Endocrine - Adrenal Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 05:59, 7 February 2020

2020-02-07T05:59:05Z

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	! [[Historic Embryology_Papers\|'''Historic Embryology''']] - Adrenal		! [[Historic Embryology_Papers\|'''Historic Embryology''']] - Adrenal
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Paper - The histogenesis of the adrenal in the pig\|1903 Pig Adrenal]] \| [[Book - Manual of Human Embryology 15\|1912 Suprarenal Bodies]] \| [[McMurrich1914 Chapter 14\|1914 Suprarenal Organs]] \| [[Paper - Observations in connection with the early development of the human suprarenal gland\|1920 Adrenal]] \| [[Paper - The early embryological development of the fetal and permanent adrenal cortex in man\|1940 Adrenal]] \| [[Paper - Embryonic and postnatal development of the adrenal cortex, particularly the zona glomerulosa and accessory nodules\|1946 Adrenal Cortex]] \| [[Paper - The development of the adrenal gland in man\|1957 Human Adrenal]]		\| [[Paper - The histogenesis of the adrenal in the pig\|1903 Pig Adrenal]] \| [[Book - Manual of Human Embryology 15\|1912 Suprarenal Bodies]] \| [[McMurrich1914 Chapter 14\|1914 Suprarenal Organs]] \| [[Paper - Observations in connection with the early development of the human suprarenal gland\|1920 Adrenal]] \| [[Paper - Some notes on the early adrenals (1930)\|1930 Human Adrenal]] \| [[Paper - The early embryological development of the fetal and permanent adrenal cortex in man\|1940 Adrenal]] \| [[Paper - Embryonic and postnatal development of the adrenal cortex, particularly the zona glomerulosa and accessory nodules\|1946 Adrenal Cortex]] \| [[Paper - The development of the adrenal gland in man\|1957 Human Adrenal]]
	\|}		\|}
	<br>		<br>

Z8600021 at 01:06, 5 August 2019

2019-08-05T01:06:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:06, 5 August 2019
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	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Week10 adrenal.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Adrenal Gland (week 10)]]		[[File:Week10 adrenal.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Adrenal Gland (week 10)]]
	The developing adrenal gland has both an interesting origin and an ~~intruiging~~ fetal role. Furthermore recent studies suggest that the adrenal cortex share a common embryonic origin with the early gonad. The adrenal gland and placenta also act in synergy, and the notes endocrine placenta should also be read.		The developing {{adrenal}} gland has both an interesting origin and an intriguing fetal role. Furthermore recent studies suggest that the adrenal cortex share a common embryonic origin with the early gonad. The adrenal gland and placenta also act in synergy, and the notes {{endocrine placenta}} should also be read.


	The 2 adrenal glands (suprarenal gland, ''glandulæ suprarenales'') are named by their anatomical postion sitting above the 2 kidneys (renal). The 2 main parts of the adrenals have different embryonic origins. The inside core adrenal medulla is neural crest in origin. Mesenchyme surrounding these cells differentiates to form a fetal cortex. This fetal cortex is later replaced by the adult cortex. The outside adrenal cortex is derived from mesothelium and can be further divided into 3 distinct layers (zona reticularis, zona fasiculata, zona glomerulosa) each with distinct hormonal functions.		The 2 adrenal glands ({{suprarenal}} gland, ''glandulæ suprarenales'') are named by their anatomical postion sitting above the 2 kidneys (renal). The 2 main parts of the adrenals have different embryonic origins. The inside core adrenal medulla is neural crest in origin. Mesenchyme surrounding these cells differentiates to form a fetal cortex. This fetal cortex is later replaced by the adult cortex. The outside adrenal cortex is derived from mesothelium and can be further divided into 3 distinct layers (zona reticularis, zona fasiculata, zona glomerulosa) each with distinct hormonal functions.

Z8600021 at 01:04, 5 August 2019

2019-08-05T01:04:30Z

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	==Animal Models==		==Animal Models==
			===Medulla===
			'''{{mouse}} Medulla'''{{#pmid:30237243\|PMID30237243}}
			* preganglionic axons direct chromaffin cell precursors into the adrenal primordia.
			* guidance cues using class 3 semaphorin (SEMA3) signalling through neuropilins (NRP).

	{{Rat}} ~~medullary timeline~~{{#pmid:15240937\|PMID15240937}}
			'''{{Rat}} Medullary Timeline'''{{#pmid:15240937\|PMID15240937}}
	* day 13 to 15 - chromaffin cells migrate from a group of TH-positive cells present dorsal to the adrenal primordium via the medial cranial end of the adrenal primordium into the adrenal primordium.		* day 13 to 15 - chromaffin cells migrate from a group of TH-positive cells present dorsal to the adrenal primordium via the medial cranial end of the adrenal primordium into the adrenal primordium.
	* after 16 days - adrenal capsule formed, except on the ventral aspect of the cranial end of the adrenal gland, from which TH-positive cells penetrated into the adrenal gland.		* after 16 days - adrenal capsule formed, except on the ventral aspect of the cranial end of the adrenal gland, from which TH-positive cells penetrated into the adrenal gland.
	* {{neural crest}} cells may use the same pathway to migrate to the sympathetic chain ganglia dorsal to the adrenal gland, to the adrenal gland, and to the preaortic ganglion.		* {{neural crest}} cells may use the same pathway to migrate to the sympathetic chain ganglia dorsal to the adrenal gland, to the adrenal gland, and to the preaortic ganglion.

			===Cortex===
	Species Cortex Difference		'''Species Cortex Difference'''
	* '''{{rat}}''' - zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata separated by an undifferentiated zone (ZU, or Zona Intermedia)		* '''{{rat}}''' - zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata separated by an undifferentiated zone (ZU, or Zona Intermedia)
	* '''{{mouse}}''' - no undifferentiated zone separation.		* '''{{mouse}}''' - no undifferentiated zone separation.

Z8600021 at 00:58, 5 August 2019

2019-08-05T00:58:27Z

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	* Glomerulosa - small cells, cords or oval groups, aldosterone.		* Glomerulosa - small cells, cords or oval groups, aldosterone.

	==~~=Species Difference=~~==		==Animal Models==

	* '''rat''' - zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata separated by an undifferentiated zone (ZU, or Zona Intermedia)		{{Rat}} medullary timeline{{#pmid:15240937\|PMID15240937}}
	* '''mouse''' - no undifferentiated zone separation.		* day 13 to 15 - chromaffin cells migrate from a group of TH-positive cells present dorsal to the adrenal primordium via the medial cranial end of the adrenal primordium into the adrenal primordium.
			* after 16 days - adrenal capsule formed, except on the ventral aspect of the cranial end of the adrenal gland, from which TH-positive cells penetrated into the adrenal gland.
			* {{neural crest}} cells may use the same pathway to migrate to the sympathetic chain ganglia dorsal to the adrenal gland, to the adrenal gland, and to the preaortic ganglion.


			Species Cortex Difference
			* '''{{rat}}''' - zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata separated by an undifferentiated zone (ZU, or Zona Intermedia)
			* '''{{mouse}}''' - no undifferentiated zone separation.
	** capsule mesenchyme cells have properties of adrenocortical stem/progenitor cells.		** capsule mesenchyme cells have properties of adrenocortical stem/progenitor cells.


	==Adult Histology==		==Adult Histology==

Z8600021 at 04:56, 2 August 2019

2019-08-02T04:56:13Z

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	! [[Historic Embryology_Papers\|'''Historic Embryology''']] - Adrenal		! [[Historic Embryology_Papers\|'''Historic Embryology''']] - Adrenal
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Book - Manual of Human Embryology 15\|1912 Suprarenal Bodies]] \| [[McMurrich1914 Chapter 14\|1914 Suprarenal Organs]] \| [[Paper - Observations in connection with the early development of the human suprarenal gland\|1920 Adrenal]] \| [[Paper - The early embryological development of the fetal and permanent adrenal cortex in man\|1940 Adrenal]] \| [[Paper - Embryonic and postnatal development of the adrenal cortex, particularly the zona glomerulosa and accessory nodules\|1946 Adrenal Cortex]] \| [[Paper - The development of the adrenal gland in man\|1957 Human Adrenal]]		\| [[Paper - The histogenesis of the adrenal in the pig\|1903 Pig Adrenal]] \| [[Book - Manual of Human Embryology 15\|1912 Suprarenal Bodies]] \| [[McMurrich1914 Chapter 14\|1914 Suprarenal Organs]] \| [[Paper - Observations in connection with the early development of the human suprarenal gland\|1920 Adrenal]] \| [[Paper - The early embryological development of the fetal and permanent adrenal cortex in man\|1940 Adrenal]] \| [[Paper - Embryonic and postnatal development of the adrenal cortex, particularly the zona glomerulosa and accessory nodules\|1946 Adrenal Cortex]] \| [[Paper - The development of the adrenal gland in man\|1957 Human Adrenal]]
	\|}		\|}
	<br>		<br>

Z8600021 at 02:56, 31 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-31T02:56:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:56, 31 Mayıs 2019
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	(amino acid derivatives) Epinephrine, Norepinephrine		(amino acid derivatives) Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

	==~~Adrenal~~ Development==		== Development Overview ==

			'''Medulla '''- Neural crest cells migrate toward the coelomic cavity wall and form the adrenal medulla. These chromaffin (chromaphil) cells originally named because of their staining (yellow) with chromium salts.

			'''Cortex''' - Week 4 celomic epithelium (mesothelium) cells proliferate initially forming small buds that separate from the epithelium. Week 6 these now mesenchymal cells first form the fetal adrenal cortex which will be later replaced by the adult cortex.


	{\|		{\|
	! Adrenal gland development and steroid hormone synthesis		! Adrenal gland development and steroid hormone synthesis
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	:'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=endocrin&part=A442&rendertype=box&id=A466 Endocrinology - Adrenal Cortex Development]		:'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=endocrin&part=A442&rendertype=box&id=A466 Endocrinology - Adrenal Cortex Development]

	~~== Development Overview ==~~

	'''Medulla '''- Neural crest cells migrate toward the coelomic cavity wall and form the adrenal medulla. These chromaffin (chromaphil) cells originally named because of their staining (yellow) with chromium salts.

	'''Cortex''' - Week 4 celomic epithelium (mesothelium) cells proliferate initially forming small buds that separate from the epithelium. Week 6 these now mesenchymal cells first form the fetal adrenal cortex which will be later replaced by the adult cortex.

	== Adrenal Cortex ==		== Adrenal Cortex ==

Z8600021 at 09:41, 27 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-27T09:41:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:41, 27 Mayıs 2019
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	! [[Historic Embryology_Papers\|'''Historic Embryology''']] - Adrenal		! [[Historic Embryology_Papers\|'''Historic Embryology''']] - Adrenal
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Book - Manual of Human Embryology 15\|1912 Suprarenal Bodies]] \| [[McMurrich1914 Chapter 14\|1914 Suprarenal Organs]] \| [[Paper - Observations in connection with the early development of the human suprarenal gland\|1920 Adrenal]] \| [[Paper - The early embryological development of the fetal and permanent adrenal cortex in man\|1940 Adrenal]] \| [[Paper - The development of the adrenal gland in man\|1957 Human Adrenal]]		\| [[Book - Manual of Human Embryology 15\|1912 Suprarenal Bodies]] \| [[McMurrich1914 Chapter 14\|1914 Suprarenal Organs]] \| [[Paper - Observations in connection with the early development of the human suprarenal gland\|1920 Adrenal]] \| [[Paper - The early embryological development of the fetal and permanent adrenal cortex in man\|1940 Adrenal]] \| [[Paper - Embryonic and postnatal development of the adrenal cortex, particularly the zona glomerulosa and accessory nodules\|1946 Adrenal Cortex]] \| [[Paper - The development of the adrenal gland in man\|1957 Human Adrenal]]
	\|}		\|}
	<br>		<br>

Z8600021 at 02:48, 27 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-27T02:48:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:48, 27 Mayıs 2019
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	! [[Historic Embryology_Papers\|'''Historic Embryology''']] - Adrenal		! [[Historic Embryology_Papers\|'''Historic Embryology''']] - Adrenal
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Book - Manual of Human Embryology 15\|1912 Suprarenal Bodies]] \| [[McMurrich1914 Chapter 14\|1914 Suprarenal Organs]] \| [[Paper - Observations in connection with the early development of the human suprarenal gland\|1920 Adrenal]] \| [[Paper - The early embryological development of the fetal and permanent adrenal cortex in man\|1940 Adrenal]] \| [[Paper - The development of the adrenal gland in man\|1957 Adrenal]]		\| [[Book - Manual of Human Embryology 15\|1912 Suprarenal Bodies]] \| [[McMurrich1914 Chapter 14\|1914 Suprarenal Organs]] \| [[Paper - Observations in connection with the early development of the human suprarenal gland\|1920 Adrenal]] \| [[Paper - The early embryological development of the fetal and permanent adrenal cortex in man\|1940 Adrenal]] \| [[Paper - The development of the adrenal gland in man\|1957 Human Adrenal]]
	\|}		\|}
	<br>		<br>

Z8600021 at 01:40, 27 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-27T01:40:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:40, 27 Mayıs 2019
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Adrenal+Embryology ''Adrenal Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Adrenal+Cortex+~~Embryology~~ ''Adrenal Cortex ~~Embryology~~''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Adrenal+~~Medulla~~+Embryology ''Adrenal ~~Medulla~~ Embryology'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Adrenal+Development ''Adrenal Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Adrenal+Embryology ''Adrenal Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Adrenal+Medulla+Embryology ''Adrenal Medulla Embryology''] \|
			[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fetal+Adrenal+Cortex+Development ''Fetal Adrenal Cortex Development''] \|
			[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Adrenal+Cortex+Embryology ''Adrenal Cortex Embryology''] \|

	\|}		\|}

Z8600021 at 04:17, 25 March 2019

2019-03-25T04:17:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:17, 25 March 2019
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	The adrenal abnormality of {{congenital adrenal hyperplasia}} (CAH) is a family of inherited disorders of adrenal steroidogenesis enzymes which impairs cortisol production by the adrenal cortex.		The adrenal abnormality of {{congenital adrenal hyperplasia}} (CAH) is a family of inherited disorders of adrenal steroidogenesis enzymes which impairs cortisol production by the adrenal cortex. In the literature this abnormality has also been called: Congenital adrenogenital disorders associated with enzyme deficiency, congenital adrenal cortical hyperplasia, congenital adrenal gland hyperplasia, congenital adrenogenital syndrome, congenital, hyperadrenocorticism, congenital adrenogenitalism and congenital female adrenal pseudohermaphroditism.


	Enzymes most commonly affected: 21-hydroxylase (21-OH), 11beta-hydroxylase, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.		Enzymes most commonly affected: 21-hydroxylase (21-OH), 11beta-hydroxylase, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.