FSH regulation of AMH transcriptional activation{{#pmid:30381580\|PMID30381580}}]]		[[File:FSH regulation of AMH transcriptional activation.jpg\|thumb\|alt=FSH regulation of AMH transcriptional activation\|FSH regulation of {{AMH}} transcriptional activation{{#pmid:30381580\|PMID30381580}}]]
	(Follicle-stimulating hormone, {{FSH}}) gonadotropin) produced in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) by basophil cell gonadotropes. This glycoprotein hormone postnatally during puberty acts on the gonads ({{testis}} and {{Ovary}}) to regulate fertility. FSH at the cellular level binds the membrane follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSH receptor, FSHR), a [[:File:G-protein coupled receptors.jpg\|G protein-coupled receptor]] (GPCR)/seven-transmembrane domain receptor.		Follicle-stimulating hormone ({{FSH}}, gonadotropin) is produced in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) by basophil cell gonadotropes. This glycoprotein hormone postnatally during puberty acts on the gonads ({{testis}} and {{Ovary}}) to regulate fertility. FSH at the cellular level binds the membrane follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSH receptor, FSHR), a [[:File:G-protein coupled receptors.jpg\|G protein-coupled receptor]] (GPCR)/seven-transmembrane domain receptor.

	* {{testis}} - {{sertoli cell}}		* {{testis}} - {{sertoli cell}}

Z8600021 at 01:29, 2 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-02T01:29:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:29, 2 Mayıs 2019
Line 174:		Line 174:

	===Follicle Stimulating Hormone===		===Follicle Stimulating Hormone===
			[[File:FSH regulation of AMH transcriptional activation.jpg\|thumb\|alt=FSH regulation of AMH transcriptional activation\|FSH regulation of AMH transcriptional activation{{#pmid:30381580\|PMID30381580}}]]
	(Follicle-stimulating hormone, {{FSH}}) gonadotropin) produced in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) by basophil cell gonadotropes. This glycoprotein hormone postnatally during puberty acts on the gonads ({{testis}} and {{Ovary}}) to regulate fertility. FSH at the cellular level binds the membrane follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSH receptor, FSHR), a [[:File:G-protein coupled receptors.jpg\|G protein-coupled receptor]] (GPCR)/seven-transmembrane domain receptor.		(Follicle-stimulating hormone, {{FSH}}) gonadotropin) produced in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) by basophil cell gonadotropes. This glycoprotein hormone postnatally during puberty acts on the gonads ({{testis}} and {{Ovary}}) to regulate fertility. FSH at the cellular level binds the membrane follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSH receptor, FSHR), a [[:File:G-protein coupled receptors.jpg\|G protein-coupled receptor]] (GPCR)/seven-transmembrane domain receptor.
	* testis - sertoli cell
	* ovary - granulosa cell		* {{testis}} - {{sertoli cell}}
			* {{ovary}} - {{granulosa cell}}

	In females - FSH acts on the {{ovary}} to stimulate follicle development. Negative feedback by inhibin from the developing follicle decreases FSH secretion.		In females - FSH acts on the {{ovary}} to stimulate follicle development. Negative feedback by inhibin from the developing follicle decreases FSH secretion.
Line 184:		Line 186:
	FSH-defficiency in females results in infertile (block in folliculogenesis prior to antral follicle formation) and in males does not affect fertility (have small testes but are fertile).		FSH-defficiency in females results in infertile (block in folliculogenesis prior to antral follicle formation) and in males does not affect fertility (have small testes but are fertile).

	FSH protein has a molecular weight 30 kDa and a 3-4 hour half-life in circulation. Gonadotrophins have been used clinically in humans for the treatment of infertility. Other ~~glycoproetin~~ hormones include luteinizing hormone ({{LH}}), [[T#thyroid stimulating hormone\|thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)]], and ~~[[C#~~chorionic gonadotropin~~\|chorionic gonadotropin]]~~.		FSH protein has a molecular weight 30 kDa and a 3-4 hour half-life in circulation. Gonadotrophins have been used clinically in humans for the treatment of infertility. Other glycoprotein hormones include luteinizing hormone ({{LH}}), [[T#thyroid stimulating hormone\|thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)]], and chorionic gonadotropin ({{hCG}}).


	===Luteinizing Hormone===		===Luteinizing Hormone===

Z8600021 at 04:43, 19 February 2019

2019-02-19T04:43:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:43, 19 February 2019
Line 79:		Line 79:
	==Pituitary Timeline==		==Pituitary Timeline==
	[[File:Mouse-pituitary development.jpg\|thumb\|[[Mouse_Development\|Mouse Pituitary Development]]]]		[[File:Mouse-pituitary development.jpg\|thumb\|[[Mouse_Development\|Mouse Pituitary Development]]]]

			Embryonic development of {{pituitary}} stalk during week 7 and 8 based upon Streeter.<ref name=Streeter1957>{{Ref-Streeter1957}}</ref>
			* Carnegie stage {{CS19}} - Thick stalk with remnant of lumen (Rathke’s pouch); angiogenesis beginning. Capillaries appearing in mesodcrm at rostral surface of anterior lobe.
			* Carnegie stage {{CS20}} - Long, slender stalk.
			* Carnegie stage {{CS21}} - Thread-like stalk; beginning absorption.
			* Carnegie stage {{CS22}} - Remnant of incomplete stalk at either end.
			* Carnegie stage {{CS23}} - Practically no trace of stalk remains. Oriented epithelial follicles. Abundant angioblasts and capillaries in vascular component of anterior lobe.


	{\|		{\|
	\| [[File:Embryonic and fetal pituitary.jpg]]		\| [[File:Embryonic and fetal pituitary.jpg]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~Human embryonic~~ and ~~fetal~~ pituitary		\|Embryonic and Fetal pituitary
	\|}		\|}

Z8600021 at 01:17, 18 December 2018

2018-12-18T01:17:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:17, 18 December 2018
Line 48:		Line 48:
	! Older papers		! Older papers
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\| {{Older papers}}
	* '''β-catenin is required in the neural crest and mesencephalon for pituitary gland organogenesis'''{{#pmid:27184910\|PMID27184910}} "The pituitary gland is a highly vascularized tissue that requires coordinated interactions between the neural ectoderm, oral ectoderm, and head mesenchyme during development for proper physiological function. ...mesenchyme on the rostral side of Rathke’s pouch is neural crest in origin. This rostral mesenchyme contributes to the vasculature of the pituitary gland."		* '''β-catenin is required in the neural crest and mesencephalon for pituitary gland organogenesis'''{{#pmid:27184910\|PMID27184910}} "The pituitary gland is a highly vascularized tissue that requires coordinated interactions between the neural ectoderm, oral ectoderm, and head mesenchyme during development for proper physiological function. ...mesenchyme on the rostral side of Rathke’s pouch is neural crest in origin. This rostral mesenchyme contributes to the vasculature of the pituitary gland."

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:36, 16 Haziran 2019
Line 36:		Line 36:


	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pituitary+Embryologyy ''Pituitary Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hypophysis+~~Embryologyy~~ ''Hypophysis ~~Embryology~~''] \|		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pituitary+Embryology ''Pituitary Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pituitary+Embryologyy ''Pituitary Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hypophysis+Development ''Hypophysis Development''] \|
	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=adenohypophysis+~~Embryologyy~~ ''adenohypophysis Embryology''] \|		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=adenohypophysis+Embryology ''adenohypophysis Embryology''] \|
	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=pars+distalis+~~Embryologyy~~ ''pars distalis Embryology''] \|		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=pars+distalis+Embryology ''pars distalis Embryology''] \|
	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=pars+intermedia+~~Embryologyy~~ ''pars intermedia Embryology''] \|		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=pars+intermedia+Embryology ''pars intermedia Embryology''] \|
	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=pars+tuberalis+~~Embryologyy~~ ''pars tuberalis Embryology''] \|		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=pars+tuberalis+Embryology ''pars tuberalis Embryology''] \|
	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sella+turcica ''sella turcica'']		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sella+turcica ''sella turcica'']