Cardiovascular System - Hypoplastic Left Heart - Revision history

Z8600021 at 03:17, 16 Haziran 2019

2019-06-16T03:17:43Z

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	Classified within {{ICD11weblink}}5417233 LA89 Functionally univentricular heart]: LA89.0 Double inlet atrioventricular connection \| LA89.1 Tricuspid atresia \| LA89.2 Mitral atresia \| LA89.3 Hypoplastic left heart syndrome		Classified within {{ICD-11}} as {{ICD11weblink}}5417233 LA89 Functionally univentricular heart]: LA89.0 Double inlet atrioventricular connection \| LA89.1 Tricuspid atresia \| LA89.2 Mitral atresia \| LA89.3 Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Z8600021 at 03:17, 16 Haziran 2019

2019-06-16T03:17:08Z

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	{\|		{\|
	\|-bgcolor="FFCC00"		\|-bgcolor="FFCC00"
	! {{ICD-11}}		! {{ICD-11}} {{ICD11weblink}}5417233 LA89 Functionally univentricular heart]
	\|-bgcolor="FEF9E7"		\|-bgcolor="FEF9E7"
	\| {{ICD11weblink}}1811800027 '''LA89.3''' Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]		\| {{ICD11weblink}}1811800027 '''LA89.3''' Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]
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	Characterized by hypoplasia (underdevelopment or absence) of the left ventricle obstructive valvular and vascular lesion of the left side of the heart.		Characterized by hypoplasia (underdevelopment or absence) of the left ventricle obstructive valvular and vascular lesion of the left side of the heart.


			Classified within {{ICD11weblink}}5417233 LA89 Functionally univentricular heart]: LA89.0 Double inlet atrioventricular connection \| LA89.1 Tricuspid atresia \| LA89.2 Mitral atresia \| LA89.3 Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Z8600021 at 03:14, 16 Haziran 2019

2019-06-16T03:14:32Z

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	==Treatment==		==Treatment==

			===Fontan Procedure===

			The Fontan procedure or Fontan–Kreutzer procedure is a surgical procedure used in children with univentricular hearts.

			Search PubMed: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fontan+procedure ''Fontan procedure'']

	==Cardiovascular Abnormalities==		==Cardiovascular Abnormalities==

Z8600021 at 23:04, 10 March 2019

2019-03-10T23:04:53Z

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	! {{ICD-11}}		! {{ICD-11}}
	\|-bgcolor="FEF9E7"		\|-bgcolor="FEF9E7"
	\| ~~[https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/~~1811800027 '''LA89.3''' Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]		\| {{ICD11weblink}}1811800027 '''LA89.3''' Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]
	:[https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/5417233 LA89 Functionally univentricular heart] - ''describes a spectrum of congenital cardiovascular malformations in which the ventricular mass may not readily lend itself to partitioning that commits one ventricular pump to the systemic circulation, and another to the pulmonary circulation. A heart may be functionally univentricular because of its anatomy or because of the lack of feasibility or lack of advisability of surgically partitioning the ventricular mass. Common lesions in this category typically include double inlet right ventricle (DIRV), double inlet left ventricle (DILV), tricuspid atresia, mitral atresia, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Other lesions which sometimes may be considered to be a functionally univentricular heart include complex forms of atrioventricular septal defect, double outlet right ventricle, congenitally corrected transposition, pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, and other cardiovascular malformations. Specific diagnostic codes should be used whenever possible, and not the term “functionally univentricular heart”.''		:[https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/5417233 LA89 Functionally univentricular heart] - ''describes a spectrum of congenital cardiovascular malformations in which the ventricular mass may not readily lend itself to partitioning that commits one ventricular pump to the systemic circulation, and another to the pulmonary circulation. A heart may be functionally univentricular because of its anatomy or because of the lack of feasibility or lack of advisability of surgically partitioning the ventricular mass. Common lesions in this category typically include double inlet right ventricle (DIRV), double inlet left ventricle (DILV), tricuspid atresia, mitral atresia, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Other lesions which sometimes may be considered to be a functionally univentricular heart include complex forms of atrioventricular septal defect, double outlet right ventricle, congenitally corrected transposition, pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, and other cardiovascular malformations. Specific diagnostic codes should be used whenever possible, and not the term “functionally univentricular heart”.''
	\|}		\|}

Z8600021 at 05:15, 8 March 2019

2019-03-08T05:15:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:15, 8 March 2019
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	\|		\|
	* '''Congenital left heart obstruction: ethnic variation in incidence and infant survival'''{{#pmid:30824490\|PMID30824490}} \|To investigate the relationship between ethnicity and health outcomes among fetuses and infants with congenital left heart obstruction (LHO). A retrospective population-based review was conducted of fetuses and infants with LHO including all terminations, stillbirths and live births from 20 weeks' gestation in New Zealand over a 9-year period. Disease incidence and mortality were analysed by ethnicity and by disease type: hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), aortic arch obstruction (AAO), and aortic valve and supravalvular anomalies (AVSA). RESULTS: Critical LHO was diagnosed in 243 fetuses and newborns. There were 125 with HLHS, 112 with AAO and 6 with isolated AVSA. The incidence of LHO was significantly higher among Europeans (0.59 per 1000) compared with Māori (0.31 per 1000; p<0.001) and Pacific peoples (0.27 per 1000; p=0.002). Terminations were uncommon among Māori and Pacific peoples. Total case fatality was, however, lower in Europeans compared with other ethnicities (42% vs 63%; p=0.002) due to a higher surgical intervention rate and better infant survival. The perinatal and infant mortality rate was 82% for HLHS, 15% for AAO and 2% for AVSA."		* '''Congenital left heart obstruction: ethnic variation in incidence and infant survival'''{{#pmid:30824490\|PMID30824490}} \|To investigate the relationship between ethnicity and health outcomes among fetuses and infants with congenital left heart obstruction (LHO). A retrospective population-based review was conducted of fetuses and infants with LHO including all terminations, stillbirths and live births from 20 weeks' gestation in New Zealand over a 9-year period. Disease incidence and mortality were analysed by ethnicity and by disease type: hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), aortic arch obstruction (AAO), and aortic valve and supravalvular anomalies (AVSA). RESULTS: Critical LHO was diagnosed in 243 fetuses and newborns. There were 125 with HLHS, 112 with AAO and 6 with isolated AVSA. The incidence of LHO was significantly higher among Europeans (0.59 per 1000) compared with Māori (0.31 per 1000; p<0.001) and Pacific peoples (0.27 per 1000; p=0.002). Terminations were uncommon among Māori and Pacific peoples. Total case fatality was, however, lower in Europeans compared with other ethnicities (42% vs 63%; p=0.002) due to a higher surgical intervention rate and better infant survival. The perinatal and infant mortality rate was 82% for HLHS, 15% for AAO and 2% for AVSA."

			* '''Hypoplastic left heart: the next chapter in our unsolved problem'''{{#pmid:29549091\|PMID29549091}} "The imperfections of the Fontan are well recognised but for now it is what we have. Let us hope the next chapter brings a new treatment paradigm for HLH."

	* '''Are There Head Volume Alterations at 11 to 14 Weeks in Fetuses with Congenital Heart Defects? A First Trimester Case Series'''{{#pmid:27308099\|PMID27308099}} "This study aims to assess head volume (HV) alterations at 11 to 14 weeks in fetuses with congenital heart defects (CHD). Methods A retrospective case-control study on 100 normal and 26 CHD fetuses was conducted. ...Despite the small sample size, our case series suggests that alterations in HV may potentially be apparent as early as 11 to 14 weeks in CHD fetuses, particularly those with HLH. Larger prospective studies are needed to validate our findings."		* '''Are There Head Volume Alterations at 11 to 14 Weeks in Fetuses with Congenital Heart Defects? A First Trimester Case Series'''{{#pmid:27308099\|PMID27308099}} "This study aims to assess head volume (HV) alterations at 11 to 14 weeks in fetuses with congenital heart defects (CHD). Methods A retrospective case-control study on 100 normal and 26 CHD fetuses was conducted. ...Despite the small sample size, our case series suggests that alterations in HV may potentially be apparent as early as 11 to 14 weeks in CHD fetuses, particularly those with HLH. Larger prospective studies are needed to validate our findings."

Z8600021 at 05:11, 8 March 2019

2019-03-08T05:11:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:11, 8 March 2019
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	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
			* '''Congenital left heart obstruction: ethnic variation in incidence and infant survival'''{{#pmid:30824490\|PMID30824490}} \|To investigate the relationship between ethnicity and health outcomes among fetuses and infants with congenital left heart obstruction (LHO). A retrospective population-based review was conducted of fetuses and infants with LHO including all terminations, stillbirths and live births from 20 weeks' gestation in New Zealand over a 9-year period. Disease incidence and mortality were analysed by ethnicity and by disease type: hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), aortic arch obstruction (AAO), and aortic valve and supravalvular anomalies (AVSA). RESULTS: Critical LHO was diagnosed in 243 fetuses and newborns. There were 125 with HLHS, 112 with AAO and 6 with isolated AVSA. The incidence of LHO was significantly higher among Europeans (0.59 per 1000) compared with Māori (0.31 per 1000; p<0.001) and Pacific peoples (0.27 per 1000; p=0.002). Terminations were uncommon among Māori and Pacific peoples. Total case fatality was, however, lower in Europeans compared with other ethnicities (42% vs 63%; p=0.002) due to a higher surgical intervention rate and better infant survival. The perinatal and infant mortality rate was 82% for HLHS, 15% for AAO and 2% for AVSA."

	* '''Are There Head Volume Alterations at 11 to 14 Weeks in Fetuses with Congenital Heart Defects? A First Trimester Case Series'''{{#pmid:27308099\|PMID27308099}} "This study aims to assess head volume (HV) alterations at 11 to 14 weeks in fetuses with congenital heart defects (CHD). Methods A retrospective case-control study on 100 normal and 26 CHD fetuses was conducted. ...Despite the small sample size, our case series suggests that alterations in HV may potentially be apparent as early as 11 to 14 weeks in CHD fetuses, particularly those with HLH. Larger prospective studies are needed to validate our findings."		* '''Are There Head Volume Alterations at 11 to 14 Weeks in Fetuses with Congenital Heart Defects? A First Trimester Case Series'''{{#pmid:27308099\|PMID27308099}} "This study aims to assess head volume (HV) alterations at 11 to 14 weeks in fetuses with congenital heart defects (CHD). Methods A retrospective case-control study on 100 normal and 26 CHD fetuses was conducted. ...Despite the small sample size, our case series suggests that alterations in HV may potentially be apparent as early as 11 to 14 weeks in CHD fetuses, particularly those with HLH. Larger prospective studies are needed to validate our findings."
	\|}		\|}

Z8600021 at 05:04, 8 March 2019

2019-03-08T05:04:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:04, 8 March 2019
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	! {{ICD-11}}		! {{ICD-11}}
	\|-bgcolor="FEF9E7"		\|-bgcolor="FEF9E7"
	\| [https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/~~5417233~~ LA89 ~~Functionally univentricular~~ heart] - [https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/~~1811800027 '''~~LA89~~.3''' Hypoplastic left~~ heart ~~syndrome~~]		\| [https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1811800027 '''LA89.3''' Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]
	:''~~Functionally univentricular heart~~ describes a spectrum of congenital cardiovascular malformations in which the ventricular mass may not readily lend itself to partitioning that commits one ventricular pump to the systemic circulation, and another to the pulmonary circulation. A heart may be functionally univentricular because of its anatomy or because of the lack of feasibility or lack of advisability of surgically partitioning the ventricular mass. Common lesions in this category typically include double inlet right ventricle (DIRV), double inlet left ventricle (DILV), tricuspid atresia, mitral atresia, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Other lesions which sometimes may be considered to be a functionally univentricular heart include complex forms of atrioventricular septal defect, double outlet right ventricle, congenitally corrected transposition, pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, and other cardiovascular malformations. Specific diagnostic codes should be used whenever possible, and not the term “functionally univentricular heart”.''		:[https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/5417233 LA89 Functionally univentricular heart] - ''describes a spectrum of congenital cardiovascular malformations in which the ventricular mass may not readily lend itself to partitioning that commits one ventricular pump to the systemic circulation, and another to the pulmonary circulation. A heart may be functionally univentricular because of its anatomy or because of the lack of feasibility or lack of advisability of surgically partitioning the ventricular mass. Common lesions in this category typically include double inlet right ventricle (DIRV), double inlet left ventricle (DILV), tricuspid atresia, mitral atresia, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Other lesions which sometimes may be considered to be a functionally univentricular heart include complex forms of atrioventricular septal defect, double outlet right ventricle, congenitally corrected transposition, pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, and other cardiovascular malformations. Specific diagnostic codes should be used whenever possible, and not the term “functionally univentricular heart”.''
	\|}		\|}
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==

	[[File:Hypoplastic Left Heart.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|alt=Hypoplastic Left Heart cartoon\|Hypoplastic Left Heart]]		[[File:Hypoplastic Left Heart.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|alt=Hypoplastic Left Heart cartoon\|Hypoplastic Left Heart]]

	Characterized by hypoplasia (underdevelopment or absence) of the left ventricle obstructive valvular and vascular lesion of the left side of the heart.		Characterized by hypoplasia (underdevelopment or absence) of the left ventricle obstructive valvular and vascular lesion of the left side of the heart.

	[[Cardiovascular_System_-_Abnormalities#International_Classification_of_Diseases\|'''ICD-10''']] Q23.4 Hypoplastic left heart syndrome Atresia, or marked hypoplasia of aortic orifice or valve, with hypoplasia of ascending aorta and defective develop-ment of left ventricle (with mitral valve stenosis or atresia).


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	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
	* '''Are There Head Volume Alterations at 11 to 14 Weeks in Fetuses with Congenital Heart Defects? A First Trimester Case Series'''~~<ref name=~~PMID27308099~~><pubmed>27308099</pubmed></ref>~~ "This study aims to assess head volume (HV) alterations at 11 to 14 weeks in fetuses with congenital heart defects (CHD). Methods A retrospective case-control study on 100 normal and 26 CHD fetuses was conducted. ...Despite the small sample size, our case series suggests that alterations in HV may potentially be apparent as early as 11 to 14 weeks in CHD fetuses, particularly those with HLH. Larger prospective studies are needed to validate our findings."		* '''Are There Head Volume Alterations at 11 to 14 Weeks in Fetuses with Congenital Heart Defects? A First Trimester Case Series'''{{#pmid:27308099\|PMID27308099}} "This study aims to assess head volume (HV) alterations at 11 to 14 weeks in fetuses with congenital heart defects (CHD). Methods A retrospective case-control study on 100 normal and 26 CHD fetuses was conducted. ...Despite the small sample size, our case series suggests that alterations in HV may potentially be apparent as early as 11 to 14 weeks in CHD fetuses, particularly those with HLH. Larger prospective studies are needed to validate our findings."
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hypoplastic+Left+Heart ''Hypoplastic Left Heart'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hypoplastic+Left+Heart ''Hypoplastic Left Heart'']

	~~<pubmed limit=5>Hypoplastic Left Heart</pubmed>~~
	\|}		\|}

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	Heart defects and preterm birth are the most common causes of neonatal and infant death. The long-term development of the heart combined with extensive remodelling and post-natal changes in circulation lead to an abundance of abnormalities associated with this system.		Heart defects and preterm birth are the most common causes of neonatal and infant death. The long-term development of the heart combined with extensive remodelling and post-natal changes in circulation lead to an abundance of abnormalities associated with this system.

	A UK study literature showed that preterm infants have more than twice as many cardiovascular malformations (5.1 / 1000 term infants and 12.5 / 1000 preterm infants) as do infants born at term and that 16% of all infants with cardiovascular malformations are preterm. (0.4% of live births occur at greater than 28 weeks of gestation, 0.9% at 28 to 31 weeks, and 6% at 32 to 36 weeks. Overall, 7.3% of live-born infants are preterm)~~<ref><pubmed>~~16322141~~</pubmed></ref>~~		A UK study literature showed that preterm infants have more than twice as many cardiovascular malformations (5.1 / 1000 term infants and 12.5 / 1000 preterm infants) as do infants born at term and that 16% of all infants with cardiovascular malformations are preterm. (0.4% of live births occur at greater than 28 weeks of gestation, 0.9% at 28 to 31 weeks, and 6% at 32 to 36 weeks. Overall, 7.3% of live-born infants are preterm){{#pmid:16322141\|PMID16322141}}

	"Baltimore-Washington Infant Study data on live-born cases and controls (1981-1989) was reanalyzed for potential environmental and genetic risk-factor associations in complete atrioventricular septal defects AVSD (n = 213), with separate comparisons to the atrial (n = 75) and the ventricular (n = 32) forms of partial AVSD. ...Maternal diabetes constituted a potentially preventable risk factor for the most severe, complete form of AVSD." ~~<ref><pubmed>~~11241431~~</pubmed></ref>~~		"Baltimore-Washington Infant Study data on live-born cases and controls (1981-1989) was reanalyzed for potential environmental and genetic risk-factor associations in complete atrioventricular septal defects AVSD (n = 213), with separate comparisons to the atrial (n = 75) and the ventricular (n = 32) forms of partial AVSD. ...Maternal diabetes constituted a potentially preventable risk factor for the most severe, complete form of AVSD." {{#pmid:11241431\|PMID11241431}}

	In addition, there are in several congenital abnormalities that exist in adults (bicuspid aortic valve, mitral valve prolapse, and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection) which may not be clinically recognized.		In addition, there are in several congenital abnormalities that exist in adults (bicuspid aortic valve, mitral valve prolapse, and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection) which may not be clinically recognized.
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	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
	~~<pubmed></pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:25663264}}
	~~<pubmed></pubmed>~~
	~~<pubmed>25663264</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:25836709}}
	~~<pubmed>25836709</pubmed>~~
	~~<pubmed>~~25917992~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:25917992}}
	~~<pubmed>~~8489880~~</pubmed>~~
	~~<pubmed>~~2659180~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:8489880}}

			{{#pmid:2659180}}

	===Articles===		===Articles===
	~~<pubmed></pubmed>~~
	~~<pubmed></pubmed>~~
	~~<pubmed></pubmed>~~
	~~<pubmed></pubmed>~~

	===Search Pubmed===		===Search Pubmed===

Z8600021 at 05:01, 8 March 2019

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 {{Header}}
 ==Introduction==
@@ Line 79: / Line 87: @@
 ==Treatment==
 ==Cardiovascular Abnormalities==

Z8600021 at 06:13, 18 February 2017

2017-02-18T06:13:02Z

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	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! More recent papers		! More recent papers
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

Z8600021 at 06:12, 18 February 2017

2017-02-18T06:12:17Z

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	==Anatomy==		==Anatomy==
	The images below show the variations in ventricular morphology to be found in the hypoplastic left heart syndrome.		The images below show the variations in ventricular morphology to be found in the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. two primary variations, one with stenosis of the mitral valve (left hand panel), and the other with mitral atresia (right hand panel).

	{\|		{\|
	\| [[File:Anderson2016-fig44a.jpg\|400px]]		\| [[File:Anderson2016-fig44a.jpg\|400px]]
	\| [[File:Anderson2016-fig44b.jpg\|\|400px]]		\| [[File:Anderson2016-fig44b.jpg\|400px]]
	\|-		\|-
	\| Small globular left ventricle, lined with fibroelastosis, as found in mitral stenosis with aortic atresia.		\| Small globular left ventricle, lined with fibroelastosis, as found in mitral stenosis with aortic atresia.
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	\|}		\|}

			[[Paper - Teratogenecity in the setting of cardiac development and maldevelopment#Fig44\|Fig 44]]
	==Ultrasound==		==Ultrasound==
	{\|		{\|

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:15, 8 March 2019
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	\|		\|
	* '''Congenital left heart obstruction: ethnic variation in incidence and infant survival'''{{#pmid:30824490\|PMID30824490}} \|To investigate the relationship between ethnicity and health outcomes among fetuses and infants with congenital left heart obstruction (LHO). A retrospective population-based review was conducted of fetuses and infants with LHO including all terminations, stillbirths and live births from 20 weeks' gestation in New Zealand over a 9-year period. Disease incidence and mortality were analysed by ethnicity and by disease type: hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), aortic arch obstruction (AAO), and aortic valve and supravalvular anomalies (AVSA). RESULTS: Critical LHO was diagnosed in 243 fetuses and newborns. There were 125 with HLHS, 112 with AAO and 6 with isolated AVSA. The incidence of LHO was significantly higher among Europeans (0.59 per 1000) compared with Māori (0.31 per 1000; p<0.001) and Pacific peoples (0.27 per 1000; p=0.002). Terminations were uncommon among Māori and Pacific peoples. Total case fatality was, however, lower in Europeans compared with other ethnicities (42% vs 63%; p=0.002) due to a higher surgical intervention rate and better infant survival. The perinatal and infant mortality rate was 82% for HLHS, 15% for AAO and 2% for AVSA."		* '''Congenital left heart obstruction: ethnic variation in incidence and infant survival'''{{#pmid:30824490\|PMID30824490}} \|To investigate the relationship between ethnicity and health outcomes among fetuses and infants with congenital left heart obstruction (LHO). A retrospective population-based review was conducted of fetuses and infants with LHO including all terminations, stillbirths and live births from 20 weeks' gestation in New Zealand over a 9-year period. Disease incidence and mortality were analysed by ethnicity and by disease type: hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), aortic arch obstruction (AAO), and aortic valve and supravalvular anomalies (AVSA). RESULTS: Critical LHO was diagnosed in 243 fetuses and newborns. There were 125 with HLHS, 112 with AAO and 6 with isolated AVSA. The incidence of LHO was significantly higher among Europeans (0.59 per 1000) compared with Māori (0.31 per 1000; p<0.001) and Pacific peoples (0.27 per 1000; p=0.002). Terminations were uncommon among Māori and Pacific peoples. Total case fatality was, however, lower in Europeans compared with other ethnicities (42% vs 63%; p=0.002) due to a higher surgical intervention rate and better infant survival. The perinatal and infant mortality rate was 82% for HLHS, 15% for AAO and 2% for AVSA."

			* '''Hypoplastic left heart: the next chapter in our unsolved problem'''{{#pmid:29549091\|PMID29549091}} "The imperfections of the Fontan are well recognised but for now it is what we have. Let us hope the next chapter brings a new treatment paradigm for HLH."

	* '''Are There Head Volume Alterations at 11 to 14 Weeks in Fetuses with Congenital Heart Defects? A First Trimester Case Series'''{{#pmid:27308099\|PMID27308099}} "This study aims to assess head volume (HV) alterations at 11 to 14 weeks in fetuses with congenital heart defects (CHD). Methods A retrospective case-control study on 100 normal and 26 CHD fetuses was conducted. ...Despite the small sample size, our case series suggests that alterations in HV may potentially be apparent as early as 11 to 14 weeks in CHD fetuses, particularly those with HLH. Larger prospective studies are needed to validate our findings."		* '''Are There Head Volume Alterations at 11 to 14 Weeks in Fetuses with Congenital Heart Defects? A First Trimester Case Series'''{{#pmid:27308099\|PMID27308099}} "This study aims to assess head volume (HV) alterations at 11 to 14 weeks in fetuses with congenital heart defects (CHD). Methods A retrospective case-control study on 100 normal and 26 CHD fetuses was conducted. ...Despite the small sample size, our case series suggests that alterations in HV may potentially be apparent as early as 11 to 14 weeks in CHD fetuses, particularly those with HLH. Larger prospective studies are needed to validate our findings."