Ectoderm - Revision history

Z8600021 at 00:01, 16 July 2019

2019-07-16T00:01:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:01, 16 July 2019
Line 77:		Line 77:
	{{Ectoderm table1}}		{{Ectoderm table1}}

			<br>
			{{Ectoderm origin collapsetable1}}
	==Notochord==		==Notochord==
	* forms initially as the Axial Process, a hollow tube which extends from the primitive pit , cranially to the oral membrane		* forms initially as the Axial Process, a hollow tube which extends from the primitive pit , cranially to the oral membrane

Z8600021 at 09:06, 11 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-11T09:06:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:06, 11 Mayıs 2019
Line 17:		Line 17:
	\|}		\|}
	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==
			[[File:Frog ectoderm gene co-expression network.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|alt=Frog ectoderm gene co-expression network\|Frog ectoderm gene co-expression network{{#pmid:29049289\|PMID29049289}}]]
	[[File:Zebrafish ectodermal patterning model.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|alt=Zebrafish ectodermal patterning model{{#pmid:24089471\|PMID24089471}}]]		[[File:Zebrafish ectodermal patterning model.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|alt=Zebrafish ectodermal patterning model{{#pmid:24089471\|PMID24089471}}]]
	{\|		{\|

Z8600021 at 08:59, 11 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-11T08:59:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:59, 11 Mayıs 2019
Line 21:		Line 21:
	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
	* '''Notch signaling in the division of germ layers in bilaterian embryos'''{{#pmid:29940277\|PMID29940277}}		* '''Notch signaling in the division of germ layers in bilaterian embryos'''{{#pmid:29940277\|PMID29940277}} "Bilaterian embryos are triploblastic organisms which develop three complete germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). While the ectoderm develops mainly from the animal hemisphere, there is diversity in the location from where the endoderm and the mesoderm arise in relation to the animal-vegetal axis, ranging from endoderm being specified between the ectoderm and mesoderm in echinoderms, and the mesoderm being specified between the ectoderm and the endoderm in vertebrates. A common feature is that part of the mesoderm segregates from an ancient bipotential endomesodermal domain. The process of segregation is noisy during the initial steps but it is gradually refined. In this review, we discuss the role of the Notch pathway in the establishment and refinement of boundaries between germ layers in bilaterians, with special focus on its interaction with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway."
	Bilaterian embryos are triploblastic organisms which develop three complete germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). While the ectoderm develops mainly from the animal hemisphere, there is diversity in the location from where the endoderm and the mesoderm arise in relation to the animal-vegetal axis, ranging from endoderm being specified between the ectoderm and mesoderm in echinoderms, and the mesoderm being specified between the ectoderm and the endoderm in vertebrates. A common feature is that part of the mesoderm segregates from an ancient bipotential endomesodermal domain. The process of segregation is noisy during the initial steps but it is gradually refined. In this review, we discuss the role of the Notch pathway in the establishment and refinement of boundaries between germ layers in bilaterians, with special focus on its interaction with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

	* '''A molecular atlas of the developing ectoderm defines neural, neural crest, placode, and nonneural progenitor identity in vertebrates'''{{#pmid:29049289\|PMID29049289}} "During vertebrate neurulation, the embryonic ectoderm is patterned into lineage progenitors for neural plate, neural crest, placodes and epidermis. Here, we use Xenopus laevis embryos to analyze the spatial and temporal transcriptome of distinct ectodermal domains in the course of neurulation, during the establishment of cell lineages. In order to define the transcriptome of small groups of cells from a single germ layer and to retain spatial information, dorsal and ventral ectoderm was subdivided along the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral axes by microdissections. Principal component analysis on the transcriptomes of these ectoderm fragments primarily identifies embryonic axes and temporal dynamics. This provides a genetic code to define positional information of any ectoderm sample along the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes directly from its transcriptome. In parallel, we use nonnegative matrix factorization to predict enhanced gene expression maps onto early and mid-neurula embryos, and specific signatures for each ectoderm area. The clustering of spatial and temporal datasets allowed detection of multiple biologically relevant groups (e.g., Wnt signaling, neural crest development, sensory placode specification, ciliogenesis, germ layer specification). We provide an interactive network interface, EctoMap, for exploring synexpression relationships among genes expressed in the neurula, and suggest several strategies to use this comprehensive dataset to address questions in developmental biology as well as stem cell or cancer research."		* '''A molecular atlas of the developing ectoderm defines neural, neural crest, placode, and nonneural progenitor identity in vertebrates'''{{#pmid:29049289\|PMID29049289}} "During vertebrate neurulation, the embryonic ectoderm is patterned into lineage progenitors for neural plate, neural crest, placodes and epidermis. Here, we use Xenopus laevis embryos to analyze the spatial and temporal transcriptome of distinct ectodermal domains in the course of neurulation, during the establishment of cell lineages. In order to define the transcriptome of small groups of cells from a single germ layer and to retain spatial information, dorsal and ventral ectoderm was subdivided along the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral axes by microdissections. Principal component analysis on the transcriptomes of these ectoderm fragments primarily identifies embryonic axes and temporal dynamics. This provides a genetic code to define positional information of any ectoderm sample along the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes directly from its transcriptome. In parallel, we use nonnegative matrix factorization to predict enhanced gene expression maps onto early and mid-neurula embryos, and specific signatures for each ectoderm area. The clustering of spatial and temporal datasets allowed detection of multiple biologically relevant groups (e.g., Wnt signaling, neural crest development, sensory placode specification, ciliogenesis, germ layer specification). We provide an interactive network interface, EctoMap, for exploring synexpression relationships among genes expressed in the neurula, and suggest several strategies to use this comprehensive dataset to address questions in developmental biology as well as stem cell or cancer research."

Z8600021 at 08:58, 11 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-11T08:58:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:58, 11 Mayıs 2019
Line 23:		Line 23:
	* '''Notch signaling in the division of germ layers in bilaterian embryos'''{{#pmid:29940277\|PMID29940277}}		* '''Notch signaling in the division of germ layers in bilaterian embryos'''{{#pmid:29940277\|PMID29940277}}
	Bilaterian embryos are triploblastic organisms which develop three complete germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). While the ectoderm develops mainly from the animal hemisphere, there is diversity in the location from where the endoderm and the mesoderm arise in relation to the animal-vegetal axis, ranging from endoderm being specified between the ectoderm and mesoderm in echinoderms, and the mesoderm being specified between the ectoderm and the endoderm in vertebrates. A common feature is that part of the mesoderm segregates from an ancient bipotential endomesodermal domain. The process of segregation is noisy during the initial steps but it is gradually refined. In this review, we discuss the role of the Notch pathway in the establishment and refinement of boundaries between germ layers in bilaterians, with special focus on its interaction with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.		Bilaterian embryos are triploblastic organisms which develop three complete germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). While the ectoderm develops mainly from the animal hemisphere, there is diversity in the location from where the endoderm and the mesoderm arise in relation to the animal-vegetal axis, ranging from endoderm being specified between the ectoderm and mesoderm in echinoderms, and the mesoderm being specified between the ectoderm and the endoderm in vertebrates. A common feature is that part of the mesoderm segregates from an ancient bipotential endomesodermal domain. The process of segregation is noisy during the initial steps but it is gradually refined. In this review, we discuss the role of the Notch pathway in the establishment and refinement of boundaries between germ layers in bilaterians, with special focus on its interaction with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

			* '''A molecular atlas of the developing ectoderm defines neural, neural crest, placode, and nonneural progenitor identity in vertebrates'''{{#pmid:29049289\|PMID29049289}} "During vertebrate neurulation, the embryonic ectoderm is patterned into lineage progenitors for neural plate, neural crest, placodes and epidermis. Here, we use Xenopus laevis embryos to analyze the spatial and temporal transcriptome of distinct ectodermal domains in the course of neurulation, during the establishment of cell lineages. In order to define the transcriptome of small groups of cells from a single germ layer and to retain spatial information, dorsal and ventral ectoderm was subdivided along the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral axes by microdissections. Principal component analysis on the transcriptomes of these ectoderm fragments primarily identifies embryonic axes and temporal dynamics. This provides a genetic code to define positional information of any ectoderm sample along the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes directly from its transcriptome. In parallel, we use nonnegative matrix factorization to predict enhanced gene expression maps onto early and mid-neurula embryos, and specific signatures for each ectoderm area. The clustering of spatial and temporal datasets allowed detection of multiple biologically relevant groups (e.g., Wnt signaling, neural crest development, sensory placode specification, ciliogenesis, germ layer specification). We provide an interactive network interface, EctoMap, for exploring synexpression relationships among genes expressed in the neurula, and suggest several strategies to use this comprehensive dataset to address questions in developmental biology as well as stem cell or cancer research."

	* '''Meis transcription factor maintains the neurogenic ectoderm and regulates the anterior-posterior patterning in embryos of a sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus'''{{#pmid:30266259\|PMID30266259}} "Precise body axis formation is an essential step in the development of multicellular organisms, for most of which the molecular gradient and/or specifically biased localization of cell-fate determinants in eggs play important roles. In sea urchins, however, any biased proteins and mRNAs have not yet been identified in the egg except for vegetal cortex molecules, suggesting that sea urchin development is mostly regulated by uniformly distributed maternal molecules with contributions to axis formation that are not well characterized. Here, we describe that the maternal Meis transcription factor regulates anterior-posterior axis formation through maintenance of the most anterior territory in embryos of a sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Loss-of-function experiments revealed that Meis is intrinsically required for maintenance of the anterior neuroectoderm specifier foxQ2 after hatching and, consequently, the morphant lost anterior neuroectoderm characteristics. In addition, the expression patterns of univin and VEGF, the lateral ectoderm markers, and the mesenchyme-cell pattern shifted toward the anterior side in Meis morphants more than they did in control embryos, indicating that Meis contributes to the precise anteroposterior patterning by regulating the anterior neuroectodermal fate.		* '''Meis transcription factor maintains the neurogenic ectoderm and regulates the anterior-posterior patterning in embryos of a sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus'''{{#pmid:30266259\|PMID30266259}} "Precise body axis formation is an essential step in the development of multicellular organisms, for most of which the molecular gradient and/or specifically biased localization of cell-fate determinants in eggs play important roles. In sea urchins, however, any biased proteins and mRNAs have not yet been identified in the egg except for vegetal cortex molecules, suggesting that sea urchin development is mostly regulated by uniformly distributed maternal molecules with contributions to axis formation that are not well characterized. Here, we describe that the maternal Meis transcription factor regulates anterior-posterior axis formation through maintenance of the most anterior territory in embryos of a sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Loss-of-function experiments revealed that Meis is intrinsically required for maintenance of the anterior neuroectoderm specifier foxQ2 after hatching and, consequently, the morphant lost anterior neuroectoderm characteristics. In addition, the expression patterns of univin and VEGF, the lateral ectoderm markers, and the mesenchyme-cell pattern shifted toward the anterior side in Meis morphants more than they did in control embryos, indicating that Meis contributes to the precise anteroposterior patterning by regulating the anterior neuroectodermal fate.

Z8600021 at 02:54, 20 December 2018

2018-12-20T02:54:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:54, 20 December 2018
Line 14:		Line 14:
	{\|		{\|
	\|-bgcolor="F5FFFA"		\|-bgcolor="F5FFFA"
	\| '''Ectoderm Links:''' {{endoderm}} \| {{mesoderm}} \| {{ectoderm}} \| [[Lecture - Ectoderm Development]] \| [[Lecture - Neural Development]] \| [[Lecture - Integumentary Development]] \| {{neural}} \| {{neural crest}} \| {{integumentary}} \| ~~[[Placodes]]~~ \| [[:Category:Ectoderm]]		\| '''Ectoderm Links:''' {{gastrulation}} \| {{endoderm}} \| {{mesoderm}} \| {{ectoderm}} \| [[Lecture - Ectoderm Development]] \| [[Lecture - Neural Development]] \| [[Lecture - Integumentary Development]] \| {{neural}} \| {{neural crest}} \| {{integumentary}} \| {{Placode}} \| [[:Category:Ectoderm]]
	\|}		\|}
	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==

Z8600021 at 02:54, 20 December 2018

2018-12-20T02:54:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:54, 20 December 2018
Line 252:		Line 252:

	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
	~~<pubmed>~~19596567~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:19596567}}
	~~<pubmed>~~18269215~~</pubmed>~~
	~~<pubmed>~~15857918~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:18269215}}

			{{#pmid:15857918}}


Line 300:		Line 302:

	</quiz>		</quiz>
	{{~~Template:~~Glossary}}		{{Glossary}}

	{{~~Template:~~Footer}}		{{Footer}}

	[[Category:Ectoderm]] [[Category:Neural]] [[Category:Neural Crest]] [[Category:Integumentary]] [[Category:Week 3]] [[Category:Week 4]]		[[Category:Ectoderm]] [[Category:Neural]] [[Category:Neural Crest]] [[Category:Integumentary]] [[Category:Week 3]] [[Category:Week 4]]

Z8600021 at 02:51, 20 December 2018

2018-12-20T02:51:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:51, 20 December 2018
Line 21:		Line 21:
	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
	* '''~~A BMP regulatory network controls ectodermal cell fate decisions at~~ the ~~neural plate border.~~'''{{#pmid:~~24089471~~\|~~PMID24089471~~}} ~~"During ectodermal patterning~~ the ~~neural crest~~ and ~~preplacodal~~ ectoderm ~~are~~ specified in ~~adjacent domains at~~ the ~~neural plate border~~. ~~BMP signalling~~ is ~~required for specification of both tissues,~~ but ~~how~~ it is ~~spatially and temporally regulated to achieve~~ this ~~is not understood. Here~~, ~~using a transgenic zebrafish BMP reporter line~~ in ~~conjunction with double-fluorescent in situ hybridisation, we show that, at~~ the ~~beginning~~ of ~~neurulation~~, the ~~ventral~~-to-~~dorsal gradient~~ of ~~BMP activity evolves into two distinct domains at the neural plate border~~: ~~one coinciding with~~ the ~~neural crest and the other abutting the epidermis. In between is a region devoid~~ of ~~BMP activity~~, which ~~is specified as~~ the ~~preplacodal ectoderm~~. ~~We identify~~ the ~~ligands required~~ for ~~these domains of BMP activity~~. ~~We show~~ that the ~~BMP~~-~~interacting protein Crossveinless 2 is expressed~~ in ~~the BMP activity domains and is under the control~~ of ~~BMP signalling~~. ~~We establish that Crossveinless 2 functions at this time in a positive~~-~~feedback loop to locally enhance BMP activity, and show~~ that it is required for ~~neural crest fate. We further demonstrate that~~ the ~~Distal-less transcription factors Dlx3b~~ and ~~Dlx4b~~, ~~which are expressed in~~ the ~~preplacodal ectoderm~~, ~~are required for~~ the expression of ~~a cell-autonomous BMP inhibitor~~, ~~Bambi~~-~~b, which can explain~~ the ~~specific absence of BMP activity~~ in ~~the preplacodal ectoderm. Taken together~~, ~~our data define a BMP regulatory network~~ that ~~controls cell~~ fate ~~decisions at the neural plate border~~."		* '''Notch signaling in the division of germ layers in bilaterian embryos'''{{#pmid:29940277\|PMID29940277}}
			Bilaterian embryos are triploblastic organisms which develop three complete germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). While the ectoderm develops mainly from the animal hemisphere, there is diversity in the location from where the endoderm and the mesoderm arise in relation to the animal-vegetal axis, ranging from endoderm being specified between the ectoderm and mesoderm in echinoderms, and the mesoderm being specified between the ectoderm and the endoderm in vertebrates. A common feature is that part of the mesoderm segregates from an ancient bipotential endomesodermal domain. The process of segregation is noisy during the initial steps but it is gradually refined. In this review, we discuss the role of the Notch pathway in the establishment and refinement of boundaries between germ layers in bilaterians, with special focus on its interaction with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

			* '''Meis transcription factor maintains the neurogenic ectoderm and regulates the anterior-posterior patterning in embryos of a sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus'''{{#pmid:30266259\|PMID30266259}} "Precise body axis formation is an essential step in the development of multicellular organisms, for most of which the molecular gradient and/or specifically biased localization of cell-fate determinants in eggs play important roles. In sea urchins, however, any biased proteins and mRNAs have not yet been identified in the egg except for vegetal cortex molecules, suggesting that sea urchin development is mostly regulated by uniformly distributed maternal molecules with contributions to axis formation that are not well characterized. Here, we describe that the maternal Meis transcription factor regulates anterior-posterior axis formation through maintenance of the most anterior territory in embryos of a sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Loss-of-function experiments revealed that Meis is intrinsically required for maintenance of the anterior neuroectoderm specifier foxQ2 after hatching and, consequently, the morphant lost anterior neuroectoderm characteristics. In addition, the expression patterns of univin and VEGF, the lateral ectoderm markers, and the mesenchyme-cell pattern shifted toward the anterior side in Meis morphants more than they did in control embryos, indicating that Meis contributes to the precise anteroposterior patterning by regulating the anterior neuroectodermal fate.
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
Line 35:		Line 38:
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''A BMP regulatory network controls ectodermal cell fate decisions at the neural plate border.'''{{#pmid:24089471\|PMID24089471}} "During ectodermal patterning the neural crest and preplacodal ectoderm are specified in adjacent domains at the neural plate border. BMP signalling is required for specification of both tissues, but how it is spatially and temporally regulated to achieve this is not understood. Here, using a transgenic zebrafish BMP reporter line in conjunction with double-fluorescent in situ hybridisation, we show that, at the beginning of neurulation, the ventral-to-dorsal gradient of BMP activity evolves into two distinct domains at the neural plate border: one coinciding with the neural crest and the other abutting the epidermis. In between is a region devoid of BMP activity, which is specified as the preplacodal ectoderm. We identify the ligands required for these domains of BMP activity. We show that the BMP-interacting protein Crossveinless 2 is expressed in the BMP activity domains and is under the control of BMP signalling. We establish that Crossveinless 2 functions at this time in a positive-feedback loop to locally enhance BMP activity, and show that it is required for neural crest fate. We further demonstrate that the Distal-less transcription factors Dlx3b and Dlx4b, which are expressed in the preplacodal ectoderm, are required for the expression of a cell-autonomous BMP inhibitor, Bambi-b, which can explain the specific absence of BMP activity in the preplacodal ectoderm. Taken together, our data define a BMP regulatory network that controls cell fate decisions at the neural plate border."
	\|}		\|}
	{\|		{\|

Z8600021 at 02:41, 20 December 2018

2018-12-20T02:41:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:41, 20 December 2018
Line 28:		Line 28:
	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Ectoderm+Development ''Ectoderm Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=Ectoderm+Development&report=imagesdocsum ''Images'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Ectoderm+Development ''Ectoderm Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=Ectoderm+Development&report=imagesdocsum ''Images''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Ectoderm ''Ectoderm'']

	~~<pubmed limit=5>Ectoderm+Development</pubmed>~~
	\|}		\|}
			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! Older papers
			\|-
			\| {{Older papers}}
			\|}
	{\|		{\|
	\| width=330px\|<html5media width='316' height='500' image="http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/a/a6/Neuralplate_001_icon.jpg">File:Neuralplate_001.mp4</html5media>		\| width=330px\|<html5media width='316' height='500' image="http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/a/a6/Neuralplate_001_icon.jpg">File:Neuralplate_001.mp4</html5media>

Z8600021 at 02:23, 4 August 2018

2018-08-04T02:23:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:23, 4 August 2018
Line 4:		Line 4:
	The top layer of the early [[T#trilaminar embryo\|trilaminar embryo]] germ layers ({{ectoderm}}, {{mesoderm}} and {{endoderm}}) formed by {{gastrulation}}. The ectoderm can be though of as having 4 early regions: neural plate, neural crest, surface ectoderm and placodes. Note that there are other pages describing neural (central nervous system; brain and spinal cord) and neural crest (peripheral nervous system; sensory and sympathetic ganglia). Epidermis (integumentary, skin contribution) development will be briefly mentioned due to its ectoderm origin.		The top layer of the early [[T#trilaminar embryo\|trilaminar embryo]] germ layers ({{ectoderm}}, {{mesoderm}} and {{endoderm}}) formed by {{gastrulation}}. The ectoderm can be though of as having 4 early regions: neural plate, neural crest, surface ectoderm and placodes. Note that there are other pages describing neural (central nervous system; brain and spinal cord) and neural crest (peripheral nervous system; sensory and sympathetic ganglia). Epidermis (integumentary, skin contribution) development will be briefly mentioned due to its ectoderm origin.

	{\|
	~~\| [[File:Stage10 neural sm.jpg\|400px]]~~
	~~\| [[File:Stage10 SEM1.jpg\|300px]]~~
	\|}

	The ectoderm contributes to the human embryo:		The ectoderm contributes to the human embryo:
Line 51:		Line 47:
	\| [[File:Stage10 SEM1.jpg\|300px]]		\| [[File:Stage10 SEM1.jpg\|300px]]
	\|}		\|}

	==Objectives==		==Objectives==
	* Understanding of events during the third and fourth week of development		* Understanding of events during the third and fourth week of development
Line 69:		Line 64:
	* Before We Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 19 p423-458		* Before We Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 19 p423-458

			<div id="Ectoderm Overview"></div>
	==Overview==		==Overview==
			{{Ectoderm table1}}

Z8600021 at 02:17, 4 August 2018

2018-08-04T02:17:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:17, 4 August 2018
Line 69:		Line 69:
	* Before We Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 19 p423-458		* Before We Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 19 p423-458

	== ~~Development~~ Overview ==		==Overview==



	==Notochord==		==Notochord==