Cardiovascular System - Heart Rate Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 19:38, 9 December 2019

2019-12-09T19:38:38Z

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	{{#pmid:1018009}}		{{#pmid:1018009}}

			{{#pmid:438095}}

	===Search Pubmed===		===Search Pubmed===

Z8600021 at 19:37, 9 December 2019

2019-12-09T19:37:17Z

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	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
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			* '''Conversion of human cardiac progenitor cells into cardiac pacemaker-like cells'''{{#pmid:31678351\|PMID31678351}} "We used a screening strategy to test for reprogramming factors for the conversion of human cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) into Pacemaker-like cells. Human transcription factors S{{HOX}}2, {{TBX}}3, {{TBX}}5, {{TBX}}18, and the channel protein HCN2, were transiently induced as single factors and in trio combinations into CPCs, first transduced with the connexin 30.2 (CX30.2) mCherry reporter. Following screens for reporter CX30.2 mCherry gene activation and FACS enrichment, we observed the definitive expression of many pacemaker specific genes; including, CX30.2, KCNN4, HCN4, HCN3, HCN1, and SCN3b. These findings suggest that the SHOX2, HCN2, and TBX5 (SHT5) combination of transcription factors is a much better candidate in driving the CPCs into Pacemaker-like cells than other combinations and single transcription factors. Additionally, single-cell RNA sequencing of SHT5 mCherry+ cells revealed cellular enrichment of pacemaker specific genes including TBX3, KCNN4, CX30.2, and BMP2, as well as pacemaker specific potassium and calcium channels (KCND2, KCNK2, and CACNB1). In addition, similar to human and mouse sinoatrial node (SAN) studies, we also observed the down-regulation of NKX2.5. Patch-clamp recordings of the converted Pacemaker-like cells exhibited HCN currents demonstrated the functional characteristic of pacemaker cells. These studies will facilitate the development of an optimal Pacemaker-like cell-based therapy within failing hearts through the recovery of SAN dysfunction."

	* '''Non-invasive fetal electrocardiography for the detection of fetal arrhythmias'''{{#pmid:30602066\|PMID30602066}} "A total of 500 echocardiography and NI-FECG recordings were collected from pregnant women during a routine medical visit in this multicenter study. All the cases with fetal arrhythmias (n = 12) and a matching number of control (n = 14) were used. Two perinatal cardiologists analyzed the extracted NI-FECG while blinded to the echocardiography. The NI-FECG based diagnosis was compared to the reference fetal echocardiography diagnosis....It is possible to diagnose fetal arrhythmias using the NI-FECG technique. However, this study identifies that improvement in algorithms for reconstructing the P-wave is critical to systematically resolve the mechanisms underlying the arrhythmias. The elaboration of a NI-FECG Holter device will offer new opportunities for fetal diagnosis and remote monitoring of problematic pregnancies because of its low-cost, non-invasiveness, portability and minimal set-up requirements."		* '''Non-invasive fetal electrocardiography for the detection of fetal arrhythmias'''{{#pmid:30602066\|PMID30602066}} "A total of 500 echocardiography and NI-FECG recordings were collected from pregnant women during a routine medical visit in this multicenter study. All the cases with fetal arrhythmias (n = 12) and a matching number of control (n = 14) were used. Two perinatal cardiologists analyzed the extracted NI-FECG while blinded to the echocardiography. The NI-FECG based diagnosis was compared to the reference fetal echocardiography diagnosis....It is possible to diagnose fetal arrhythmias using the NI-FECG technique. However, this study identifies that improvement in algorithms for reconstructing the P-wave is critical to systematically resolve the mechanisms underlying the arrhythmias. The elaboration of a NI-FECG Holter device will offer new opportunities for fetal diagnosis and remote monitoring of problematic pregnancies because of its low-cost, non-invasiveness, portability and minimal set-up requirements."

Z8600021 at 19:32, 9 December 2019

2019-12-09T19:32:47Z

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	{\|		{\|
			\|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
	! Left side		! Left side
	! Right Side		! Right Side
	\| rowspan=3\|[[File:Heart innervation 02.jpeg\|400px]]		\| rowspan=3\|[[File:Heart innervation 02.jpeg\|400px]]
	\|-		\|-
	\| from cervical sympathetic and from cervical and thoracic vagal filaments.		\| from cervical sympathetic and from cervical and thoracic vagal ({{CN X}}) filaments.
	\| from cervical sympathetic and from cervical and thoracic vagal filaments.		\| from cervical sympathetic and from cervical and thoracic vagal ({{CN X}}) filaments.
	\|-		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\| Form several descending, ganglionated, vagosympathetic filaments that descended to the right of the arch of the aorta and entered the aorticopulmonary ganglion.		\| Form several descending, ganglionated, vagosympathetic filaments that descended to the right of the arch of the aorta and entered the aorticopulmonary ganglion.
	* Filaments leaving the ganglion supplied the pulmonary trunk, ascending aorta, interatrial septum, pulmonary veins, and, as the left sinal nerve, the fold of the left vena cava.		* Filaments leaving the ganglion supplied the pulmonary trunk, ascending aorta, interatrial septum, pulmonary veins, and, as the left sinal nerve, the fold of the left vena cava.

Z8600021 at 19:27, 9 December 2019

2019-12-09T19:27:22Z

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	{\|		{\|
			! Left side
	! Right Side		! Right Side
	~~! Left side~~
	\| rowspan=3\|[[File:Heart innervation 02.jpeg\|400px]]		\| rowspan=3\|[[File:Heart innervation 02.jpeg\|400px]]
	\|-		\|-
			\| from cervical sympathetic and from cervical and thoracic vagal filaments.
	\| from cervical sympathetic and from cervical and thoracic vagal filaments.		\| from cervical sympathetic and from cervical and thoracic vagal filaments.
	~~\| from cervical sympathetic and from cervical and thoracic vagal filaments.~~
	\|-		\|-
			\| Form several descending, ganglionated, vagosympathetic filaments that descended to the right of the arch of the aorta and entered the aorticopulmonary ganglion.
			* Filaments leaving the ganglion supplied the pulmonary trunk, ascending aorta, interatrial septum, pulmonary veins, and, as the left sinal nerve, the fold of the left vena cava.
	\| Interconnexions form vagoxympathetic nerves that:		\| Interconnexions form vagoxympathetic nerves that:
	# sent a branch in front of the trachea to the aorticopulmonary ganglion, supplying arterial and venous structures		# sent a branch in front of the trachea to the aorticopulmonary ganglion, supplying arterial and venous structures
	# form the right sinal nerve, supplying the sinu-atrial node, and gave filaments to the interatrial septum which could be traced to the atrioventricular node and pulmonary veins.		# form the right sinal nerve, supplying the sinu-atrial node, and gave filaments to the interatrial septum which could be traced to the atrioventricular node and pulmonary veins.
	~~\| Form several descending, ganglionated, vagosympathetic filaments that descended to the right of the arch of the aorta and entered the aorticopulmonary ganglion.~~
	* Filaments leaving the ganglion supplied the pulmonary trunk, ascending aorta, interatrial septum, pulmonary veins, and, as the left sinal nerve, the fold of the left vena cava.
	\|}		\|}

Z8600021 at 19:26, 9 December 2019

2019-12-09T19:26:21Z

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	==Heart Innervation==		==Heart Innervation==
	[[File:Heart innervation 01.jpg]]		[[File:Heart innervation 01.jpg]]


	The 1976 study by Gardner and O'Rahilly{{#pmid:1018009\|PMID1018009}}, summarised below, described the developmental innervation of the heart at the end of the embryonic period ([[Week 8]], Carnegie stage {{CS23}}).		The 1976 study by Gardner and O'Rahilly{{#pmid:1018009\|PMID1018009}}, summarised below, described the developmental innervation of the heart at the end of the embryonic period ([[Week 8]], Carnegie stage {{CS23}}).
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	! Right Side		! Right Side
	! Left side		! Left side
			\| rowspan=3\|[[File:Heart innervation 02.jpeg\|400px]]
	\|-		\|-
	\| from cervical sympathetic and from cervical and thoracic vagal filaments.		\| from cervical sympathetic and from cervical and thoracic vagal filaments.

Z8600021 at 19:24, 9 December 2019

2019-12-09T19:24:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:24, 10 December 2019
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	==Heart Innervation==		==Heart Innervation==
			[[File:Heart innervation 01.jpg]]

	The 1976 study by Gardner and O'Rahilly{{#pmid:1018009\|PMID1018009}}, summarised below, described the developmental innervation of the heart at the end of the embryonic period ([[Week 8]], Carnegie stage {{CS23}}).		The 1976 study by Gardner and O'Rahilly{{#pmid:1018009\|PMID1018009}}, summarised below, described the developmental innervation of the heart at the end of the embryonic period ([[Week 8]], Carnegie stage {{CS23}}).

Z8600021 at 19:21, 9 December 2019

2019-12-09T19:21:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:21, 10 December 2019
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	{{#pmid:9500482}}		{{#pmid:9500482}}

			{{#pmid:3938216}}

			{{#pmid:1018009}}

	===Search Pubmed===		===Search Pubmed===

Z8600021 at 19:14, 9 December 2019

2019-12-09T19:14:44Z

@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 | [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}
-Search term:  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fetal+Heart+Rate ''Fetal Heart Rate''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fetal+Electrocardiogram ''Fetal Electrocardiogram''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fetal+Heart+Ultrasound ''Fetal Heart Ultrasound''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cardiovascular+Embryology ''Cardiovascular Embryology''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cardiovascular+Development ''Cardiovascular Development'']
+Search term:  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fetal+Heart+Rate ''Fetal Heart Rate''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fetal+Electrocardiogram ''Fetal Electrocardiogram''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fetal+Heart+Ultrasound ''Fetal Heart Ultrasound''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Sinoatrial+Node+Development ''Sinoatrial Node Development''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Atrioventricular+Node+Development ''Atrioventricular Node Development''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cardiovascular+Development ''Cardiovascular Development''] | | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cardiovascular+Embryology ''Cardiovascular Embryology'']
 |}
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 The T-waves represents the recovery/repolarisation of the ventricles. Inversion of T-waves relate to repolarisation abnormalities which may indicate a problem with the ventricles (in the recovery beat).
 ==References==

Z8600021 at 22:42, 7 Ocak 2019

2019-01-07T22:42:37Z

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	{\| border='0px'		{\| border='0px'
	\|-		\|-
	\| valign="top"\|~~Heart~~ rate (beats / minute) is a measurement that can be made from early in development (when the heart first starts) through embryonic and fetal stages into labor and birth. It is a common clinical diagnostic tool, but data can be variable between countries and institutions.		\| valign="top"\|The {{heart rate}} (beats / minute) is a measurement that can be made from early in development (when the heart first starts) through embryonic and fetal stages into labor and birth. It is a common clinical diagnostic tool, but data can be variable between countries and institutions.


	Early ultrasonographic measurement of embryonic heart rate (EHR) shows a steady increase from Stage 9-10 (75 beats/minute) to Stage 18 (130 beats/minute) and on to Stage 20, following which a gradual decrease in EHR occurs ~~(More? Embryonic Heart Rate)~~. This increase correlates with heart development and a low EHR is used as an indicator of developmental failure and likely abortion. Late stethoscope measurements of fetal heart rate can monitor fetal stress and identifies the characteristic "lub-dub" heart valve sounds.		Early ultrasonographic measurement of embryonic heart rate (EHR) shows a steady increase from Stage {{CS9}} - {{CS10}} (75 beats/minute) to Stage {{CS18}} (130 beats/minute) and on to Stage {{CS20}}, following which a gradual decrease in EHR occurs. This increase correlates with heart development and a low EHR is used as an indicator of developmental failure and likely abortion. Late stethoscope measurements of fetal heart rate can monitor fetal stress and identifies the characteristic "lub-dub" heart valve sounds.

Z8600021 at 22:41, 7 Ocak 2019

2019-01-07T22:41:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:41, 8 Ocak 2019
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	==Embryonic Heart Rate==		==Embryonic Heart Rate==
	In a 1996 study normal successful human gestations were defined by EHR criteria at different early embryonic (34-56 days from last menstrual period) developmental stages (at the earliest stages when embryo length is difficult to measure gestational sac diameters are included). ~~<ref>~~{{#pmid:8921130\|PMID8921130}}		In a 1996 study normal successful human gestations were defined by EHR criteria at different early embryonic (34-56 days from last menstrual period) developmental stages (at the earliest stages when embryo length is difficult to measure gestational sac diameters are included).{{#pmid:8921130\|PMID8921130}}

	* Stage 9-10 2 mm embryo (gestational sac diameter of 20 mm) EHR at least 75 beats / minute		* Stage {{CS9}} - {{CS10}} 2 mm embryo (gestational sac diameter of 20 mm) EHR at least 75 beats / minute
	* Stage 11-12 5 mm embryo (gestational sac diameter of 30 mm) EHR at least 100 beats / minute		* Stage {{CS11}} - {{CS12}} 5 mm embryo (gestational sac diameter of 30 mm) EHR at least 100 beats / minute
	* Stage 16 10 mm embryo EHR at least 120 beats / minute		* Stage {{CS16}} 10 mm embryo EHR at least 120 beats / minute
	* Stage 18 15 mm embryo EHR at least 130 beats / minute		* Stage {{CS18}} 15 mm embryo EHR at least 130 beats / minute

	===Fetal Heart Rate===		===Fetal Heart Rate===