Dog Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 04:01, 1 December 2021

2021-12-01T04:01:32Z

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			* '''Assisted reproductive techniques for canines: preservation of genetic material in domestic dogs'''{{#pmid:34840199\|PMID34840199}} "Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, and cryopreservation of gametes/zygotes, have been developed to improve breeding and reproduction of livestock and for the treatment of human infertility. Their widespread use has contributed to improvements in human health and welfare. However, in dogs, only artificial insemination using frozen semen is readily available as an ART to improve breeding and control genetic diversity. A recent priority in sperm cryopreservation is the development of alternatives to egg yolk, which is widely used as a component of the sperm extender."

	* '''Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of maternal and fetal blood flows in pregnant bitches'''{{#pmid:30414566\|PMID30414566}} "We evaluated the potential usefulness of CEUS to assess fetal-maternal circulation during pregnancy in dogs. Nine bitches were examined at 23, 30, and 45 days of gestation using an ultrasound machine (LOGIQ E9) and SonoVue® contrast media as echo-signal enhancer. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of contrast enhancement patterns of uterine artery and utero/placental vessels were performed on recorded images. Independently of the gestational periods, the qualitative evaluation showed the initial wash-in phase from the first appearance of the uterine artery to the rapid distribution in embryonic vesicles or placenta to the progressive washout, whilst there was no enhancement of either embryos or fetuses in any bitch. Independent of gestational age, parameters derived from quantitative analysis of time intensity-curves of contrast enhancement (peak intensity, time to peak, rise time, washout) did not vary between proximal placenta, distal placenta, and uterine artery. With the progression of gestation, AUC values did not change in both proximal and distal placenta, but in the uterine artery it was lower (P ≤ 0.05) at day 30 than at day 23 (464.8 ± 16.1 vs.596.4 ± 28.1, respective" {{placenta}}		* '''Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of maternal and fetal blood flows in pregnant bitches'''{{#pmid:30414566\|PMID30414566}} "We evaluated the potential usefulness of CEUS to assess fetal-maternal circulation during pregnancy in dogs. Nine bitches were examined at 23, 30, and 45 days of gestation using an ultrasound machine (LOGIQ E9) and SonoVue® contrast media as echo-signal enhancer. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of contrast enhancement patterns of uterine artery and utero/placental vessels were performed on recorded images. Independently of the gestational periods, the qualitative evaluation showed the initial wash-in phase from the first appearance of the uterine artery to the rapid distribution in embryonic vesicles or placenta to the progressive washout, whilst there was no enhancement of either embryos or fetuses in any bitch. Independent of gestational age, parameters derived from quantitative analysis of time intensity-curves of contrast enhancement (peak intensity, time to peak, rise time, washout) did not vary between proximal placenta, distal placenta, and uterine artery. With the progression of gestation, AUC values did not change in both proximal and distal placenta, but in the uterine artery it was lower (P ≤ 0.05) at day 30 than at day 23 (464.8 ± 16.1 vs.596.4 ± 28.1, respective" {{placenta}}

	* '''Computed tomographic evaluation of {{cleft palate}} in one-day-old puppies'''{{#pmid:30342508\|PMID30342508}} "Cleft palate is a birth defect characterized by a lack of fusion between structures forming the palate. Causes include a multitude of factors, both genetic and environmental. Computed tomography (CT) is widely used to evaluate morphological features and diagnose head disorders in adult dogs. However, there is less data about its use in neonatal dogs. The purpose of this study was to perform CT evaluation of palatal defects in one-day-old puppies and to present a novel approach of 3D modeling in terms of cleft palate assessment."		* '''Computed tomographic evaluation of {{cleft palate}} in one-day-old puppies'''{{#pmid:30342508\|PMID30342508}} "Cleft palate is a birth defect characterized by a lack of fusion between structures forming the palate. Causes include a multitude of factors, both genetic and environmental. Computed tomography (CT) is widely used to evaluate morphological features and diagnose head disorders in adult dogs. However, there is less data about its use in neonatal dogs. The purpose of this study was to perform CT evaluation of palatal defects in one-day-old puppies and to present a novel approach of 3D modeling in terms of cleft palate assessment."

	* '''Dynamics of male canine germ cell development'''{{#pmid:29489867\|PMID29489867}} "Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are precursors of gametes that can generate new individuals throughout life in both males and females. Additionally, PGCs have been shown to differentiate into embryonic germ cells (EGCs) after in vitro culture. Most studies investigating germinative cells have been performed in rodents and humans but not dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Here, we elucidated the dynamics of the expression of pluripotent (POU5F1 and NANOG), germline (DDX4, DAZL and DPPA3), and epigenetic (5mC, 5hmC, H3K27me3 and H3K9me2) markers that are important for the development of male canine germ cells during the early (22-30 days post-fertilization (dpf)), middle (35-40 dpf) and late (45-50 dpf) gestational periods. ... The PGCs were positive for POU5F1 and H3K27me3 during all assessed developmental periods, including all periods between the gonadal tissue stage and foetal testes development. The number of NANOG, DDX4, DAZL, DPPA3 and 5mC-positive cells increased along with the developing cords from 35-50 dpf. [[Primordial Germ Cell Development]]
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			* '''Dynamics of male canine germ cell development'''{{#pmid:29489867\|PMID29489867}} "Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are precursors of gametes that can generate new individuals throughout life in both males and females. Additionally, PGCs have been shown to differentiate into embryonic germ cells (EGCs) after in vitro culture. Most studies investigating germinative cells have been performed in rodents and humans but not dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Here, we elucidated the dynamics of the expression of pluripotent (POU5F1 and NANOG), germline (DDX4, DAZL and DPPA3), and epigenetic (5mC, 5hmC, H3K27me3 and H3K9me2) markers that are important for the development of male canine germ cells during the early (22-30 days post-fertilization (dpf)), middle (35-40 dpf) and late (45-50 dpf) gestational periods. ... The PGCs were positive for POU5F1 and H3K27me3 during all assessed developmental periods, including all periods between the gonadal tissue stage and foetal testes development. The number of NANOG, DDX4, DAZL, DPPA3 and 5mC-positive cells increased along with the developing cords from 35-50 dpf. [[Primordial Germ Cell Development]]

	* '''Embryo biotechnology in the dog: a review'''{{#pmid:20797342\|PMID20797342}} "Canine embryos are a scarce biological material because of difficulties in collecting in vivo-produced embryos and the inability, to date, to produce canine embryos in vitro. The procedure for the transfer of in vivo-produced embryos has not been developed adequately, with only six attempts reported in the literature that have resulted in the birth of 45 puppies. In vitro, the fertilisation rate is particularly low ( approximately 10%) and the incidence of polyspermy particularly high. So far, no puppy has been obtained from an in vitro-produced embryo. In contrast, cloning of somatic cells has been used successfully over the past 4 years, with the birth of 41 puppies reported in the literature, a yield that is comparable to that for other mammalian species. Over the same period, canine embryonic stem sells and transgenic cloned dogs have been obtained."		* '''Embryo biotechnology in the dog: a review'''{{#pmid:20797342\|PMID20797342}} "Canine embryos are a scarce biological material because of difficulties in collecting in vivo-produced embryos and the inability, to date, to produce canine embryos in vitro. The procedure for the transfer of in vivo-produced embryos has not been developed adequately, with only six attempts reported in the literature that have resulted in the birth of 45 puppies. In vitro, the fertilisation rate is particularly low ( approximately 10%) and the incidence of polyspermy particularly high. So far, no puppy has been obtained from an in vitro-produced embryo. In contrast, cloning of somatic cells has been used successfully over the past 4 years, with the birth of 41 puppies reported in the literature, a yield that is comparable to that for other mammalian species. Over the same period, canine embryonic stem sells and transgenic cloned dogs have been obtained."

Z8600021 at 19:29, 27 August 2020

2020-08-27T19:29:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:29, 28 August 2020
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	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Dog+Embryology ''Dog Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Canine+Embryology ''Canine Embryology'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Dog+Development ''Dog Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Canine+Development ''Canine Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Dog+Embryology ''Dog Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Canine+Embryology ''Canine Embryology'']

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	* '''Cryopreservation of Canine Embryos'''{{#pmid:20926804\|PMID20926804}} "Canine embryos were collected from excised reproductive organs after artificial insemination and subsequently cryopreserved by a vitrification method. When the 4-cell to morula stage of cryopreserved embryos were non-surgically transferred into the uteri of nine recipient bitches by using a cystoscope, five recipients became pregnant and four of them delivered a total of seven pups."		* '''Cryopreservation of Canine Embryos'''{{#pmid:20926804\|PMID20926804}} "Canine embryos were collected from excised reproductive organs after artificial insemination and subsequently cryopreserved by a vitrification method. When the 4-cell to morula stage of cryopreserved embryos were non-surgically transferred into the uteri of nine recipient bitches by using a cystoscope, five recipients became pregnant and four of them delivered a total of seven pups."


	* '''Prolonged duration of fertility of dog ova'''{{#pmid:19754575\|PMID19754575}} "The fertile period for natural mating in dogs extends from before ovulation until day 5 post ovulation (PO) and involves a delay in oocyte maturation until 2-3 days PO and viability of secondary oocytes for 48-60 h or more. Spermatozoa do not enter the uterus after vaginal insemination in late oestrus. Cervical closure appears to occur on average 5 days PO, but conception may occur following intrauterine artificial insemination (IUAI) up to 8 days PO. Therefore, the present study was conducted to clarify the duration of fertility of canine ova. Using IUAI at 6, 7, 8 and 9 days PO (n = 5 bitches each) conception rates were 100%, 71.4%, 37.5% and 0%, respectively, with an average litter resorption rate of 30.8%, and with mean litter sizes and times to delivery PO being 4.3 +/- 1.6 and 64.3 +/- 0.3 days, 4.0 +/- 1.4 and 66.3 +/- 0.4 days, and 2.5 and 68 days for IUAI at 6, 7 and 8 days, respectively. The high pregnancy rates with IUAI at 6 and 7 days PO confirm that many canine oocytes are fertile at 4-5 days after maturation. The high rate of resorption was presumably because of aging of ova or asynchrony between embryonic development and the intrauterine environment."		* '''Prolonged duration of fertility of dog ova'''{{#pmid:19754575\|PMID19754575}} "The fertile period for natural mating in dogs extends from before ovulation until day 5 post ovulation (PO) and involves a delay in oocyte maturation until 2-3 days PO and viability of secondary oocytes for 48-60 h or more. Spermatozoa do not enter the uterus after vaginal insemination in late oestrus. Cervical closure appears to occur on average 5 days PO, but conception may occur following intrauterine artificial insemination (IUAI) up to 8 days PO. Therefore, the present study was conducted to clarify the duration of fertility of canine ova. Using IUAI at 6, 7, 8 and 9 days PO (n = 5 bitches each) conception rates were 100%, 71.4%, 37.5% and 0%, respectively, with an average litter resorption rate of 30.8%, and with mean litter sizes and times to delivery PO being 4.3 +/- 1.6 and 64.3 +/- 0.3 days, 4.0 +/- 1.4 and 66.3 +/- 0.4 days, and 2.5 and 68 days for IUAI at 6, 7 and 8 days, respectively. The high pregnancy rates with IUAI at 6 and 7 days PO confirm that many canine oocytes are fertile at 4-5 days after maturation. The high rate of resorption was presumably because of aging of ova or asynchrony between embryonic development and the intrauterine environment."

Z8600021 at 11:39, 6 Ocak 2019

2019-01-06T11:39:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:39, 6 Ocak 2019
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	* '''Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of maternal and fetal blood flows in pregnant bitches'''{{#pmid:30414566\|PMID30414566}} "We evaluated the potential usefulness of CEUS to assess fetal-maternal circulation during pregnancy in dogs. Nine bitches were examined at 23, 30, and 45 days of gestation using an ultrasound machine (LOGIQ E9) and SonoVue® contrast media as echo-signal enhancer. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of contrast enhancement patterns of uterine artery and utero/placental vessels were performed on recorded images. Independently of the gestational periods, the qualitative evaluation showed the initial wash-in phase from the first appearance of the uterine artery to the rapid distribution in embryonic vesicles or placenta to the progressive washout, whilst there was no enhancement of either embryos or fetuses in any bitch. Independent of gestational age, parameters derived from quantitative analysis of time intensity-curves of contrast enhancement (peak intensity, time to peak, rise time, washout) did not vary between proximal placenta, distal placenta, and uterine artery. With the progression of gestation, AUC values did not change in both proximal and distal placenta, but in the uterine artery it was lower (P ≤ 0.05) at day 30 than at day 23 (464.8 ± 16.1 vs.596.4 ± 28.1, respective" {{placenta}}		* '''Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of maternal and fetal blood flows in pregnant bitches'''{{#pmid:30414566\|PMID30414566}} "We evaluated the potential usefulness of CEUS to assess fetal-maternal circulation during pregnancy in dogs. Nine bitches were examined at 23, 30, and 45 days of gestation using an ultrasound machine (LOGIQ E9) and SonoVue® contrast media as echo-signal enhancer. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of contrast enhancement patterns of uterine artery and utero/placental vessels were performed on recorded images. Independently of the gestational periods, the qualitative evaluation showed the initial wash-in phase from the first appearance of the uterine artery to the rapid distribution in embryonic vesicles or placenta to the progressive washout, whilst there was no enhancement of either embryos or fetuses in any bitch. Independent of gestational age, parameters derived from quantitative analysis of time intensity-curves of contrast enhancement (peak intensity, time to peak, rise time, washout) did not vary between proximal placenta, distal placenta, and uterine artery. With the progression of gestation, AUC values did not change in both proximal and distal placenta, but in the uterine artery it was lower (P ≤ 0.05) at day 30 than at day 23 (464.8 ± 16.1 vs.596.4 ± 28.1, respective" {{placenta}}

			* '''Computed tomographic evaluation of {{cleft palate}} in one-day-old puppies'''{{#pmid:30342508\|PMID30342508}} "Cleft palate is a birth defect characterized by a lack of fusion between structures forming the palate. Causes include a multitude of factors, both genetic and environmental. Computed tomography (CT) is widely used to evaluate morphological features and diagnose head disorders in adult dogs. However, there is less data about its use in neonatal dogs. The purpose of this study was to perform CT evaluation of palatal defects in one-day-old puppies and to present a novel approach of 3D modeling in terms of cleft palate assessment."

	* '''Dynamics of male canine germ cell development'''{{#pmid:29489867\|PMID29489867}} "Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are precursors of gametes that can generate new individuals throughout life in both males and females. Additionally, PGCs have been shown to differentiate into embryonic germ cells (EGCs) after in vitro culture. Most studies investigating germinative cells have been performed in rodents and humans but not dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Here, we elucidated the dynamics of the expression of pluripotent (POU5F1 and NANOG), germline (DDX4, DAZL and DPPA3), and epigenetic (5mC, 5hmC, H3K27me3 and H3K9me2) markers that are important for the development of male canine germ cells during the early (22-30 days post-fertilization (dpf)), middle (35-40 dpf) and late (45-50 dpf) gestational periods. ... The PGCs were positive for POU5F1 and H3K27me3 during all assessed developmental periods, including all periods between the gonadal tissue stage and foetal testes development. The number of NANOG, DDX4, DAZL, DPPA3 and 5mC-positive cells increased along with the developing cords from 35-50 dpf. [[Primordial Germ Cell Development]]		* '''Dynamics of male canine germ cell development'''{{#pmid:29489867\|PMID29489867}} "Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are precursors of gametes that can generate new individuals throughout life in both males and females. Additionally, PGCs have been shown to differentiate into embryonic germ cells (EGCs) after in vitro culture. Most studies investigating germinative cells have been performed in rodents and humans but not dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Here, we elucidated the dynamics of the expression of pluripotent (POU5F1 and NANOG), germline (DDX4, DAZL and DPPA3), and epigenetic (5mC, 5hmC, H3K27me3 and H3K9me2) markers that are important for the development of male canine germ cells during the early (22-30 days post-fertilization (dpf)), middle (35-40 dpf) and late (45-50 dpf) gestational periods. ... The PGCs were positive for POU5F1 and H3K27me3 during all assessed developmental periods, including all periods between the gonadal tissue stage and foetal testes development. The number of NANOG, DDX4, DAZL, DPPA3 and 5mC-positive cells increased along with the developing cords from 35-50 dpf. [[Primordial Germ Cell Development]]

Z8600021 at 11:34, 6 Ocak 2019

2019-01-06T11:34:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:34, 6 Ocak 2019
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	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Dog-adult.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Adult dog (golden retriever)]]		[[File:Dog-adult.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Adult dog (golden retriever)]]
	~~[[File:Canine oocyte 01.jpg\|thumb\|Canine oocyte]]~~
	~~[[File:Canine embryo E35-38 image003.jpg\|thumb\|Canine Embryo (E35-38)]]~~
	~~[[File:Dog breeds 01.jpg\|thumb\|Dog breeds{{#pmid:16311623\|PMID16311623}}]]~~
	The domestic dog (''Canis lupus familiaris'') has been derived from an ancestoral wolf and now consists of a breed family of more than 300 worldwide, with extensive variations in morphology (size, shape and weight). The modern dog breeds show high phenotypic diversity and are thought to have arisen from this first population bottleneck associated with wolf domestication (7,000–50,000 generations ago) and a second from more recent intensive selection to create the breed (50–100 generations ago).{{#pmid:16341006\|PMID16341006}}		The domestic dog (''Canis lupus familiaris'') has been derived from an ancestoral wolf and now consists of a breed family of more than 300 worldwide, with extensive variations in morphology (size, shape and weight). The modern dog breeds show high phenotypic diversity and are thought to have arisen from this first population bottleneck associated with wolf domestication (7,000–50,000 generations ago) and a second from more recent intensive selection to create the breed (50–100 generations ago).{{#pmid:16341006\|PMID16341006}}

	The average canine gestation period from ovulation to birth (parturition) is approximately 64 days and there have been identified about 400 congenital disorders relating to dog development. Many of these developmental abnormalities are common to human development.		The average canine gestation period from ovulation to birth (parturition) is approximately 64 days and there have been identified about 400 congenital disorders relating to dog development. Many of these developmental abnormalities are common to human development.
			<br><br>

	{{Dog links}}		{{Dog links}}
			<br>

	{{Animals}}		{{Animals}}
			[[File:Canine oocyte 01.jpg\|thumb\|Canine oocyte]]
			[[File:Canine embryo E35-38 image003.jpg\|thumb\|Canine Embryo (E35-38)]]
			[[File:Dog breeds 01.jpg\|thumb\|Dog breeds{{#pmid:16311623\|PMID16311623}}]]
	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==
	{\|		{\|

Z8600021 at 11:34, 6 Ocak 2019

2019-01-06T11:34:14Z

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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Dog+Embryology ''Dog Embryology'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Dog+Embryology ''Dog Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Canine+Embryology ''Canine Embryology'']

	~~<pubmed limit=5>Dog Embryology</pubmed>~~
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	* '''Embryo biotechnology in the dog: a review'''{{#pmid:20797342\|PMID20797342}} "Canine embryos are a scarce biological material because of difficulties in collecting in vivo-produced embryos and the inability, to date, to produce canine embryos in vitro. The procedure for the transfer of in vivo-produced embryos has not been developed adequately, with only six attempts reported in the literature that have resulted in the birth of 45 puppies. In vitro, the fertilisation rate is particularly low ( approximately 10%) and the incidence of polyspermy particularly high. So far, no puppy has been obtained from an in vitro-produced embryo. In contrast, cloning of somatic cells has been used successfully over the past 4 years, with the birth of 41 puppies reported in the literature, a yield that is comparable to that for other mammalian species. Over the same period, canine embryonic stem sells and transgenic cloned dogs have been obtained."		* '''Embryo biotechnology in the dog: a review'''{{#pmid:20797342\|PMID20797342}} "Canine embryos are a scarce biological material because of difficulties in collecting in vivo-produced embryos and the inability, to date, to produce canine embryos in vitro. The procedure for the transfer of in vivo-produced embryos has not been developed adequately, with only six attempts reported in the literature that have resulted in the birth of 45 puppies. In vitro, the fertilisation rate is particularly low ( approximately 10%) and the incidence of polyspermy particularly high. So far, no puppy has been obtained from an in vitro-produced embryo. In contrast, cloning of somatic cells has been used successfully over the past 4 years, with the birth of 41 puppies reported in the literature, a yield that is comparable to that for other mammalian species. Over the same period, canine embryonic stem sells and transgenic cloned dogs have been obtained."

Z8600021 at 00:07, 20 November 2018

2018-11-20T00:07:21Z

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 * '''Dynamics of male canine germ cell development'''{{#pmid:29489867|PMID29489867}} "Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are precursors of gametes that can generate new individuals throughout life in both males and females. Additionally, PGCs have been shown to differentiate into embryonic germ cells (EGCs) after in vitro culture. Most studies investigating germinative cells have been performed in rodents and humans but not dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Here, we elucidated the dynamics of the expression of pluripotent (POU5F1 and NANOG), germline (DDX4, DAZL and DPPA3), and epigenetic (5mC, 5hmC, H3K27me3 and H3K9me2) markers that are important for the development of male canine germ cells during the early (22-30 days post-fertilization (dpf)), middle (35-40 dpf) and late (45-50 dpf) gestational periods. ... The PGCs were positive for POU5F1 and H3K27me3 during all assessed developmental periods, including all periods between the gonadal tissue stage and foetal testes development. The number of NANOG, DDX4, DAZL, DPPA3 and 5mC-positive cells increased along with the developing cords from 35-50 dpf. [[Primordial Germ Cell Development]]
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 <pubmed limit=5>Dog Embryology</pubmed>
 |}
 ==Taxon==

Z8600021 at 04:30, 2 March 2018

2018-03-02T04:30:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:30, 2 March 2018
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	{{Ref-KeibelMall1910}}		{{Ref-KeibelMall1910}}

	~~{{KeibelMall1910 Chapter8-table1}}~~

	==External Links==		==External Links==

	{{External Links}}		{{External Links}}

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	~~----~~

	{{Animals}}		{{Animals}}

Z8600021 at 04:29, 2 March 2018

2018-03-02T04:29:46Z

Show changes

Z8600021 at 01:09, 14 February 2018

2018-02-14T01:09:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:09, 14 February 2018
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	CCSD breed highest prevalence - dalmatian (most common), English setters, English cocker spaniels, bull terriers, Australian cattle dogs, whippets, catahoula leopard dogs, border collies and jack russell terriers.		CCSD breed highest prevalence - dalmatian (most common), English setters, English cocker spaniels, bull terriers, Australian cattle dogs, whippets, catahoula leopard dogs, border collies and jack russell terriers.

			This abnormality appears to be associated with intermediate cells (melanocytes, neural crest in origin) in the stria vascularis of the inner ear causing a cascade of inner ear degeneration (stria vascularis, then organ of Corti, then collapse of Reissner's membrane, finally collapse of cochlear duct.

			:'''Links:''' [[Neural_Crest_-_Melanocyte_Development#Inner_Ear_Melanocytes\|Inner Ear Melanocytes]] \| [[Hearing_-_Inner_Ear_Development#Stria_Vascularis\|Stria Vascularis]] \| [[Hearing_-_Inner_Ear_Development\|Inner Ear Development]]

	===Cardiac Defects===		===Cardiac Defects===

Z8600021 at 01:01, 14 February 2018

2018-02-14T01:01:42Z

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 * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omia/951 Intersex]
 * Sex reversal - not due to SRY gene translocation to an X chromosome.
 ===Cardiac Defects===