Cardiovascular System - Abnormalities - Revision history

Z8600021 at 01:05, 18 February 2020

2020-02-18T01:05:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:05, 18 February 2020
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	===Long QT Syndrome===		===Long QT Syndrome===
	Congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a group of rare genetic disorders with prolonged ventricular repolarization and a risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Cause is mutations in genes encoding either cardiac ion channels or channel interacting proteins.		Congenital long QT syndrome ({{LQTS}}) is a group of rare genetic disorders with prolonged ventricular repolarization and a risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Cause is mutations in genes encoding either cardiac ion channels or channel interacting proteins.

	~~Search NCBI Bookshelf: Congenital long-QT syndrome~~		* Tachyarrhythmia is defined as a heart rhythm with a ventricular rate of 100 beats/min or greater.


	:'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Congenital%20long-QT%20syndrome Search PubMed]		:'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Congenital%20long-QT%20syndrome Search PubMed LQTS]

	==Heart Vessel Abnormalities==		==Heart Vessel Abnormalities==

Z8600021 at 18:56, 9 December 2019

2019-12-09T18:56:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:56, 10 December 2019
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	===Articles===		===Articles===
			{{#pmid:27873373}}

	{{#pmid:17967198}}		{{#pmid:17967198}}

Z8600021 at 04:53, 21 November 2019

2019-11-21T04:53:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:53, 21 November 2019
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	{{Heart Links}}		{{Heart Links}}

			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! System Abnormalities
			\|-
			\| {{Abnormality Links}}
			\|}
	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==
	[[File:Australia Congenital heart disease 2016–17.png\|thumb\|alt=Australia Congenital heart disease 2016–17\|Australia Congenital heart disease 2016–17]]		[[File:Australia Congenital heart disease 2016–17.png\|thumb\|alt=Australia Congenital heart disease 2016–17\|Australia Congenital heart disease 2016–17]]

Z8600021 at 01:12, 7 November 2019

2019-11-07T01:12:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:12, 7 November 2019
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	{{Heart Links}}		{{Heart Links}}
	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==
			[[File:Australia Congenital heart disease 2016–17.png\|thumb\|alt=Australia Congenital heart disease 2016–17\|Australia Congenital heart disease 2016–17]]
	{\|		{\|
	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"

Z8600021 at 01:04, 7 November 2019

2019-11-07T01:04:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:04, 7 November 2019
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	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
			* '''Congenital heart disease in {{Australia}}''' (Report 07 Nov 2019)<ref>Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2019. Congenital heart disease in Australia. Cat. no. [https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/heart-stroke-vascular-diseases/congenital-heart-disease-in-australia/contents/table-of-contents CDK 14]. Canberra: AIHW.</ref> "Globally, congenital heart disease affects around 9 in every 1,000 babies born. In {{Australia}}, a large number of children, young people and adults live with congenital heart disease. This report presents latest statistics and trends on the incidence of congenital heart disease, and on hospitalisation and mortality. There were almost 5,000 congenital heart disease hospitalisations in 2016–17. There were 70 infant deaths from congenital heart disease in 2017, comprising 6.9% of all infant deaths. Around 9 in every 1,000 live births are affected by congenital heart disease. Advances in paediatric cardiac care has led to more adults living with congenital heart disease."

	* '''First trimester combined screening biochemistry in detection of congenital heart defects'''{{#pmid:29683008\|PMID29683008}} "To evaluate the performance of first trimester biochemical markers, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), free beta human chorionic gonadotropin (fβ-hCG), and nuchal translucency (NT) in detection of severe congenital heart defects (CHDs). Methods: During the study period from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2011, biochemical markers and NT were measured in 31,144 women as part of voluntary first trimester screening program for Down's syndrome in Northern Finland. Data for 71 severe CHD cases and 762 controls were obtained from the hospital records and from the National Medical Birth Register, which records the birth of all liveborn and stillborn infants, and from the National Register of Congenital Malformations that receives information about all the CHD cases diagnosed in Finland. Results: Both PAPP-A and fβ-hCG multiple of median (MoM) values were decreased in all severe CHDs: 0.71 and 0.69 in ventricular septal defects (VSDs), 0.58 and 0.88 in tetralogy of Fallot cases (TOFs), 0.82 and 0.89 in hypoplastic left heart syndromes (HLHSs), and 0.88 and 0.96 in multiple defects, respectively. NT was increased in all study groups except of VSD group. ROC AUC was 0.72 for VSD when combining prior risk with PAPP-A and fβ-hCG. Adding NT did not improve the detection rate. With normal NT but decreased (<0.5 MoM) PAPP-A and fβ-hCG odds ratios for VSD and HLHS were 19.5 and 25.6, respectively. Conclusions: Maternal serum biochemistry improves the detection of CHDs compared to NT measurement only. In cases with normal NT measurement but low concentrations of both PAPP-A and fβ-hCG, an alert for possible CHD, especially VSD, could be given with thorough examination of fetal heart in later ultrasound scans."		* '''First trimester combined screening biochemistry in detection of congenital heart defects'''{{#pmid:29683008\|PMID29683008}} "To evaluate the performance of first trimester biochemical markers, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), free beta human chorionic gonadotropin (fβ-hCG), and nuchal translucency (NT) in detection of severe congenital heart defects (CHDs). Methods: During the study period from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2011, biochemical markers and NT were measured in 31,144 women as part of voluntary first trimester screening program for Down's syndrome in Northern Finland. Data for 71 severe CHD cases and 762 controls were obtained from the hospital records and from the National Medical Birth Register, which records the birth of all liveborn and stillborn infants, and from the National Register of Congenital Malformations that receives information about all the CHD cases diagnosed in Finland. Results: Both PAPP-A and fβ-hCG multiple of median (MoM) values were decreased in all severe CHDs: 0.71 and 0.69 in ventricular septal defects (VSDs), 0.58 and 0.88 in tetralogy of Fallot cases (TOFs), 0.82 and 0.89 in hypoplastic left heart syndromes (HLHSs), and 0.88 and 0.96 in multiple defects, respectively. NT was increased in all study groups except of VSD group. ROC AUC was 0.72 for VSD when combining prior risk with PAPP-A and fβ-hCG. Adding NT did not improve the detection rate. With normal NT but decreased (<0.5 MoM) PAPP-A and fβ-hCG odds ratios for VSD and HLHS were 19.5 and 25.6, respectively. Conclusions: Maternal serum biochemistry improves the detection of CHDs compared to NT measurement only. In cases with normal NT measurement but low concentrations of both PAPP-A and fβ-hCG, an alert for possible CHD, especially VSD, could be given with thorough examination of fetal heart in later ultrasound scans."

Z8600021 at 23:40, 1 August 2019

2019-08-01T23:40:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:40, 2 August 2019
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	{{USA 1997-2009 Abnormalities Sex Ratio table}}		{{USA 1997-2009 Abnormalities Sex Ratio table}}

			:Links: {{sex bias}}

	===Ventricular Septal Defect===		===Ventricular Septal Defect===

Z8600021 at 23:19, 1 August 2019

2019-08-01T23:19:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:19, 2 August 2019
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	==Heart Abnormalities==		==Heart Abnormalities==

	===Critical Periods===		===Cardiac Critical Periods===

	{{Anderson2016 table2}}		{{Anderson2016 table2}}

Z8600021 at 06:40, 3 July 2019

2019-07-03T06:40:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:40, 3 July 2019
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	===Ventricular Septal Defect===		===Ventricular Septal Defect===
	{\|		{\|
	\| [[File:Ventricular Septal Defect.jpg\|300px]]		\| [[File:Ventricular Septal Defect.jpg\|300px\|link=Cardiovascular System - Ventricular Septal Defect]]
	\|The Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) usually occurs in the membranous (perimembranous) rather than muscular interventricular septum, and is more frequent in males that females.		\|The Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) usually occurs in the membranous (perimembranous) rather than muscular interventricular septum, and is more frequent in males that females.

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	===Atrial Septal Defects===		===Atrial Septal Defects===
	{\|		{\|
	\| [[File:Atrial Septal Defect.jpg\|300px]]		\| [[File:Atrial Septal Defect.jpg\|300px\|link=Cardiovascular System - Atrial Septal Defect]]
	\| Atrial Septal Defects (ASD) are a group of common (1% of cardiac) congenital anomolies defects occuring in a number of different forms and more often in females.		\| Atrial Septal Defects (ASD) are a group of common (1% of cardiac) congenital anomolies defects occuring in a number of different forms and more often in females.

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	===Patent Ductus Arteriosus===		===Patent Ductus Arteriosus===
	{\|		{\|
	\| [[File:Patent Ductus Arteriosus.jpg\|300px]]		\| [[File:Patent Ductus Arteriosus.jpg\|300px\|link=Cardiovascular System - Patent Ductus Arteriosus]]
	\| Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), or Patent arterial duct (PAD), or common truncus, occurs commonly in preterm infants, and at approximately 1 in 2000 full term infants and more common in females (to male ratio is 2:1). Can also be associated with specific genetic defects, {{trisomy 21}} and {{trisomy 18}}, and the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and {{CHARGE syndrome}}. The opening is asymptomatic when the duct is small and can close spontaneously (by day three in 60% of normal term neonates), the remainder are ligated simply and with little risk, with transcatheter closure of the duct generally indicated in older children. The operation is always recommended even in the absence of cardiac failure and can often be deferred until early childhood.		\| Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), or Patent arterial duct (PAD), or common truncus, occurs commonly in preterm infants, and at approximately 1 in 2000 full term infants and more common in females (to male ratio is 2:1). Can also be associated with specific genetic defects, {{trisomy 21}} and {{trisomy 18}}, and the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and {{CHARGE syndrome}}. The opening is asymptomatic when the duct is small and can close spontaneously (by day three in 60% of normal term neonates), the remainder are ligated simply and with little risk, with transcatheter closure of the duct generally indicated in older children. The operation is always recommended even in the absence of cardiac failure and can often be deferred until early childhood.

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	{\|		{\|
	\| [[File:Tetralogy of Fallot.jpg\|300px]]		\| [[File:Tetralogy of Fallot.jpg\|300px\|link=Cardiovascular System - Tetralogy of Fallot]]
	\| Named after Etienne-Louis Arthur Fallot (1888) who described it as "''la maladie blue''" and is a common developmental cardiac defect. The syndrome consists of a number of a number of cardiac defects possibly stemming from abnormal neural crest migration.		\| Named after Etienne-Louis Arthur Fallot (1888) who described it as "''la maladie blue''" and is a common developmental cardiac defect. The syndrome consists of a number of a number of cardiac defects possibly stemming from abnormal neural crest migration.

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	===Hypoplastic Left Heart===		===Hypoplastic Left Heart===
	{\|		{\|
	\| [[File:Hypoplastic Left Heart.jpg\|300px]]		\| [[File:Hypoplastic Left Heart.jpg\|300px\|link=Cardiovascular System - Hypoplastic Left Heart]]
	\| Characterized by hypoplasia (underdevelopment or absence) of the left ventricle obstructive valvular and vascular lesion of the left side of the heart.		\| Characterized by hypoplasia (underdevelopment or absence) of the left ventricle obstructive valvular and vascular lesion of the left side of the heart.

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	===Double Outlet Right Ventricle===		===Double Outlet Right Ventricle===
	{\|		{\|
	\| [[File:Double_Outlet_Right_Ventricle.jpg\|300px]]		\| [[File:Double_Outlet_Right_Ventricle.jpg\|300px\|link=Cardiovascular System - Double Outlet Right Ventricle]]
	\|		\|
	De-oxygenated blood enters the aorta from the right ventricle and is returned to the body.		De-oxygenated blood enters the aorta from the right ventricle and is returned to the body.
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	===Tricuspid Atresia===		===Tricuspid Atresia===
	{\|		{\|
	\| [[File:Tricuspid Atresia.jpg\|300px]]		\| [[File:Tricuspid Atresia.jpg\|300px\|link=Cardiovascular System - Tricuspid Atresia]]
	\| Blood is shunted through an atrial septal defect to the left atrium and through the ventricular septal defect to the pulmonary artery. The shaded arrows indicate mixing of the blood.		\| Blood is shunted through an atrial septal defect to the left atrium and through the ventricular septal defect to the pulmonary artery. The shaded arrows indicate mixing of the blood.

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	===Transposition of the Great Vessels===		===Transposition of the Great Vessels===
	{\|		{\|
	\| [[File:Transposition of the Great Vessels.jpg\|300px]]		\| [[File:Transposition of the Great Vessels.jpg\|300px\|link=Cardiovascular System - Transposition of the Great Vessels]]
	\| Characterized by aorta arising from right ventricle and pulmonary artery from the left ventricle and often associated with other cardiac abnormalities (e.g. ventricular septal defect).		\| Characterized by aorta arising from right ventricle and pulmonary artery from the left ventricle and often associated with other cardiac abnormalities (e.g. ventricular septal defect).
	{\|		{\|
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	:'''LInks:''' ~~[[Cardiovascular_System_-_Transposition_of_the_Great_Vessels\|Transposition~~ of the ~~Great Vessels]]~~ \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Transposition_of_the_Great_Vessels Search PubMed] \| PMID 15987628 \| PMID 18851735		:'''LInks:''' {{transposition of the great vessels}} \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Transposition_of_the_Great_Vessels Search PubMed] \| PMID 15987628 \| PMID 18851735
	\|}		\|}

	===Coarctation of the Aorta===		===Coarctation of the Aorta===
	{\|		{\|
	\| [[File:Coarctation of the Aorta.jpg\|300px]]		\| [[File:Coarctation of the Aorta.jpg\|300px\|link=Cardiovascular System - Coarctation of the Aorta]]
	\|		\|
	* 5-8% of Congenital Heart Disease		* 5-8% of Congenital Heart Disease
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	:'''LInks:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Coarctation_of_the_Aorta Search PubMed] \| PMID 21947983 \| [http://www.cardiologyjournal.org/en/darmowy_pdf.phtml?id=105&indeks_art=1488 2011 Review PDF]		:'''LInks:''' {{coarctation of the aorta}} \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Coarctation_of_the_Aorta Search PubMed] \| PMID 21947983 \| [http://www.cardiologyjournal.org/en/darmowy_pdf.phtml?id=105&indeks_art=1488 2011 Review PDF]
	\|}		\|}

Z8600021 at 06:32, 3 July 2019

2019-07-03T06:32:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:32, 3 July 2019
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	* '''Early fetal ultrasound screening for major congenital heart defects without Doppler'''{{#pmid:30580230\|PMID30580230}} "Congenital heart defects are the most common major structural fetal abnormalities. Color flow mapping has played a dominant role in the detection of abnormalities during the first trimester, regardless of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology warning on the use of Doppler during early pregnancy. The aim of our study was to investigate the use of transvaginal two-dimensional sonography without Doppler for assessing the four-chamber view and the outflow tract view of fetuses at 11-13 weeks of gestation for cardiac screening of major congenital heart defects. ...Routine first-trimester ultrasonagraphy without Doppler, when performed by experienced sonographers, can effectively identify major congenital heart defects. Additional multicenter well designed studies should clarify the feasibility of this approach."		* '''Early fetal ultrasound screening for major congenital heart defects without Doppler'''{{#pmid:30580230\|PMID30580230}} "Congenital heart defects are the most common major structural fetal abnormalities. Color flow mapping has played a dominant role in the detection of abnormalities during the first trimester, regardless of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology warning on the use of Doppler during early pregnancy. The aim of our study was to investigate the use of transvaginal two-dimensional sonography without Doppler for assessing the four-chamber view and the outflow tract view of fetuses at 11-13 weeks of gestation for cardiac screening of major congenital heart defects. ...Routine first-trimester ultrasonagraphy without Doppler, when performed by experienced sonographers, can effectively identify major congenital heart defects. Additional multicenter well designed studies should clarify the feasibility of this approach."

	* '''Utility of fetal cardiac MRI to assess fetuses with right aortic arch and right ductus arteriosus'''{{#pmid:28438064\|PMID28438064}} "To evaluate the utility of fetal cardiac magnetic resonance imaging ({{MRI}}) to diagnose right aortic arch (RAA) with right ductus arteriosus. ...Fetal cardiac MRI diagnosed the six fetal cases with RAA with right ductus arteriosus correctly. Among the six fetuses, four were associated with other congenital heart defects. In three of six cases, the diagnoses established using prenatal echocardiography (echo) was correct when compared with postnatal diagnosis. Fetal cardiac MRI is a useful complementary tool to assess fetuses with RAA and right ductus arteriosus." [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Utility of fetal cardiac MRI to assess fetuses with right aortic arch and right ductus arteriosus'''{{#pmid:28438064\|PMID28438064}} "To evaluate the utility of fetal cardiac magnetic resonance imaging ({{MRI}}) to diagnose right aortic arch (RAA) with right ductus arteriosus. ...Fetal cardiac MRI diagnosed the six fetal cases with RAA with right ductus arteriosus correctly. Among the six fetuses, four were associated with other congenital heart defects. In three of six cases, the diagnoses established using prenatal echocardiography (echo) was correct when compared with postnatal diagnosis. Fetal cardiac MRI is a useful complementary tool to assess fetuses with RAA and right ductus arteriosus." [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]

	* '''High throughput in vivo functional validation of candidate congenital heart disease genes in Drosophila'''{{#pmid:28084990\|PMID28084990}} "We developed a Drosophila-based functional system to screen candidate disease genes identified from Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) patients. 134 genes were tested in the Drosophila heart using RNAi-based gene silencing. Quantitative analyses of multiple cardiac phenotypes demonstrated essential structural, functional, and developmental roles for more than 70 genes, including a subgroup encoding histone H3K4 modifying proteins. We also demonstrated the use of Drosophila to evaluate cardiac phenotypes resulting from specific, patient-derived alleles of candidate disease genes. We describe the first high throughput in vivo validation system to screen candidate disease genes identified from patients." {{fly}}		* '''High throughput in vivo functional validation of candidate congenital heart disease genes in Drosophila'''{{#pmid:28084990\|PMID28084990}} "We developed a Drosophila-based functional system to screen candidate disease genes identified from Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) patients. 134 genes were tested in the Drosophila heart using RNAi-based gene silencing. Quantitative analyses of multiple cardiac phenotypes demonstrated essential structural, functional, and developmental roles for more than 70 genes, including a subgroup encoding histone H3K4 modifying proteins. We also demonstrated the use of Drosophila to evaluate cardiac phenotypes resulting from specific, patient-derived alleles of candidate disease genes. We describe the first high throughput in vivo validation system to screen candidate disease genes identified from patients." {{fly}}

Z8600021 at 06:09, 3 July 2019

2019-07-03T06:09:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:09, 3 July 2019
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	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
			* '''First trimester combined screening biochemistry in detection of congenital heart defects'''{{#pmid:29683008\|PMID29683008}} "To evaluate the performance of first trimester biochemical markers, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), free beta human chorionic gonadotropin (fβ-hCG), and nuchal translucency (NT) in detection of severe congenital heart defects (CHDs). Methods: During the study period from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2011, biochemical markers and NT were measured in 31,144 women as part of voluntary first trimester screening program for Down's syndrome in Northern Finland. Data for 71 severe CHD cases and 762 controls were obtained from the hospital records and from the National Medical Birth Register, which records the birth of all liveborn and stillborn infants, and from the National Register of Congenital Malformations that receives information about all the CHD cases diagnosed in Finland. Results: Both PAPP-A and fβ-hCG multiple of median (MoM) values were decreased in all severe CHDs: 0.71 and 0.69 in ventricular septal defects (VSDs), 0.58 and 0.88 in tetralogy of Fallot cases (TOFs), 0.82 and 0.89 in hypoplastic left heart syndromes (HLHSs), and 0.88 and 0.96 in multiple defects, respectively. NT was increased in all study groups except of VSD group. ROC AUC was 0.72 for VSD when combining prior risk with PAPP-A and fβ-hCG. Adding NT did not improve the detection rate. With normal NT but decreased (<0.5 MoM) PAPP-A and fβ-hCG odds ratios for VSD and HLHS were 19.5 and 25.6, respectively. Conclusions: Maternal serum biochemistry improves the detection of CHDs compared to NT measurement only. In cases with normal NT measurement but low concentrations of both PAPP-A and fβ-hCG, an alert for possible CHD, especially VSD, could be given with thorough examination of fetal heart in later ultrasound scans."

	* '''Association of NKX2-5, GATA4, and {{TBX}}5 polymorphisms with congenital heart disease in Egyptian children'''{{#pmid:30834692\|PMID30834692}} "Venous blood samples from 150 congenital heart disease children (including a ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, and patent ductus arteriosus) and 90 apparently healthy of matched age and sex were studied by polymerase chain reaction followed by direct sequencing in order to study two single-nucleotide variants of NKX2-5 (rs2277923, rs28936670), two single-nucleotide variants of GATA4 (rs368418329, rs56166237) and one single-nucleotide variant TBX5 (rs6489957). The distribution of genotype and allele frequency in the congenital heart diseases (CHD) group and control group were analyzed. Significantly higher frequency of different allelle of five variants was observed in cases when compared to the control group, with significant risky effect for the development of septal defect. In addition to two polymorphisms of NKX2-5 (rs2277923, rs28936670) variant in the cardiac septal defect, two variants in GATA4 (rs368418329, rs56166237) and one variant in TBX5 (rs6489957) seem to have a role in the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease."		* '''Association of NKX2-5, GATA4, and {{TBX}}5 polymorphisms with congenital heart disease in Egyptian children'''{{#pmid:30834692\|PMID30834692}} "Venous blood samples from 150 congenital heart disease children (including a ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, and patent ductus arteriosus) and 90 apparently healthy of matched age and sex were studied by polymerase chain reaction followed by direct sequencing in order to study two single-nucleotide variants of NKX2-5 (rs2277923, rs28936670), two single-nucleotide variants of GATA4 (rs368418329, rs56166237) and one single-nucleotide variant TBX5 (rs6489957). The distribution of genotype and allele frequency in the congenital heart diseases (CHD) group and control group were analyzed. Significantly higher frequency of different allelle of five variants was observed in cases when compared to the control group, with significant risky effect for the development of septal defect. In addition to two polymorphisms of NKX2-5 (rs2277923, rs28936670) variant in the cardiac septal defect, two variants in GATA4 (rs368418329, rs56166237) and one variant in TBX5 (rs6489957) seem to have a role in the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease."

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	* '''Utility of fetal cardiac MRI to assess fetuses with right aortic arch and right ductus arteriosus'''{{#pmid:28438064\|PMID28438064}} "To evaluate the utility of fetal cardiac magnetic resonance imaging ({{MRI}}) to diagnose right aortic arch (RAA) with right ductus arteriosus. ...Fetal cardiac MRI diagnosed the six fetal cases with RAA with right ductus arteriosus correctly. Among the six fetuses, four were associated with other congenital heart defects. In three of six cases, the diagnoses established using prenatal echocardiography (echo) was correct when compared with postnatal diagnosis. Fetal cardiac MRI is a useful complementary tool to assess fetuses with RAA and right ductus arteriosus." [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]		* '''Utility of fetal cardiac MRI to assess fetuses with right aortic arch and right ductus arteriosus'''{{#pmid:28438064\|PMID28438064}} "To evaluate the utility of fetal cardiac magnetic resonance imaging ({{MRI}}) to diagnose right aortic arch (RAA) with right ductus arteriosus. ...Fetal cardiac MRI diagnosed the six fetal cases with RAA with right ductus arteriosus correctly. Among the six fetuses, four were associated with other congenital heart defects. In three of six cases, the diagnoses established using prenatal echocardiography (echo) was correct when compared with postnatal diagnosis. Fetal cardiac MRI is a useful complementary tool to assess fetuses with RAA and right ductus arteriosus." [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]

	* '''High throughput in vivo functional validation of candidate congenital heart disease genes in Drosophila'''{{#pmid:28084990\|PMID28084990}} "We developed a Drosophila-based functional system to screen candidate disease genes identified from Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) patients. 134 genes were tested in the Drosophila heart using RNAi-based gene silencing. Quantitative analyses of multiple cardiac phenotypes demonstrated essential structural, functional, and developmental roles for more than 70 genes, including a subgroup encoding histone H3K4 modifying proteins. We also demonstrated the use of Drosophila to evaluate cardiac phenotypes resulting from specific, patient-derived alleles of candidate disease genes. We describe the first high throughput in vivo validation system to screen candidate disease genes identified from patients." {{fly}}
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''High throughput in vivo functional validation of candidate congenital heart disease genes in Drosophila'''{{#pmid:28084990\|PMID28084990}} "We developed a Drosophila-based functional system to screen candidate disease genes identified from Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) patients. 134 genes were tested in the Drosophila heart using RNAi-based gene silencing. Quantitative analyses of multiple cardiac phenotypes demonstrated essential structural, functional, and developmental roles for more than 70 genes, including a subgroup encoding histone H3K4 modifying proteins. We also demonstrated the use of Drosophila to evaluate cardiac phenotypes resulting from specific, patient-derived alleles of candidate disease genes. We describe the first high throughput in vivo validation system to screen candidate disease genes identified from patients." {{fly}}

	* '''Long-Term Survival of Individuals Born With Congenital Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis'''{{#pmid:27312802\|PMID27312802}} "Estimates of long-term survival are required to adequately assess the variety of health and social services required by those with congenital heart disease (CHD) throughout their lives. ... Among persons with CHD, the mortality rate is greatest during the first year of life; however, this systematic review and meta-analysis showed that survival decreases gradually after infancy and into adulthood."		* '''Long-Term Survival of Individuals Born With Congenital Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis'''{{#pmid:27312802\|PMID27312802}} "Estimates of long-term survival are required to adequately assess the variety of health and social services required by those with congenital heart disease (CHD) throughout their lives. ... Among persons with CHD, the mortality rate is greatest during the first year of life; however, this systematic review and meta-analysis showed that survival decreases gradually after infancy and into adulthood."