Book - Quain's Embryology 9 - Revision history

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	The primitive jugular vein receives the blood from the cranial cavity by channels in front of the ear, which are subsequently obliterated : in the greater part of its extent it becomes the external jugiilar vein : and near its lower end it receives small brandies, which, grow to be the external jugular and subclavian veins. The cardinal veins are the primitive vessels which return the blood from the Wolffian bodies, the vertebral column, and the parietes of the trunk. The inferior vena cava is a vessel of later development, whichopens into the trunk of the umbilical and omphalo-mesenteric veins, above the vense heijaticas revehentes. The iliac veins, which unite to form the inferior vena cava, communicate with the cardinal veins. The inferior extremities of the cardinal veins are persistent as the internal iliac veins. Above the iliac veins the cardinal veins are obliterated in a considerable part of their course ; their upper portions then become continuous with two new vessels, the j;osfe?-ipr vertchral veins of Ratlike, which receive the lumbar and intercostal twig.		The primitive jugular vein receives the blood from the cranial cavity by channels in front of the ear, which are subsequently obliterated : in the greater part of its extent it becomes the external jugiilar vein : and near its lower end it receives small brandies, which, grow to be the external jugular and subclavian veins. The cardinal veins are the primitive vessels which return the blood from the Wolffian bodies, the vertebral column, and the parietes of the trunk. The inferior vena cava is a vessel of later development, whichopens into the trunk of the umbilical and omphalo-mesenteric veins, above the vense heijaticas revehentes. The iliac veins, which unite to form the inferior vena cava, communicate with the cardinal veins. The inferior extremities of the cardinal veins are persistent as the internal iliac veins. Above the iliac veins the cardinal veins are obliterated in a considerable part of their course ; their upper portions then become continuous with two new vessels, the j;osfe?-ipr vertchral veins of Ratlike, which receive the lumbar and intercostal twig.
	{\|		{\|
	\| '''Fig. 594. Diagrams illustrating the development of the Great Veins''' (after Kollliker).		\| valign=top\|'''Fig. 594. Diagrams illustrating the development of the Great Veins''' (after Kollliker).

	A, plan of the principal veins of the fretus of about four weeks, or soon after the first formation of the vessels of the hver and the vena cava inferior.		'''A''', plan of the principal veins of the fretus of about four weeks, or soon after the first formation of the vessels of the hver and the vena cava inferior.

	B, veins of the liver at a somewhat earlier period.		'''B''', veins of the liver at a somewhat earlier period.

	C, principal veins of the foetus at the time of the first estabhshment of the placental circulation.		'''C''', principal veins of the foetus at the time of the first estabhshment of the placental circulation.

			'''D''', veins of the liver at the same period.

	~~D, veins of the liver at the same period.~~

	dc, the right and left ducts of Cuvier ; ca, the right and left cardinal veins ; j. j,ihe jugular veins ; s, the subclavian veins ; az, the azygos vein ; u, the umbilical or left umbilical vein ; u', in B, the temporary right umbilical vein ; o, the omphalo-meseuteric vein ; o', the right omphalo-mesenteric vein ; m, the mesenteric veins ; p, the portal vein ; p', p', the vente advehentes ; I, the ductus venosus ; V, I', the hepatic veins ; c'l, vena cava inferior ; il, the division of the vena cava inferior into common iliac veins ; cr, the external iliac or crural veins ; h, the hypogastric or internal iliac veins, in the line of continuation of the primitive cardinal veins.		dc, the right and left ducts of Cuvier ; ca, the right and left cardinal veins ; j. j,ihe jugular veins ; s, the subclavian veins ; az, the azygos vein ; u, the umbilical or left umbilical vein ; u', in B, the temporary right umbilical vein ; o, the omphalo-meseuteric vein ; o', the right omphalo-mesenteric vein ; m, the mesenteric veins ; p, the portal vein ; p', p', the vente advehentes ; I, the ductus venosus ; V, I', the hepatic veins ; c'l, vena cava inferior ; il, the division of the vena cava inferior into common iliac veins ; cr, the external iliac or crural veins ; h, the hypogastric or internal iliac veins, in the line of continuation of the primitive cardinal veins.


	In C, li, in dotted lines, the transverse branch of communication between the jugular veins which forms the left innominate vein ; ri, the right innominate vein ; ca, the remains of the left cardinal vein by which the superior intercostal veins fall into the left innominate vein ; above lo, the obliquely crossing vein by which the hemiazygos joins the azygos vein.		In C, li, in dotted lines, the transverse branch of communication between the jugular veins which forms the left innominate vein ; ri, the right innominate vein ; ca, the remains of the left cardinal vein by which the superior intercostal veins fall into the left innominate vein ; above lo, the obliquely crossing vein by which the hemiazygos joins the azygos vein.

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	The primitive jugular vein receives the blood from the cranial cavity by channels in front of the ear, which are subsequently obliterated : in the greater part of its extent it becomes the external jugiilar vein : and near its lower end it receives small brandies, which, grow to be the external jugular and subclavian veins. The cardinal veins are the primitive vessels which return the blood from the Wolffian bodies, the vertebral column, and the parietes of the trunk. The inferior vena cava is a vessel of later development, whichopens into the trunk of the umbilical and omphalo-mesenteric veins, above the vense heijaticas revehentes. The iliac veins, which unite to form the inferior vena cava, communicate with the cardinal veins. The inferior extremities of the cardinal veins are persistent as the internal iliac veins. Above the iliac veins the cardinal veins are obliterated in a considerable part of their course ; their upper portions then become continuous with two new vessels, the j;osfe?-ipr vertchral veins of Ratlike, which receive the lumbar and intercostal ~~twigi~~.		The primitive jugular vein receives the blood from the cranial cavity by channels in front of the ear, which are subsequently obliterated : in the greater part of its extent it becomes the external jugiilar vein : and near its lower end it receives small brandies, which, grow to be the external jugular and subclavian veins. The cardinal veins are the primitive vessels which return the blood from the Wolffian bodies, the vertebral column, and the parietes of the trunk. The inferior vena cava is a vessel of later development, whichopens into the trunk of the umbilical and omphalo-mesenteric veins, above the vense heijaticas revehentes. The iliac veins, which unite to form the inferior vena cava, communicate with the cardinal veins. The inferior extremities of the cardinal veins are persistent as the internal iliac veins. Above the iliac veins the cardinal veins are obliterated in a considerable part of their course ; their upper portions then become continuous with two new vessels, the j;osfe?-ipr vertchral veins of Ratlike, which receive the lumbar and intercostal twig.
			{\|
			\| '''Fig. 594. Diagrams illustrating the development of the Great Veins''' (after Kollliker).
	~~[[File:Quain594.jpg~~\|~~alt=Figure 594. Development of the Great Veins\|600px]]~~

	'''Fig. 594. Diagrams illustrating the development of the Great Veins''' (after Kollliker).

	A, plan of the principal veins of the fretus of about four weeks, or soon after the first formation of the vessels of the hver and the vena cava inferior.		A, plan of the principal veins of the fretus of about four weeks, or soon after the first formation of the vessels of the hver and the vena cava inferior.
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			\| [[File:Quain594.jpg\|alt=Figure 594. Development of the Great Veins\|600px]]
			\|}
	As development proceeds, the direction of the ducts of Cuvier is altered by the descent of the heart from the cervical into the thoracic region, and becomes continuous with that of the primitive jugular veins. A communicating branch makes its appearance, directed transversely from the junction of the Jeft subclavian and jugular veins, downwards, and across the middle line to the right jugular ; and further down in the dorsal region between the posterior verteljral veras a communicating branch passes obliquely across the middle line from right to left. The communicating branch between the primitive jugular veins is converted into the left innominate vein. The portion of vessel between the right subclavian vein and the termination of the communicating branch becomes the right innominate vein. The portion of the primitive jugular vein below the communicating vein, together with the right duct of Cuvier. forms the vena cava superior, while the cardinal vein opening into it is the extremity of the great vena azygos. On the left side, the portion of the primitive jugular vein placed below the communicating branch, and the cardinal and i^osterior vertebral veins, together wdth the cross branch between the two posterior vertebral veins, are converted into the left superior intercostal and left superior and inferior azygos veins. The variability in the adult arrangement of these vessels depends on the various extent to which the originally continuous vessels are developed or atrophied at one point or another. The left duct of Cuvier is obliterated, except at its lower end, which always remains pervious as the coronal sinus. Even the adirlt, traces of the existence of this vessel can always be recognised in the form of a fibrous band, or sometimes even a narrow vein, which descends obliquely on the left auricle ; and in front of the root of the left lung there remains a small fold of the serous membrane of the pericardium, the re.sfii/ial fold of the pericardium, so named by Marshall, to whom is due the first full elucidation of the nature and relations of the left primitive vena cava.		As development proceeds, the direction of the ducts of Cuvier is altered by the descent of the heart from the cervical into the thoracic region, and becomes continuous with that of the primitive jugular veins. A communicating branch makes its appearance, directed transversely from the junction of the Jeft subclavian and jugular veins, downwards, and across the middle line to the right jugular ; and further down in the dorsal region between the posterior verteljral veras a communicating branch passes obliquely across the middle line from right to left. The communicating branch between the primitive jugular veins is converted into the left innominate vein. The portion of vessel between the right subclavian vein and the termination of the communicating branch becomes the right innominate vein. The portion of the primitive jugular vein below the communicating vein, together with the right duct of Cuvier. forms the vena cava superior, while the cardinal vein opening into it is the extremity of the great vena azygos. On the left side, the portion of the primitive jugular vein placed below the communicating branch, and the cardinal and i^osterior vertebral veins, together wdth the cross branch between the two posterior vertebral veins, are converted into the left superior intercostal and left superior and inferior azygos veins. The variability in the adult arrangement of these vessels depends on the various extent to which the originally continuous vessels are developed or atrophied at one point or another. The left duct of Cuvier is obliterated, except at its lower end, which always remains pervious as the coronal sinus. Even the adirlt, traces of the existence of this vessel can always be recognised in the form of a fibrous band, or sometimes even a narrow vein, which descends obliquely on the left auricle ; and in front of the root of the left lung there remains a small fold of the serous membrane of the pericardium, the re.sfii/ial fold of the pericardium, so named by Marshall, to whom is due the first full elucidation of the nature and relations of the left primitive vena cava.

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			[[File:Quain594.jpg\|alt=Figure 594. Development of the Great Veins\|600px]]

	'''Fig. 594. Diagrams illustrating the development of the Great Veins''' (after Kollliker).		'''Fig. 594. Diagrams illustrating the development of the Great Veins''' (after Kollliker).
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	D, veins of the liver at the same period.		D, veins of the liver at the same period.

	dc, the right and left ducts of Cuvier ; ca, the right and left cardinal veins ; j. j,ihe jugular veins ; s, the subclavian veins ; az, the azygos vein ; u, the umbilical or left umbilical vein ; u', in B, the temporary right umbilical vein ; o, the omphalo-meseuteric vein ; o', the right omphalo-mesenteric vein ; m, the mesenteric veins ; p, the ~~jjortal~~ vein ; p', p', the vente advehentes ; I, the ductus venosus ; V, I', the hepatic veins ; c'l, vena cava inferior ; il, the division of the vena cava inferior into common iliac veins ; cr, the external iliac or crural veins ; h, the hypogastric or internal iliac veins, in the line of continuation of the ~~jirimitive~~ cardinal veins.		dc, the right and left ducts of Cuvier ; ca, the right and left cardinal veins ; j. j,ihe jugular veins ; s, the subclavian veins ; az, the azygos vein ; u, the umbilical or left umbilical vein ; u', in B, the temporary right umbilical vein ; o, the omphalo-meseuteric vein ; o', the right omphalo-mesenteric vein ; m, the mesenteric veins ; p, the portal vein ; p', p', the vente advehentes ; I, the ductus venosus ; V, I', the hepatic veins ; c'l, vena cava inferior ; il, the division of the vena cava inferior into common iliac veins ; cr, the external iliac or crural veins ; h, the hypogastric or internal iliac veins, in the line of continuation of the primitive cardinal veins.

	In C, li, in dotted lines, the transverse branch of communication between the jugular veins which forms the left innominate vein ; ri, the right innominate vein ; ca, the remains of the left cardinal vein by whish the superior intercostal veins fall into the left innominate vein ; above lo, the obliquely crossing vein by which the hemiazygos joins the azygos vein.

			In C, li, in dotted lines, the transverse branch of communication between the jugular veins which forms the left innominate vein ; ri, the right innominate vein ; ca, the remains of the left cardinal vein by which the superior intercostal veins fall into the left innominate vein ; above lo, the obliquely crossing vein by which the hemiazygos joins the azygos vein.

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	The views are supposed to be from before, the parts of the heart being removed or seen through.		The views are supposed to be from before, the parts of the heart being removed or seen through.

	1, 1', the internal jugular veins ; 2, 2', subclavian veins ; 3, right innominate ; 3', right or regular superior cava ; 4, in A, the left innominate ; in B, the transverse or communicating vein between the right and left superior ~~vemg cavte~~ ; 5, in A, the ~~oj)ening~~ of the superior intercostal vein into the innominate ; 5', vestige of the left superior cava or duct of Cuvier ; 5, 5', in B, the left vena cava superior abnormally persistent, along with a contracted condition of 4, the communicating vein : 6, the sinus of the coronaiy vein ; 6', branches of the coronary veins ; 7, the superior intercostal trunk of the left side, or left cardinal vein ; 8, the principal azygos or right cardinal vein ; 7', 8', some of the upper intercostal veins ; 9, the opening of the inferior vena cava, with the Eustachian valve.		1, 1', the internal jugular veins ; 2, 2', subclavian veins ; 3, right innominate ; 3', right or regular superior cava ; 4, in A, the left innominate ; in B, the transverse or communicating vein between the right and left superior vena cavae ; 5, in A, the opening of the superior intercostal vein into the innominate ; 5', vestige of the left superior cava or duct of Cuvier ; 5, 5', in B, the left vena cava superior abnormally persistent, along with a contracted condition of 4, the communicating vein : 6, the sinus of the coronaiy vein ; 6', branches of the coronary veins ; 7, the superior intercostal trunk of the left side, or left cardinal vein ; 8, the principal azygos or right cardinal vein ; 7', 8', some of the upper intercostal veins ; 9, the opening of the inferior vena cava, with the Eustachian valve.

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	As development proceeds, the direction of the ducts of Cuvier is altered by the descent of the heart from the cervical into the thoracic region, and becomes continuous with that of the primitive jugular veins. A communicating branch makes its appearance, directed transversely from the junction of the Jeft subclavian and jugular veins, downwards, and across the middle line to the right jugular ; and further down in the dorsal region between the posterior verteljral veras a communicating branch passes obliquely across the middle line from right to left. The communicating branch between the primitive jugular veins is converted into the left innominate vein. The portion of vessel between the right subclavian vein and the termination of the communicating branch becomes the right innominate vein. The portion of the primitive jugular vein below the communicating vein, together with the right duct of Cuvier. forms the vena cava superior, while the cardinal vein opening into it is the extremity of the great vena azygos. On the left side, the portion of the primitive jugular vein placed below the communicating branch, and the cardinal and i^osterior vertebral veins, together wdth the cross branch between the two posterior vertebral veins, are converted into the left superior intercostal and left superior and inferior azygos veins. The variability in the adult arrangement of these vessels depends on the various extent to which the originally continuous vessels are developed or atrophied at one point or another. The left duct of Cuvier is obliterated, except at its lower end, which always remains pervious as the coronal sinus. Even the adirlt, traces of the existence of this vessel can always be recognised in the form of a fibrous band, or sometimes even a narrow vein, which descends obliquely on the left auricle ; and in front of the root of the left lung there remains a small fold of the serous membrane of the pericardium, the re.sfii/ial fold of the pericardium, so named by Marshall, to whom is due the first full elucidation of the nature and relations of the left primitive vena cava.		As development proceeds, the direction of the ducts of Cuvier is altered by the descent of the heart from the cervical into the thoracic region, and becomes continuous with that of the primitive jugular veins. A communicating branch makes its appearance, directed transversely from the junction of the Jeft subclavian and jugular veins, downwards, and across the middle line to the right jugular ; and further down in the dorsal region between the posterior verteljral veras a communicating branch passes obliquely across the middle line from right to left. The communicating branch between the primitive jugular veins is converted into the left innominate vein. The portion of vessel between the right subclavian vein and the termination of the communicating branch becomes the right innominate vein. The portion of the primitive jugular vein below the communicating vein, together with the right duct of Cuvier. forms the vena cava superior, while the cardinal vein opening into it is the extremity of the great vena azygos. On the left side, the portion of the primitive jugular vein placed below the communicating branch, and the cardinal and i^osterior vertebral veins, together wdth the cross branch between the two posterior vertebral veins, are converted into the left superior intercostal and left superior and inferior azygos veins. The variability in the adult arrangement of these vessels depends on the various extent to which the originally continuous vessels are developed or atrophied at one point or another. The left duct of Cuvier is obliterated, except at its lower end, which always remains pervious as the coronal sinus. Even the adirlt, traces of the existence of this vessel can always be recognised in the form of a fibrous band, or sometimes even a narrow vein, which descends obliquely on the left auricle ; and in front of the root of the left lung there remains a small fold of the serous membrane of the pericardium, the re.sfii/ial fold of the pericardium, so named by Marshall, to whom is due the first full elucidation of the nature and relations of the left primitive vena cava.

			[[File:Quain595.jpg\|alt=Figure 595. A and B. Vestige of Left Superior Cava and a Case of its Persistence\|600px]]

	'''Fig. 595. A and B. — Diagrammatic Outlines of the Vestige of the Left Superior Cava and of a Case of its Persistence''' (sketched after Marshall).		'''Fig. 595. A and B. — Diagrammatic Outlines of the Vestige of the Left Superior Cava and of a Case of its Persistence''' (sketched after Marshall).
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	A, brachio-cephalic veins with the superior intercostal, azygos, and principal cardiac veins.		A, brachio-cephalic veins with the superior intercostal, azygos, and principal cardiac veins.

	B, the same in a case of persistence of the left superior cava, showing its communication with the sinus of the coronary vein. The views are supposed to be from before, the parts of the heart being removed or seen through		B, the same in a case of persistence of the left superior cava, showing its communication with the sinus of the coronary vein.

			The views are supposed to be from before, the parts of the heart being removed or seen through.

	1, 1', the internal jugular veins ; 2, 2', subclavian veins ; 3, right innominate ; 3', right or ~~reguhir sujjerior~~ cava ; 4, in A, the left innominate ; in B, the transverse or communicating vein between the right and left superior vemg cavte ; 5, in A, the oj)ening of the superior intercostal vein into the innominate ; 5', vestige of the left superior cava or duct of Cuvier ; 5, 5', in B, the left vena cava superior abnormally persistent, along with a contracted condition of 4, the communicating vein : 6, the sinus of the coronaiy vein ; 6', branches of the coronary veins ; 7, the superior intercostal trunk of the left side, or left cardinal vein ; 8, the principal azygos or right cardinal vein ; 7', 8', some of the upper intercostal veins ; 9, the opening of the inferior vena cava, with the Eustachian valve.		1, 1', the internal jugular veins ; 2, 2', subclavian veins ; 3, right innominate ; 3', right or regular superior cava ; 4, in A, the left innominate ; in B, the transverse or communicating vein between the right and left superior vemg cavte ; 5, in A, the oj)ening of the superior intercostal vein into the innominate ; 5', vestige of the left superior cava or duct of Cuvier ; 5, 5', in B, the left vena cava superior abnormally persistent, along with a contracted condition of 4, the communicating vein : 6, the sinus of the coronaiy vein ; 6', branches of the coronary veins ; 7, the superior intercostal trunk of the left side, or left cardinal vein ; 8, the principal azygos or right cardinal vein ; 7', 8', some of the upper intercostal veins ; 9, the opening of the inferior vena cava, with the Eustachian valve.

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	D, veins of the liver at the same period.		D, veins of the liver at the same period.

	dc, the right and left ducts of Cuvier ; ca, the right and left cardinal veins ; j. j,ihe jugular veins ; s, the subclavian veins ; az, the azygos vein ; u, the umbilical or left umbilical vein ; «', in B, the temporary right umbilical vein ; o, the omphalo-meseuteric vein ; o', the right omphalo-mesenteric vein ; m, the mesenteric veins ; p, the jjortal vein ; p', p', the vente advehentes ; I, the ductus venosus ; V, I', the hepatic veins ; c'l, vena cava inferior ; il, the division of the vena cava inferior into common iliac veins ; cr, the external iliac or crural veins ; h, the hypogastric or internal iliac veins, in the line of continuation of the jirimitive cardinal veins.		dc, the right and left ducts of Cuvier ; ca, the right and left cardinal veins ; j. j,ihe jugular veins ; s, the subclavian veins ; az, the azygos vein ; u, the umbilical or left umbilical vein ; u', in B, the temporary right umbilical vein ; o, the omphalo-meseuteric vein ; o', the right omphalo-mesenteric vein ; m, the mesenteric veins ; p, the jjortal vein ; p', p', the vente advehentes ; I, the ductus venosus ; V, I', the hepatic veins ; c'l, vena cava inferior ; il, the division of the vena cava inferior into common iliac veins ; cr, the external iliac or crural veins ; h, the hypogastric or internal iliac veins, in the line of continuation of the jirimitive cardinal veins.

	In C, li, in dotted lines, the transverse branch of communication between the jugular veins which forms the left innominate vein ; ri, the right innominate vein ; ca, the remains of the left cardinal vein by whish the superior intercostal veins fall into the left innominate vein ; above lo, the obliquely crossing vein by which the hemiazygos joins the azygos vein.		In C, li, in dotted lines, the transverse branch of communication between the jugular veins which forms the left innominate vein ; ri, the right innominate vein ; ca, the remains of the left cardinal vein by whish the superior intercostal veins fall into the left innominate vein ; above lo, the obliquely crossing vein by which the hemiazygos joins the azygos vein.
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	The left duct of Cuvier has been observed persistent as a small vessel in the adult. Less frequently a right and left innominate vein open separately into the right am'icle. an arrangement which is also met witli in birds and in certain mammals, and which results from the vessels of the left side being developed similarly to those of the right, while the cross branch remains small or absent. (Quain on the Arteries, plate 58, figs. 9 and 10.)		The left duct of Cuvier has been observed persistent as a small vessel in the adult. Less frequently a right and left innominate vein open separately into the right am'icle. an arrangement which is also met witli in birds and in certain mammals, and which results from the vessels of the left side being developed similarly to those of the right, while the cross branch remains small or absent. (Quain on the Arteries, plate 58, figs. 9 and 10.)

			[[File:Quain596.jpg\|alt=Figure 596. View of the Foetal Heart and Great Vessels\|600px]]

			'''Fig. 596. View of the Foetal Heart and Great Vessels, from the left side to show the vestige of the Left Superior Cava Vein in situ.''' (This figure is planned after one of Marshall's, and slightly altered according to an original dissection.)

	'''Fig. 596. View op the Foetal Heart and Great Vessels, from the left side to show the vestige of the Left Superior Cava Vein in situ.''' (This figure is planned after one of Marshall's, and slightly altered according to an original dissection.)		a, right auricle ; b, left auricle and pulmonary veins ; c, the conns arteriosus of the right ventricle ; d, the left ventricle ; c, descending aorta ; + , vestigial fold of the pericardium ; /, arch of the aorta, with a part of the pericardium remaining superiorly ; r/, main pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus ; [/', left pulmonary artery ; 1,1', right and left internal jugular veins ; 2, 2', subclavian veins ; 3, 3', right innominate and superior vena cava ; 4, left innominate or communicating vein ; 5, 5', remains of the left superior cava and duct of Cuvier, passing at + in the vestigial fold of the pericardium, joining the coronary sinus, 6, below, and receiving above the superior intercostal vein, 7 ; 7', 7', the upper and lower intercostal vein, joining into one.

	a, right auricle ; b, left auricle and pulmonary veins ; c, the conns arteriosus of the right ventricle ; d, the left ventricle ; c, descending aorta ; + , vestigial fold of the ~~loericardium~~ ; /, arch of the aorta, with a part of the pericardium remaining superiorly ; r/, main pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus ; [/', left pulmonary artery ; 1,1', right and left internal jugular veins ; 2, 2', subclavian veins ; 3, 3', right innominate and superior vena cava ; 4, left innominate or communicating vein ; 5, 5', remains of the left superior cava and duct of Cuvier, passing at + in the vestigial fold of the pericardium, joining the coronary sinus, 6, below, and receiving above the superior intercostal vein, 7 ; 7', 7', the upper and lower intercostal vein, joining into one.

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	Besides the usual branches of the descending aorta intended to supply the abdominal viscera and the lower limbs, two large vessels, named hypogastric or iimhilical arteries, are prolonged from the common iliacs, and passing out of the abdomen, proceed along the umbilical cord, coiling round the umbilical vein to reach the placenta. The commencement of each of these vessels afterwards forms the tmnk of the corresponding- internal iliac artery, but, from their size, they might be regarded in the fojtus as the continuations of the common iliac arteries into which the aorta divides. From the placenta the blood is returned by the umbilical vem. which, after entering the abdomen, communicates by one branch with the portal vein of the liver, and is continued by another, named ductus rcnosus, into one of the hepatic veins, through which it joins the main stem of the vena cava inferior.		Besides the usual branches of the descending aorta intended to supply the abdominal viscera and the lower limbs, two large vessels, named hypogastric or iimhilical arteries, are prolonged from the common iliacs, and passing out of the abdomen, proceed along the umbilical cord, coiling round the umbilical vein to reach the placenta. The commencement of each of these vessels afterwards forms the tmnk of the corresponding- internal iliac artery, but, from their size, they might be regarded in the fojtus as the continuations of the common iliac arteries into which the aorta divides. From the placenta the blood is returned by the umbilical vem. which, after entering the abdomen, communicates by one branch with the portal vein of the liver, and is continued by another, named ductus rcnosus, into one of the hepatic veins, through which it joins the main stem of the vena cava inferior.

			[[File:Quain597.jpg\|alt=Figure 597. Semi-diagrammatic view of the Organs of Circulation in the Foetus from Before\|600px]]

	'''Fig. 597. Semi-diagrammatic view of the Organs of Circulation in the Foetus from Before''' (from Luschka, modified, and from Nature).		'''Fig. 597. Semi-diagrammatic view of the Organs of Circulation in the Foetus from Before''' (from Luschka, modified, and from Nature).

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Development of the Blood-Vessels

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	Fig. 591. — Transverse Section through the Dorsal Region op an Embryo-Chick ~~OP THE~~ Second Day (from Foster and Balfour, after His). M, medullary canal ; Pv, proto -vertebral column ; w, rudiment of Wolffian duct in the intermediate mass; Ch, notocliord ; Ao, one of the two aortas ; A, epiblast ; C, hypoblast ; BC, splanchnopleure ; Pp, pleuroperitoneal space.		'''Fig. 591. Transverse Section through the Dorsal Region op an Embryo-Chick of the Second Day''' (from Foster and Balfour, after His). M, medullary canal ; Pv, proto-vertebral column ; w, rudiment of Wolffian duct in the intermediate mass; Ch, notocliord ; Ao, one of the two aortas ; A, epiblast ; C, hypoblast ; BC, splanchnopleure ; Pp, pleuroperitoneal space.


	Fig. 592.~~- —~~ Transverse section through the Dorsal region op an Embryo Chick, ~~END op~~ Third Day (from Foster and Balfour).		'''Fig. 592. Transverse section through the Dorsal region op an Embryo Chick, end of Third Day''' (from Foster and Balfour).

	Am, amnion ; m p, muscle plate ; CV, cardinal vein; Ao, dorsal aorta at the point where its two roots begin to join ; Ch, notochord (the line does not quite reach it) ; Wd, Wolffian duct; Wb, commencement of formation of Wolffian body ; ep, epiblast ; so, somatopleure ; Sp, splanchnopleure ; hy, hypoblast. The section passes through the place where the alimentary canal {hy) communicates with the yolk-sac.		Am, amnion ; m p, muscle plate ; CV, cardinal vein; Ao, dorsal aorta at the point where its two roots begin to join ; Ch, notochord (the line does not quite reach it) ; Wd, Wolffian duct; Wb, commencement of formation of Wolffian body ; ep, epiblast ; so, somatopleure ; Sp, splanchnopleure ; hy, hypoblast. The section passes through the place where the alimentary canal {hy) communicates with the yolk-sac.
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	The double state of the main aorta when first formed in the foetus was discovered by Serres, and described bj him in his 4tli Memoir on Transcendental Anatomy (Annal. des Scien. Nat., 18130), but was doubted by Von Baer, as Serres's observations did not show the relation of the primitive trunks of the aorta to the pharyngeal vascular arches. The fact of the original double condition was, however, placed beyond doubt by Allen Thomson (Edin. New Philos. Journal, ISoO) by the method of tranverse sections, then fii-st employed as a means of embryological investigation, and the process of median union was traced in full detail. The relation of this process to the occurrence of a permanent double canal in the aorta as a malformation, as described by Vrolik. Schroder van der Kolk and Cruveilhier. and ~~obseiwed~~ in at least one case by Allen Thomson, has already been referred to in vol. i., p. 350.		The double state of the main aorta when first formed in the foetus was discovered by Serres, and described bj him in his 4tli Memoir on Transcendental Anatomy (Annal. des Scien. Nat., 18130), but was doubted by Von Baer, as Serres's observations did not show the relation of the primitive trunks of the aorta to the pharyngeal vascular arches. The fact of the original double condition was, however, placed beyond doubt by Allen Thomson (Edin. New Philos. Journal, ISoO) by the method of tranverse sections, then fii-st employed as a means of embryological investigation, and the process of median union was traced in full detail. The relation of this process to the occurrence of a permanent double canal in the aorta as a malformation, as described by Vrolik. Schroder van der Kolk and Cruveilhier. and observed in at least one case by Allen Thomson, has already been referred to in vol. i., p. 350.


	According to Serres, the vertebral arteries within the cranium are originally separate, and the basilar artery results from their mesial union or fusion in the same manner as occurs in the aorta, and the median union of the anterior cerebral arteries in the forepart of the Circle of Willis is another example of the same process. It seems probable that the internal cross band observed by John Davy in the interior of the basilar artery (Researches Physiol, and Anatom., lSo9, p. 301) may be a remains of the septum or united walls of the two vertebral arteries.		According to Serres, the vertebral arteries within the cranium are originally separate, and the basilar artery results from their mesial union or fusion in the same manner as occurs in the aorta, and the median union of the anterior cerebral arteries in the forepart of the Circle of Willis is another example of the same process. It seems probable that the internal cross band observed by John Davy in the interior of the basilar artery (Researches Physiol, and Anatom., lSo9, p. 301) may be a remains of the septum or united walls of the two vertebral arteries.

Z8600021: /* Changes in the Circulation at Birth */

2012-10-12T06:34:42Z

Changes in the Circulation at Birth

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	Although blood ceases at once to pass through the foramen ovale from the moment of birth, or as soon as the left auricle becomes filled with the blood returning from the lungs, and the pressure ~~^Yithin~~ the two auricles is equalised, yet the actual closure of the foramen is more tardy than any of the other changes now referred to. It is gradually effected by the union of the forepart of the valvular fold forming the floor of the fossa ovalis with the margin of the annulus on the left side ; but the crescentic margin is generally perceptible in the left auricle as a free border beyond the place of union and not unfrequently the union remains incomplete, so that a probe may be passed through the reduced aperture. In many cases a wider aperture remains for more or less of the first year of infancy, and in certain instances there is such a failure of the union of the valve as to allow of the continued passage of venous blood, especially when the circulation is disturbed by over-exertion, from the right to the left auricle, as occurs in the malformation attending the morbus coeruleus.		Although blood ceases at once to pass through the foramen ovale from the moment of birth, or as soon as the left auricle becomes filled with the blood returning from the lungs, and the pressure within the two auricles is equalised, yet the actual closure of the foramen is more tardy than any of the other changes now referred to. It is gradually effected by the union of the forepart of the valvular fold forming the floor of the fossa ovalis with the margin of the annulus on the left side ; but the crescentic margin is generally perceptible in the left auricle as a free border beyond the place of union and not unfrequently the union remains incomplete, so that a probe may be passed through the reduced aperture. In many cases a wider aperture remains for more or less of the first year of infancy, and in certain instances there is such a failure of the union of the valve as to allow of the continued passage of venous blood, especially when the circulation is disturbed by over-exertion, from the right to the left auricle, as occurs in the malformation attending the morbus coeruleus.

Z8600021 at 06:34, 12 October 2012

2012-10-12T06:34:06Z

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	{{Quain footer}}		{{Quain footer}}


			[[Category:Cardiovascular]] [[Category:Heart]]