Book - Quain's Embryology 10 - Revision history

Z8600021: /* First origin of the Wolffian bodies */

2012-10-13T12:21:21Z

First origin of the Wolffian bodies

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	===First origin of the Wolffian bodies===		===First origin of the Wolffian bodies===

	Difference of opinion has for some time existed among embryologists as to the exact source of the rudiments of the uro-genital system, but it now appears to be fully ascertained by the concurrence of a variety of observers, more especially of Waldeyer, Scheuk, and Balfour, that the Wolffian duct, which is the iirst part formed, and the formative substance of the Wolffian tubes and glomeruli, proceed from the mesoblast, and as these form the foundation of the principal urinary and genital organs, it follows that this system as a wliole has its Inundation in the mesoblastic layer. In birds and mammals the duct, which is first formed, appears in its commencement as a sohd cord in the upper part of a group of cells, projecting below the epiblast, in the interval between the protovertebral mass and the united somatopleure and splanchnopleure of the mesoblast, and thence called the mtermcdiate cell mass (fig. ~~GOO~~, vnfi). This cord becomes hollow, and gradually changes its place by sinking downwards in the cellular mass in which it is imbedded, towards the pleuro-peritoneal cavity, while the tubular and glomerular structures of the Wolffian body are developed as diverticula from the duct in connection with the neighbouring cellular blastema.		Difference of opinion has for some time existed among embryologists as to the exact source of the rudiments of the uro-genital system, but it now appears to be fully ascertained by the concurrence of a variety of observers, more especially of Waldeyer, Scheuk, and Balfour, that the Wolffian duct, which is the iirst part formed, and the formative substance of the Wolffian tubes and glomeruli, proceed from the mesoblast, and as these form the foundation of the principal urinary and genital organs, it follows that this system as a wliole has its Inundation in the mesoblastic layer. In birds and mammals the duct, which is first formed, appears in its commencement as a sohd cord in the upper part of a group of cells, projecting below the epiblast, in the interval between the protovertebral mass and the united somatopleure and splanchnopleure of the mesoblast, and thence called the mtermcdiate cell mass (fig. 600, vnfi). This cord becomes hollow, and gradually changes its place by sinking downwards in the cellular mass in which it is imbedded, towards the pleuro-peritoneal cavity, while the tubular and glomerular structures of the Wolffian body are developed as diverticula from the duct in connection with the neighbouring cellular blastema.


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	The Wolffian duct, as has already been stated, becomes the vas deferens of the testicle, while the secreting part of the gland, comprising the tubuli seminiferi and the rete testis, are developed in the reproductive blastema of the intermediate cell mass. The union of these two parts of the male organs through the coni vasculosi and the epididymis is brought about by the development of the eflFerent vessels in the upper part, or what may appropriately be termed the sexual part of the Wolffian body, as this structure has been shown by Banks and others to differ from the lower and larger part of the organ by the absence of the vascular tufts or glomerular arrangement in connection ^vith its tubes. The convoluted tubes forming the efferent vessels, which fi-om the time of their first production are in communication with the upper part of the Wolffian duct, become subsequently connected with the vessels of the rete testis, and thus the original Wolffian duct becomes in its upper part the tube of the epididymis, and in its lower the main excretory duct or vas deferens of the testis.		The Wolffian duct, as has already been stated, becomes the vas deferens of the testicle, while the secreting part of the gland, comprising the tubuli seminiferi and the rete testis, are developed in the reproductive blastema of the intermediate cell mass. The union of these two parts of the male organs through the coni vasculosi and the epididymis is brought about by the development of the eflFerent vessels in the upper part, or what may appropriately be termed the sexual part of the Wolffian body, as this structure has been shown by Banks and others to differ from the lower and larger part of the organ by the absence of the vascular tufts or glomerular arrangement in connection ^vith its tubes. The convoluted tubes forming the efferent vessels, which fi-om the time of their first production are in communication with the upper part of the Wolffian duct, become subsequently connected with the vessels of the rete testis, and thus the original Wolffian duct becomes in its upper part the tube of the epididymis, and in its lower the main excretory duct or vas deferens of the testis.


	===Homologies of the Wolffian body===		===Homologies of the Wolffian body===

Z8600021: /* The Kidneys and their Ducts */

2012-10-13T12:18:28Z

The Kidneys and their Ducts

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	The formative blastema of the kidney, as observed Eatlike in the foetal calf, soon contams a series of club-shaped bodies ~~v^'hich~~ have their larger ends free and turned outwards, and their smaller ends or pedicles directed inwards towards the ~~futiire~~ hilus, where they are blended together. As the organ grows these bodies increase in number, and finally, becoming hollow, form the uriniferous tuhes. At ~~fii-st~~, short, wide, and dilated at their extremities, the tubuli soon become elongated, narrow, and flexuous, occupying the whole mass of the kidney, which then appears to consist of cortical substance only. At a subsequent period, the tubuli nearest the hilus become straighter. and thus fomi the medullary substance. The tubuli, as shown by Valentin, are absolutely, as 'u-ell as relatively, wider in the early stages of formation of the kidney. The Malpighian corpuscles have been seen by ~~Ratlike~~ in a sheep's ~~emin-yo~~, the kidneys of which measured only two and a half lines in length. Koliiker observed the kidneys already ~~foi-med~~ in the human embryo of between six and seven weeks, the ureter being hollow, and communicating with dilated cavities within the rest of the blastema. At eight weeks they had assumed their characteristic reniform shape, and about the tenth week they are distinctly lobulated. The separate lobules, generally about fifteen in number, ~~gi-adiially~~ coalesce in the manner already described ; but at birth, indications of the original lobulated condition of the kidney are still visible on the surface, and the entire organ is more globular in its general ~~figui-e~~ than in the adult. The kidneys are then also situated lower do-mi than in after-life.		The formative blastema of the kidney, as observed Eatlike in the foetal calf, soon contams a series of club-shaped bodies which have their larger ends free and turned outwards, and their smaller ends or pedicles directed inwards towards the future hilus, where they are blended together. As the organ grows these bodies increase in number, and finally, becoming hollow, form the uriniferous tuhes. At first, short, wide, and dilated at their extremities, the tubuli soon become elongated, narrow, and flexuous, occupying the whole mass of the kidney, which then appears to consist of cortical substance only. At a subsequent period, the tubuli nearest the hilus become straighter. and thus fomi the medullary substance. The tubuli, as shown by Valentin, are absolutely, as 'u-ell as relatively, wider in the early stages of formation of the kidney. The Malpighian corpuscles have been seen by Rathke in a sheep's embryo, the kidneys of which measured only two and a half lines in length. Koliiker observed the kidneys already formed in the human embryo of between six and seven weeks, the ureter being hollow, and communicating with dilated cavities within the rest of the blastema. At eight weeks they had assumed their characteristic reniform shape, and about the tenth week they are distinctly lobulated. The separate lobules, generally about fifteen in number, gradually coalesce in the manner already described ; but at birth, indications of the original lobulated condition of the kidney are still visible on the surface, and the entire organ is more globular in its general figure than in the adult. The kidneys are then also situated lower do-mi than in after-life.


	In the advanced fcetus and in the new-born infant, the kidneys are relatively larger than in the adult, the weight of both glands, compared with that of the body, being, according to Meckel, about one to eighty at birth.		In the advanced fcetus and in the new-born infant, the kidneys are relatively larger than in the adult, the weight of both glands, compared with that of the body, being, according to Meckel, about one to eighty at birth.


	===The Suprarenal Bodies===		===The Suprarenal Bodies===
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	===The Urinary Bladder and Urachus===		===The Urinary Bladder and Urachus===

	It has elsewhere been stated that in the human ~~eniljiTO~~ the vesicular part of the allantois extending beyond the umbilicus is closed at a very early period. Its pedicle, however, remains in communication with the urogenital sinus, and receives the ureters from the developing kidneys. The lower part of the pe'dicle undergoes a gradual dilatation to form the urinary hladder, while at the connection of this part with the urogenital sinus a constriction occurs in the part which gives rise to the urethra. Tliis in the female opens at once into the original urogenital sinus, but in the male the passage is continued onwards through the penis by the median union of the parts below that organ.		It has elsewhere been stated that in the human embryo the vesicular part of the allantois extending beyond the umbilicus is closed at a very early period. Its pedicle, however, remains in communication with the urogenital sinus, and receives the ureters from the developing kidneys. The lower part of the pe'dicle undergoes a gradual dilatation to form the urinary hladder, while at the connection of this part with the urogenital sinus a constriction occurs in the part which gives rise to the urethra. Tliis in the female opens at once into the original urogenital sinus, but in the male the passage is continued onwards through the penis by the median union of the parts below that organ.


	The part of the allantois situated above or in front of the bladder within the abdomen remains very much narrowed as the urachus, a tapering process of the upper extremity of the bladder into which at first the internal cavity is prolonged, but which later consists only of the muscular and fibrous coats. This process may for a time be traced for a short distance within the umbilical cord, but at an early period all vestiges of its farther prolongation disappear.		The part of the allantois situated above or in front of the bladder within the abdomen remains very much narrowed as the urachus, a tapering process of the upper extremity of the bladder into which at first the internal cavity is prolonged, but which later consists only of the muscular and fibrous coats. This process may for a time be traced for a short distance within the umbilical cord, but at an early period all vestiges of its farther prolongation disappear.


	==Genital Cord==		==Genital Cord==

Z8600021: /* Development of the Genital and Urinary Organs */

2012-10-13T12:13:05Z

Development of the Genital and Urinary Organs

Show changes

Z8600021: /* Type of Development and Abnormal Forms of the Genital Organs */

2012-10-12T00:22:02Z

Type of Development and Abnormal Forms of the Genital Organs

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	Fejule Perjiaxext. Common Embryonal. Male Permanent.		Fejule Perjiaxext. Common Embryonal. Male Permanent.

			===Common Blastema of Reproductive Glands===
	===~~I. COMMON BLASTEMA OF REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS~~===

	Ovary. Body of Testicle.		Ovary. Body of Testicle.
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	the Graalian follicles. of the testis.		the Graalian follicles. of the testis.

	===~~II. WOLFFIAN BODIES~~===		===Wolffian Bodies===

	~~Transverse tubes of epoophoron 1. Upper tubular non-glonieru- Vasa efferentia and coni vas~~
	~~or organ of Rosennuilkr lar part. culosi of the epididymis. (Parovarium).~~

	~~Paroophoron (Wald~~.~~) 2~~. ~~Lower glomerular part~~ (~~pri- Paradidymis (Wald~~.~~), organ of~~		Transverse tubes of epoophoron 1. Upper tubular non-glonieru- Vasa efferentia and coni vas or organ of Rosennuilkr lar part. culosi of the epididymis. (Parovarium).

	mordial kidneys). Giraldes, and ^'asa aberrantia.		Paroophoron (Wald.) 2. Lower glomerular part (pri- Paradidymis (Wald.), organ of mordial kidneys). Giraldes, and ^'asa aberrantia.

	Koimd ligament of the uterus . . 3. Ligament of the "Wolffian Gubemaculum testis.		Koimd ligament of the uterus . . 3. Ligament of the "Wolffian Gubemaculum testis.
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	body.		body.

	===~~lll. WOLFFIAN DUCTS~~===		===Wolffian Ducts===

			Tube of the Epoophoron

			1. Upper and middle parts .... Convoluted tube of the epididymis.

			Ducts of Gaertner, in cow and pig

			2. Lower part Vas deferens and vesiculse seminales.

	~~Tube of the Epoophoron 1. Upper and middle parts .... Convoluted tube of the epididymis.~~		===Mullerian Ducts===

	~~Ducts of Gaertner, in cow and pig 2. Lower part Vas deferens and vesiculse seminales.~~

	~~===IV. MULLERIAN DUCTS===~~

	Pimbriated abdominal opening 1. Upiwr extremity Hydatid of Morgagni.		Pimbriated abdominal opening 1. Upiwr extremity Hydatid of Morgagni.
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	prostatica).		prostatica).

	===~~V. GENITAL CORD AND SINUS UROGENITALIS~~===		===Genital Cord and Sinus Urogenitalis===


	Tissue uniting female urethra and 1. Substance surrounding geni- Prostate gland. Muscular and vagina. tal cord. glandular tissue.		Tissue uniting female urethra and 1. Substance surrounding geni- Prostate gland. Muscular and vagina. tal cord. glandular tissue.
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	genital ]iarts. Vestibule 4. Lower part Lower ]iart of prostatic portion and membranous part of urethra. Glands of Bartholin 5. Common blastema Cowper's Glands.		genital ]iarts. Vestibule 4. Lower part Lower ]iart of prostatic portion and membranous part of urethra. Glands of Bartholin 5. Common blastema Cowper's Glands.

	===~~VI EXTERNAL ORGANS~~===		===External Organs===


	1. — Vascular parts.		1. — Vascular parts.
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	{{Quain footer}}		{{Quain footer}}

			[[Category:Renal]] [[Category:Genital]]

Z8600021: /* Reproductive Glands */

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Reproductive Glands

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	the three heads of 1st, the productive organs ; 2nd, the conducting passages ; and 3rd, the external organs.		the three heads of 1st, the productive organs ; 2nd, the conducting passages ; and 3rd, the external organs.

	===Reproductive Glands===		==Reproductive Glands==

	It has already been explained that although the male and female productive organs lake their origin fi'om a mass of blastema which is on the whole identical in the two sexes, yet there are such differences in the development ol' the essential parts of the respective structures of the ovary and testicle as almost to warrant the conclusion that these organs are from the ~~firsfc~~ in some measure distinct.		It has already been explained that although the male and female productive organs lake their origin fi'om a mass of blastema which is on the whole identical in the two sexes, yet there are such differences in the development ol' the essential parts of the respective structures of the ovary and testicle as almost to warrant the conclusion that these organs are from the first in some measure distinct.

Z8600021: /* The Kidneys and their Ducts */

2012-10-12T00:17:43Z

The Kidneys and their Ducts

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	ORGANS.		ORGANS.

	===The Kidneys and their Ducts===		==The Kidneys and their Ducts==

	These organs are developed together from a mass of formative cells situated posteriorly on the dorsal aspect of the Wolffian bodies, their first hollows being formed as diverticula from the Wolffian duct.		These organs are developed together from a mass of formative cells situated posteriorly on the dorsal aspect of the Wolffian bodies, their first hollows being formed as diverticula from the Wolffian duct.


	The formative blastema of the kidney, as observed 133- Eatlike in the foetal calf, soon contams a series of club-shaped bodies v^'hich have their larger ends free and turned outwards, and their smaller ends or pedicles directed inwards towards the futiire hilus, where they are blended together. As the organ grows these bodies increase in number, and finally, becoming hollow, form the uriniferous tuhes. At fii-st, short, wide, and dilated at their extremities, the tubuli soon become elongated, narrow, and flexuous, occupying the whole mass of the kidney, which then appears to consist of cortical substance only. At a subsequent period, the tubuli nearest the hilus become straighter. and thus fomi the medullary substance. The tubuli, as sho-wTi by Valentin, are absolutely, as 'u-ell as relatively, wider in the early stages of formation of the kidney. The Malpighian corpuscles have been seen by Ratlike in a sheep's emin-yo, the kidneys of which measured only two and a half lines in length. Koliiker observed the kidneys already foi-med in the human embryo of between six and seven weeks, the ureter being hollow, and communicating with dilated cavities within the rest of the blastema. At eight weeks they had assumed their characteristic reniform shape, and about the tenth week they are distinctly lobulated. The separate lobules, generally about fifteen in number, gi-adiially coalesce in the manner already described ; but at birth, indications of the original lobulated condition of the kidney are still visible on the surface, and the entire organ is more globular in its general figui-e than in the adult. The kidneys are then also situated lower do-mi than in after-life.		The formative blastema of the kidney, as observed 133- Eatlike in the foetal calf, soon contams a series of club-shaped bodies v^'hich have their larger ends free and turned outwards, and their smaller ends or pedicles directed inwards towards the futiire hilus, where they are blended together. As the organ grows these bodies increase in number, and finally, becoming hollow, form the uriniferous tuhes. At fii-st, short, wide, and dilated at their extremities, the tubuli soon become elongated, narrow, and flexuous, occupying the whole mass of the kidney, which then appears to consist of cortical substance only. At a subsequent period, the tubuli nearest the hilus become straighter. and thus fomi the medullary substance. The tubuli, as sho-wTi by Valentin, are absolutely, as 'u-ell as relatively, wider in the early stages of formation of the kidney. The Malpighian corpuscles have been seen by Ratlike in a sheep's emin-yo, the kidneys of which measured only two and a half lines in length. Koliiker observed the kidneys already foi-med in the human embryo of between six and seven weeks, the ureter being hollow, and communicating with dilated cavities within the rest of the blastema. At eight weeks they had assumed their characteristic reniform shape, and about the tenth week they are distinctly lobulated. The separate lobules, generally about fifteen in number, gi-adiially coalesce in the manner already described ; but at birth, indications of the original lobulated condition of the kidney are still visible on the surface, and the entire organ is more globular in its general figui-e than in the adult. The kidneys are then also situated lower do-mi than in after-life.

Z8600021: /* Wolffian bodies */

2012-10-12T00:17:22Z

Wolffian bodies

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	===Wolffian bodies===		==Wolffian bodies==

	The Wolffian bodies occupy a considerable space in the abdominal cavity of birds and mammals from an early period of fcetal life, extending at first from the fifth or sixth protovertebral segments to near the caudal extremity, in the form of two reddish prominent ridges, one on each side of the primitive intestine, and below the protovertebral columns and primitive aortaa. They are thickest in the middle of their length, and taper somewhat at their upper and lower extremities. They consist, when fully formed, of short slightly convoluted tubes running transversely, connected on the inner side with vascular glomeruli, very similar to the Malpighian corpuscles of the permanent kidneys, and leading along the outer border into a tube named the Wolffian duct, which terminates on each side in the cloaca. The Maipighian glomeruli were first discovered by Katlike, who pointed out their vascular structure, and their vessels derived from neighbouring branches of the aorta. The ducts of the Wolffian bodies are found to contain a whitish fluid, and the bodies are believed to perform the glandular office of kidneys during a part of foetal life in the higher vertebrata, and they have accordingly received the name of irrimonlial Iciihieys, a designation which is quite appropriate, as it appears that in fishes and amphibia, they remain as the whole in some, and a part in others, of the permanent kidneys.		The Wolffian bodies occupy a considerable space in the abdominal cavity of birds and mammals from an early period of fcetal life, extending at first from the fifth or sixth protovertebral segments to near the caudal extremity, in the form of two reddish prominent ridges, one on each side of the primitive intestine, and below the protovertebral columns and primitive aortaa. They are thickest in the middle of their length, and taper somewhat at their upper and lower extremities. They consist, when fully formed, of short slightly convoluted tubes running transversely, connected on the inner side with vascular glomeruli, very similar to the Malpighian corpuscles of the permanent kidneys, and leading along the outer border into a tube named the Wolffian duct, which terminates on each side in the cloaca. The Maipighian glomeruli were first discovered by Katlike, who pointed out their vascular structure, and their vessels derived from neighbouring branches of the aorta. The ducts of the Wolffian bodies are found to contain a whitish fluid, and the bodies are believed to perform the glandular office of kidneys during a part of foetal life in the higher vertebrata, and they have accordingly received the name of irrimonlial Iciihieys, a designation which is quite appropriate, as it appears that in fishes and amphibia, they remain as the whole in some, and a part in others, of the permanent kidneys.

Z8600021: /* First origin of the Wolffian bodies */

2012-10-12T00:16:52Z

First origin of the Wolffian bodies

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:16, 12 October 2012
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	As development advances the "Wolffian bodies rapidly become proportionally shorter and thicker : they shrink towards the lower part of the abdominal cavity, and soon become almost entirely wasted. By the middle of the third month only traces of them are visible in the human embryo.		As development advances the "Wolffian bodies rapidly become proportionally shorter and thicker : they shrink towards the lower part of the abdominal cavity, and soon become almost entirely wasted. By the middle of the third month only traces of them are visible in the human embryo.

	==First origin of the Wolffian bodies==		===First origin of the Wolffian bodies===

	Difference of opinion has for some time existed among embryologists as to the exact source of the rudiments of the uro-genital system, but it now appears to be fully ascertained by the concurrence of a variety of observers, more especially of Waldeyer, Scheuk, and Balfour, that the Wolffian duct, which is the iirst part formed, and the formative substance of the Wolffian tubes and glomeruli, proceed from the mesoblast, and as these form the foundation of the principal urinary and genital organs, it follows that this system as a wliole has its Inundation in the mesoblastic layer. In birds and mammals the duct, which is first formed, appears in its commencement as a sohd cord in the upper part of a group of cells, projecting below the epiblast, in the interval between the protovertebral mass and the united somatopleure and splanchnopleure of the mesoblast, and thence called the mtermcdiate cell mass (fig. GOO, vnfi). This cord becomes hollow, and gradually changes its place by sinking downwards in the cellular mass in which it is imbedded, towards the pleuro-peritoneal cavity, while the tubular and glomerular structures of the Wolffian body are developed as diverticula from the duct in connection with the neighbouring cellular blastema.		Difference of opinion has for some time existed among embryologists as to the exact source of the rudiments of the uro-genital system, but it now appears to be fully ascertained by the concurrence of a variety of observers, more especially of Waldeyer, Scheuk, and Balfour, that the Wolffian duct, which is the iirst part formed, and the formative substance of the Wolffian tubes and glomeruli, proceed from the mesoblast, and as these form the foundation of the principal urinary and genital organs, it follows that this system as a wliole has its Inundation in the mesoblastic layer. In birds and mammals the duct, which is first formed, appears in its commencement as a sohd cord in the upper part of a group of cells, projecting below the epiblast, in the interval between the protovertebral mass and the united somatopleure and splanchnopleure of the mesoblast, and thence called the mtermcdiate cell mass (fig. GOO, vnfi). This cord becomes hollow, and gradually changes its place by sinking downwards in the cellular mass in which it is imbedded, towards the pleuro-peritoneal cavity, while the tubular and glomerular structures of the Wolffian body are developed as diverticula from the duct in connection with the neighbouring cellular blastema.
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	fig. 601. — ~~Tkaxsverse~~ Section ~~THRotJcn~~ the Abdominal Region of the Chick ~~ok THE~~ Third Day (from Kolliker).		fig. 601. — Transverse Section through the Abdominal Region of the Chick on the Third Day (from Kolliker).

	The explanation of the letters is the same as that in the previous figure.		The explanation of the letters is the same as that in the previous figure.
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	Fig. 602. — Transverse Section of the Embryo-Chick of the Third Day (from Kolliker).		Fig. 602. — Transverse Section of the Embryo-Chick of the Third Day (from Kolliker).

	mr, medullary canal and medulla of the spinal cord ; en, notochord ; mch, primordial vertebral mass ; 7n, muscle-plate ; dr and (//, groove of the primitive intestine as formed by the hyijoblast and splanchnopleure ; cio, one of the two aoi-tte : mw, Wolffian body ; unff, Wolffian duct ; re, vena cardinalis ; h, epiblast ; hp, somatopleure and its reflection into the amnion ; ^^j the p] euro-peritoneal space.		mr, medullary canal and medulla of the spinal cord ; en, notochord ; mch, primordial vertebral mass ; 7n, muscle-plate ; dr and (, groove of the primitive intestine as formed by the hyijoblast and splanchnopleure ; cio, one of the two aoi-tte : mw, Wolffian body ; unff, Wolffian duct ; re, vena cardinalis ; h, epiblast ; hp, somatopleure and its reflection into the amnion ; ^^j the p] euro-peritoneal space.

Z8600021: /* =Type of Development and Abnormal Forms of the Genital Organs */

2012-10-11T23:02:27Z

=Type of Development and Abnormal Forms of the Genital Organs

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	The corpora cavernosa, which are at first separate, become united in their distal portions in botli sexes ; but the corpus spongiosum lu'ethraj which is also originally divided in all embryoes, and in the female remains so in the greater part of its extent, becomes enlarged in the male in the glans penis, and its two parts united mesially both above and below the urethra, so as to enclose the whole of that tube from the bulb forwards to the glans.		The corpora cavernosa, which are at first separate, become united in their distal portions in botli sexes ; but the corpus spongiosum lu'ethraj which is also originally divided in all embryoes, and in the female remains so in the greater part of its extent, becomes enlarged in the male in the glans penis, and its two parts united mesially both above and below the urethra, so as to enclose the whole of that tube from the bulb forwards to the glans.

	==Type of Development and Abnormal Forms of the Genital Organs=		==Type of Development and Abnormal Forms of the Genital Organs==


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	# It is double and heterological in the middle organs or passages.		# It is double and heterological in the middle organs or passages.
	# It is partially double and heterological in the productive organs.		# It is partially double and heterological in the productive organs.


	Accordingly the congenital malformations of the reproductive organs admit of being distributed under the following divisions : —		Accordingly the congenital malformations of the reproductive organs admit of being distributed under the following divisions : —
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	# Forms referrible to deficient, redundant, or abnonnal modes of development of one or other of the two sets of sexual passages, viz., of the Wolffian or Miillerian ducts, so as to lead to the greater or less predominance of sexual characters in a part or the whole of these passages inconsistent with tliose prevailing in other parts of the system, or to the coexistence of both sets of passages in whole or in part.		# Forms referrible to deficient, redundant, or abnonnal modes of development of one or other of the two sets of sexual passages, viz., of the Wolffian or Miillerian ducts, so as to lead to the greater or less predominance of sexual characters in a part or the whole of these passages inconsistent with tliose prevailing in other parts of the system, or to the coexistence of both sets of passages in whole or in part.
	# Extremely rare forms referrible to the possible coexistence of the productive parts of testicles and ovaries in the same individual, usually combined with more or less of the foregomg kinds of malformation.		# Extremely rare forms referrible to the possible coexistence of the productive parts of testicles and ovaries in the same individual, usually combined with more or less of the foregomg kinds of malformation.


	Upon the subject of these malformations the reader may consult the learned and able article Hermaphroditism by Sir James Y. Simpson in the Cyclop, of An at. and Physiol.		Upon the subject of these malformations the reader may consult the learned and able article Hermaphroditism by Sir James Y. Simpson in the Cyclop, of An at. and Physiol.


	Upon the subject of malformations in general the following works are recommended, viz. : —		Upon the subject of malformations in general the following works are recommended, viz. : —

Z8600021: /* TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT AND ABNORMAL FORMS OF THE GENITAL ORGANS */

2012-10-11T23:01:59Z

TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT AND ABNORMAL FORMS OF THE GENITAL ORGANS

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:01, 12 October 2012
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	The corpora cavernosa, which are at first separate, become united in their distal portions in botli sexes ; but the corpus spongiosum lu'ethraj which is also originally divided in all embryoes, and in the female remains so in the greater part of its extent, becomes enlarged in the male in the glans penis, and its two parts united mesially both above and below the urethra, so as to enclose the whole of that tube from the bulb forwards to the glans.		The corpora cavernosa, which are at first separate, become united in their distal portions in botli sexes ; but the corpus spongiosum lu'ethraj which is also originally divided in all embryoes, and in the female remains so in the greater part of its extent, becomes enlarged in the male in the glans penis, and its two parts united mesially both above and below the urethra, so as to enclose the whole of that tube from the bulb forwards to the glans.

	==~~TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT AND ABNORMAL FORMS OF THE GENITAL ORGANS=~~=		==Type of Development and Abnormal Forms of the Genital Organs=


	The type of development of the genital organs may be stated to differ in the several parts of the system in the two sexes as follows, viz. : —		The type of development of the genital organs may be stated to differ in the several parts of the system in the two sexes as follows, viz. : —

	~~1st.~~ It is single and homological in the external organs.		# It is single and homological in the external organs.
			# It is double and heterological in the middle organs or passages.
	~~2nd.~~ It is double and heterological in the middle organs or passages.		# It is partially double and heterological in the productive organs.

	~~3rd.~~ It is partially double and heterological in the productive organs.

	Accordingly the congenital malformations of the reproductive organs admit of being distributed under the following divisions : —		Accordingly the congenital malformations of the reproductive organs admit of being distributed under the following divisions : —

	~~1st.~~ Abnormal forms attributable to deficient, redundant, or abnormal modes of development of one or more of the external organs in either sex, producing an approach to the fonn of the other sex.		# Abnormal forms attributable to deficient, redundant, or abnormal modes of development of one or more of the external organs in either sex, producing an approach to the fonn of the other sex.
			# Forms referrible to deficient, redundant, or abnonnal modes of development of one or other of the two sets of sexual passages, viz., of the Wolffian or Miillerian ducts, so as to lead to the greater or less predominance of sexual characters in a part or the whole of these passages inconsistent with tliose prevailing in other parts of the system, or to the coexistence of both sets of passages in whole or in part.
	~~2nd.~~ Forms referrible to deficient, redundant, or abnonnal modes of development of one or other of the two sets of sexual passages, viz., of the Wolffian or Miillerian ducts, so as to lead to the greater or less predominance of sexual characters in a part or the whole of these passages inconsistent with tliose prevailing in other parts of the system, or to the coexistence of both sets of passages in whole or in ~~i:)art~~.		# Extremely rare forms referrible to the possible coexistence of the productive parts of testicles and ovaries in the same individual, usually combined with more or less of the foregomg kinds of malformation.

	~~8rd.~~ Extremely rare forms referrible to the possible coexistence of the productive parts of testicles and ovaries in the same individual, usually combined with more or less of the foregomg kinds of malformation.

	Upon the subject of these malformations the reader may consult the learned and able article Hermaphroditism by Sir James Y. Simpson in the Cyclop, of An at. and Physiol.		Upon the subject of these malformations the reader may consult the learned and able article Hermaphroditism by Sir James Y. Simpson in the Cyclop, of An at. and Physiol.
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	Isid. Geoff. St. Hilaire, Hist. Gen. et Partic. des Anomalies de I'Organisation, &c., 3 torn. Paris, 1832 — 6 ; Cruveilhier, Anat. Pathol., &c., Paris, 1S;>() — 42. Otto, Sexcentorum Monstrorum desc Anat. Vratisl., 1841 ; Th. L. W. Bischoff. Uber Missbildungen, &c., in R. Wagner's Handworterbuch der Physiol., 1843 ; Wm. Vrolik, Tab. ad illustr. Embryol. Hom. et Mammal, tam Natiu-. quam Abnormem, Amstel., 1849, and the article " Teratology"' by the same author in Todd's Cyclop, of Anat. and Physiol. ; Aug. Forster, Die Missbildungen des Menschen. &c., Jena, 1861 ; as also the systematic works of Rokitanski and others on Pathological Anatomy.		Isid. Geoff. St. Hilaire, Hist. Gen. et Partic. des Anomalies de I'Organisation, &c., 3 torn. Paris, 1832 — 6 ; Cruveilhier, Anat. Pathol., &c., Paris, 1S;>() — 42. Otto, Sexcentorum Monstrorum desc Anat. Vratisl., 1841 ; Th. L. W. Bischoff. Uber Missbildungen, &c., in R. Wagner's Handworterbuch der Physiol., 1843 ; Wm. Vrolik, Tab. ad illustr. Embryol. Hom. et Mammal, tam Natiu-. quam Abnormem, Amstel., 1849, and the article " Teratology"' by the same author in Todd's Cyclop, of Anat. and Physiol. ; Aug. Forster, Die Missbildungen des Menschen. &c., Jena, 1861 ; as also the systematic works of Rokitanski and others on Pathological Anatomy.

	The following tabular scheme of the ~~Coreesponding~~ Parts of the ~~ffenito~~-urinary organs in the two sexes, and of their relation to the Formative Rudiments of the common embryonic type, may be useful in fixing attention on the more important points of the foregoing description, and indicating more clearly the homologies of the parts : —
			The following tabular scheme of the Corresponding Parts of the Genito-urinary organs in the two sexes, and of their relation to the Formative Rudiments of the common embryonic type, may be useful in fixing attention on the more important points of the foregoing description, and indicating more clearly the homologies of the parts : —

	Fejule Perjiaxext. Common Embryonal. Male Permanent.		Fejule Perjiaxext. Common Embryonal. Male Permanent.


	I. -COMMON BLASTEMA OF REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS.		===I. COMMON BLASTEMA OF REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS===

	Ovary. Body of Testicle.		Ovary. Body of Testicle.
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	the Graalian follicles. of the testis.		the Graalian follicles. of the testis.

	II.- WOLFFIAN BODIES.		===II. WOLFFIAN BODIES===

	Transverse tubes of epoophoron 1. Upper tubular non-glonieru- Vasa efferentia and coni vas		Transverse tubes of epoophoron 1. Upper tubular non-glonieru- Vasa efferentia and coni vas
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	body.		body.

	~~Ill-~~ WOLFFIAN DUCTS.		===lll. WOLFFIAN DUCTS===

	Tube of the Epoophoron 1. Upper and middle parts .... Convoluted tube of the epididymis.		Tube of the Epoophoron 1. Upper and middle parts .... Convoluted tube of the epididymis.

	Ducts of Gaertner, in cow and pig 2. Lower part Vas deferens and vesiculse		Ducts of Gaertner, in cow and pig 2. Lower part Vas deferens and vesiculse seminales.

	seminales.

	~~IV—~~ MULLERIAN DUCTS.		===IV. MULLERIAN DUCTS===

	Pimbriated abdominal opening 1. Upiwr extremity Hydatid of Morgagni.		Pimbriated abdominal opening 1. Upiwr extremity Hydatid of Morgagni.
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	prostatica).		prostatica).

	v.— GENITAL CORD AND SINUS UROGENITALIS.		===V. GENITAL CORD AND SINUS UROGENITALIS===

	Tissue uniting female urethra and 1. Substance surrounding geni- Prostate gland. Muscular and vagina. tal cord. glandular tissue.		Tissue uniting female urethra and 1. Substance surrounding geni- Prostate gland. Muscular and vagina. tal cord. glandular tissue.
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	genital ]iarts. Vestibule 4. Lower part Lower ]iart of prostatic portion and membranous part of urethra. Glands of Bartholin 5. Common blastema Cowper's Glands.		genital ]iarts. Vestibule 4. Lower part Lower ]iart of prostatic portion and membranous part of urethra. Glands of Bartholin 5. Common blastema Cowper's Glands.

	~~VL—~~ EXTERNAL ORGANS.		===VI EXTERNAL ORGANS===

	1. — Vascular parts.		1. — Vascular parts.

	Crura and corpus clitoridis a. Corpora ~~cavern<jsa~~ Crura and corpus penis.		Crura and corpus clitoridis a. Corpora cavernosa Crura and corpus penis.

	Glans clitoridis and vascular 0. Corpora spongiosa Glans penis and spongy body		Glans clitoridis and vascular 0. Corpora spongiosa Glans penis and spongy body
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	bulbs separate) of urethra (united). 2. Integumental parts.		bulbs separate) of urethra (united). 2. Integumental parts.

	Preputium clitoridis «. On genital eminence Preputium penis.		Preputium clitoridis . On genital eminence Preputium penis.

	Integumental folds of nymphee b. Lijjs of genital furrow Integument and raphe below		Integumental folds of nymphee b. Lijjs of genital furrow Integument and raphe below
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	baud. scrotum, with raphe.		baud. scrotum, with raphe.


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