BGDA Practical 3 - Gametogenesis - Revision history

Z8600021 at 00:59, 8 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-08T00:59:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:59, 8 Mayıs 2019
Line 54:		Line 54:

	<br>		<br>
	{\|		{{Chromosome Aneuploidy table}}
	\|+ Chromosome Aneuploidy
	~~\|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"~~
	~~! width=400px\|Autosomal~~
	~~! width=400px\|Sex chromosome~~
	\|-
	\|
	* '''{{trisomy 21}}~~''' - Down syndrome~~
	* '''{{trisomy 18}}''' - Edwards syndrome
	* '''{{trisomy 13}}''' - Patau syndrome
	\|
	* {{monosomy X}} - Turner's syndrome
	* {{trisomy X}} - Triple-X syndrome
	* {{47 XXY}} - {{Klinefelter syndrome}}
	\|}
	== Male Gametogenesis ==		== Male Gametogenesis ==
	[[File:Seminiferous-tubule-HEx40.jpg\|thumb\|Adult seminiferous tubule showing spermatozoa developmental stages]]		[[File:Seminiferous-tubule-HEx40.jpg\|thumb\|Adult seminiferous tubule showing spermatozoa developmental stages]]

Z8600021 at 02:58, 6 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-06T02:58:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:58, 6 Mayıs 2019
Line 175:		Line 175:
	\|}		\|}


			{{BGDA Practical 3 - Gametogenesis Interactive}}

Z8600021 at 21:38, 4 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-04T21:38:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:38, 5 Mayıs 2019
Line 202:		Line 202:
	[[File:Mitosis_and_meiosis.jpg\|600px]]		[[File:Mitosis_and_meiosis.jpg\|600px]]


			{\|
			! Chromosome connections in meiosis{{#pmid:20231873\|PMID20231873}}
			\|-
			\| [[File:Chromosome connections in meiosis.jpg\|alt=Chromosome connections in meiosis\|500px]]
			\| Kinetochores attach homologous chromosomes to opposite halves of the spindle.

			Homologs are held together by chiasmata, in which recombinant chromatids cross each other.

			Sisters are held together by cohesins and possibly by catenation of centromeric DNA threads, which have been observed in human mitosis.

			Cohesion is released in two steps:
			# on chromosome arms to resolve chiasmata and separate homologs in the first meiotic division.
			# around centromeres to separate sisters in the second meiotic division.
			\|}

	:'''Links:''' {{mitosis}} \| {{meiosis}}		:'''Links:''' {{mitosis}} \| {{meiosis}}
Line 268:		Line 283:
	* '''{{spermatogonia}}''' - These cells form in the embryo from the [[P#primordial germ cell\|primordial germ cell]] and are located in the seminiferous tubule adjacent to the basal membrane. The cells can either divide and separate to renew the stem cell population, or they divide and stay together as a pair ([[A#Apr spermatogonia\|Apr spermatogonia]]) connected by an intercellular cytoplasmic bridge to begin to differentiate and eventually form {{spermatozoa}}.		* '''{{spermatogonia}}''' - These cells form in the embryo from the [[P#primordial germ cell\|primordial germ cell]] and are located in the seminiferous tubule adjacent to the basal membrane. The cells can either divide and separate to renew the stem cell population, or they divide and stay together as a pair ([[A#Apr spermatogonia\|Apr spermatogonia]]) connected by an intercellular cytoplasmic bridge to begin to differentiate and eventually form {{spermatozoa}}.

	* '''{{spermatozoa}}''' - (spermatozoon, singular term) The male haploid gamete cell produced by meiosis in the testis (male gonad) seminiferous tubule. In humans, produced from puberty onwards and develop from the diploid stem cell the [[S#spermatogonia\|spermatogonia]]. The developmental meiosis is called {{spermatogenesis}} and the final morphologiccal (shape) change is called {{~~spermeiogenesis~~}}. The mature human spermatozoon formed from the [[S#spermatid\|spermatid]] has a head, neck and tail and is about 60 µm long. At ejaculation these cells undergo [[C#capacitation\|capacitation]] are activated and become motile.		* '''{{spermatozoa}}''' - (spermatozoon, singular term) The male haploid gamete cell produced by meiosis in the testis (male gonad) seminiferous tubule. In humans, produced from puberty onwards and develop from the diploid stem cell the [[S#spermatogonia\|spermatogonia]]. The developmental meiosis is called {{spermatogenesis}} and the final morphologiccal (shape) change is called {{spermiogenesis}}. The mature human spermatozoon formed from the [[S#spermatid\|spermatid]] has a head, neck and tail and is about 60 µm long. At ejaculation these cells undergo [[C#capacitation\|capacitation]] are activated and become motile.

	* '''spermatozoa head''' - Following {{spermiogenesis}}, the first region of the [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] containing the haploid nucleus and acrosome. In humans, it is a flattened structure (5 µm long by 3 µm wide) with the posterior part of nuclear membrane forming the basal plate region. The human [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] is about 60 µm long, actively motile and divided into 3 main regions ([[S#spermatozoa head\|head]], [[S#spermatozoa neck\|neck]] and [[S#spermatozoa tail\|tail]]).		* '''spermatozoa head''' - Following {{spermiogenesis}}, the first region of the [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] containing the haploid nucleus and acrosome. In humans, it is a flattened structure (5 µm long by 3 µm wide) with the posterior part of nuclear membrane forming the basal plate region. The human [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] is about 60 µm long, actively motile and divided into 3 main regions ([[S#spermatozoa head\|head]], [[S#spermatozoa neck\|neck]] and [[S#spermatozoa tail\|tail]]).

Z8600021 at 06:53, 2 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-02T06:53:04Z

Z8600021 at 05:54, 2 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-02T05:54:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:54, 2 Mayıs 2019
Line 223:		Line 223:
	Meiotic chromosome crossovers		Meiotic chromosome crossovers
	\|}		\|}

			<br>
			{{Human Spermatozoa Statistics collapse table}}

	===Genetics===		===Genetics===

Z8600021 at 01:35, 1 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-01T01:35:15Z

Z8600021 at 04:26, 7 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-07T04:26:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:26, 7 Mayıs 2018
Line 57:		Line 57:
	\|+ Chromosome Aneuploidy		\|+ Chromosome Aneuploidy
	\|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"		\|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
	! 400px\|Autosomal		! width=400px\|Autosomal
	! 400px\|Sex chromosome		! width=400px\|Sex chromosome
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|

Z8600021 at 04:18, 7 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-07T04:18:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:18, 7 Mayıs 2018
Line 57:		Line 57:
	\|+ Chromosome Aneuploidy		\|+ Chromosome Aneuploidy
	\|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"		\|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
	! Autosomal		! 400px\|Autosomal
	! Sex chromosome		! 400px\|Sex chromosome
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
Line 65:		Line 65:
	* '''{{trisomy 13}}''' - Patau syndrome		* '''{{trisomy 13}}''' - Patau syndrome
	\|		\|
	* {{monosomy X}} - Turner's ~~Syndrome~~		* {{monosomy X}} - Turner's syndrome
	* {{trisomy X}} - Triple-X syndrome		* {{trisomy X}} - Triple-X syndrome
	* {{47 XXY}} - Klinefelter~~'s Syndrome~~		* {{47 XXY}} - {{Klinefelter syndrome}}
	\|}		\|}
	== Male Gametogenesis ==		== Male Gametogenesis ==

Z8600021 at 04:03, 7 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-07T04:03:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:03, 7 Mayıs 2018
Line 60:		Line 60:
	! Sex chromosome		! Sex chromosome
	\|-		\|-
			\|
	* '''{{trisomy 21}}''' - Down syndrome		* '''{{trisomy 21}}''' - Down syndrome
	* '''{{trisomy 18}}''' - Edwards syndrome		* '''{{trisomy 18}}''' - Edwards syndrome
	* '''{{trisomy 13}}''' - Patau syndrome		* '''{{trisomy 13}}''' - Patau syndrome
	\|		\|

	* {{monosomy X}} - Turner's Syndrome		* {{monosomy X}} - Turner's Syndrome
	* {{trisomy X}} - Triple-X syndrome		* {{trisomy X}} - Triple-X syndrome

Z8600021 at 04:02, 7 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-07T04:02:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:02, 7 Mayıs 2018
Line 24:		Line 24:

	Meiosis and Oogenesis{{#pmid:22705668\|PMID22705668}}		Meiosis and Oogenesis{{#pmid:22705668\|PMID22705668}}

			<br>
	{\|		{\|
			\|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
	! Meiosis		! Meiosis
	! Oogenesis		! Oogenesis
Line 48:		Line 51:
	\| Trisomy 21 female karyotype		\| Trisomy 21 female karyotype
	\| Turner's Syndrome karyotype		\| Turner's Syndrome karyotype
			\|}

			<br>
			{\|
			\|+ Chromosome Aneuploidy
			\|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
			! Autosomal
			! Sex chromosome
	\|-		\|-

			* '''{{trisomy 21}}''' - Down syndrome
			* '''{{trisomy 18}}''' - Edwards syndrome
			* '''{{trisomy 13}}''' - Patau syndrome
	\|		\|
	* Autosomal chromosome aneuploidy
	** '''trisomy 21''' - [[trisomy 21\|Down syndrome]]		* {{monosomy X}} - Turner's Syndrome
	** '''trisomy 18''' - [[trisomy 18\|Edwards syndrome]]		* {{trisomy X}} - Triple-X syndrome
	** '''trisomy 13''' - [[Trisomy_13\|Patau syndrome]]		* {{47 XXY}} - Klinefelter's Syndrome
	\|
	* Sex chromosome aneuploidy
	** monosomy X - Turner's Syndrome
	** trisomy X - ~~[[Trisomy_X\|~~Triple-X syndrome]]
	** 47 XXY - Klinefelter's Syndrome
	\|}		\|}
	== Male Gametogenesis ==		== Male Gametogenesis ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:53, 2 Mayıs 2019
Line 87:		Line 87:
	===Human Spermatozoa Development===		===Human Spermatozoa Development===

	* Spermatogenesis process of spermatagonia mature into ~~spermatazoa~~ (sperm).		* Spermatogenesis process of spermatagonia mature into spermatozoa (sperm).
	* Continuously throughout life occurs in the seminiferous tubules in the male gonad- testis (plural testes).		* Continuously throughout life occurs in the seminiferous tubules in the male gonad- testis (plural testes).
	* At puberty spermatagonia activate and proliferate (mitosis).		* At puberty spermatagonia activate and proliferate (mitosis).
Line 256:		Line 256:
	* '''Johnsen score''' - a clinical score (1-10) for assessing spermatogenesis in a human testicular biopsy. Named after the author of the original article. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5527187 PMID 5527187]		* '''Johnsen score''' - a clinical score (1-10) for assessing spermatogenesis in a human testicular biopsy. Named after the author of the original article. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5527187 PMID 5527187]

	* '''sperm''' - ({{spermatozoa}}) The male haploid reproductive cell, often used generically (and incorrectly) to describe these cells and the fluid of the ejaculate. Term is a shortened form of scientifically correct term {{~~spermatazoa~~}}.		* '''sperm''' - ({{spermatozoa}}) The male haploid reproductive cell, often used generically (and incorrectly) to describe these cells and the fluid of the ejaculate. Term is a shortened form of scientifically correct term {{spermatozoa}}.

	* '''sperm annulus''' - (Jensen's ring; Latin, ''annulus'' = ring) A region of the mammalian sperm flagellum connecting the midpiece and the principal piece. The annulus is a septin-based structure formed from SEPT1, 4, 6, 7 and 12. Septins are polymerizing GTPases that can act as a scaffold forming hetero-oligomeric filaments required for cytokinesis and other cell cycle roles.		* '''sperm annulus''' - (Jensen's ring; Latin, ''annulus'' = ring) A region of the mammalian sperm flagellum connecting the midpiece and the principal piece. The annulus is a septin-based structure formed from SEPT1, 4, 6, 7 and 12. Septins are polymerizing GTPases that can act as a scaffold forming hetero-oligomeric filaments required for cytokinesis and other cell cycle roles.
Line 262:		Line 262:
	* '''spermatid''' - Intermediate cell in spermatozoa development, within the testis seminiferous tubule they lie in the luminal cell layer to the [[S#secondary spermatocyte\|secondary spermatocyte]]. These small cells are haploid and in [[S#spermiogenesis\|spermiogenesis]] change their cellular structure and shape to form [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]]. (More? {{spermatozoa}} \| {{testis}} \| {{fertilization}} \| [[Lecture - Fertilization]])		* '''spermatid''' - Intermediate cell in spermatozoa development, within the testis seminiferous tubule they lie in the luminal cell layer to the [[S#secondary spermatocyte\|secondary spermatocyte]]. These small cells are haploid and in [[S#spermiogenesis\|spermiogenesis]] change their cellular structure and shape to form [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]]. (More? {{spermatozoa}} \| {{testis}} \| {{fertilization}} \| [[Lecture - Fertilization]])

	* '''{{spermatogenesis}}''' - (Greek, ''genesis'' = origin, creation, generation) The term used to describe the process of diploid spermatagonia division and differentiation to form haploid ~~spermatazoa~~ within the testis (male gonad). The process includes the following cellular changes: meiosis, reoorganization of DNA, reduction in DNA content, reorganization of cellular organelles, morphological changes (cell shape). The final process of change in cell shape is also called [[S#spermiogenesis\|spermiogenesis]].		* '''{{spermatogenesis}}''' - (Greek, ''genesis'' = origin, creation, generation) The term used to describe the process of diploid spermatagonia division and differentiation to form haploid spermatozoa within the testis (male gonad). The process includes the following cellular changes: meiosis, reoorganization of DNA, reduction in DNA content, reorganization of cellular organelles, morphological changes (cell shape). The final process of change in cell shape is also called [[S#spermiogenesis\|spermiogenesis]].

	* '''spermiogenesis''' - (Greek, ''genesis'' = origin, creation, generation) The maturation process of the already haploid [[S#spermatid\|spermatids]] into the mature [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] shape and organization. This process involves reorganization of cellular organelles ([[E#endoplasmic reticulum\|endoplasmic reticulum]], [[G#golgi apparatus\|Golgi apparatus]], [[M#mitochondria\|mitochondria]]), cytoskeletal changes (microtubule organization) and morphological changes (cell shape, acrosome and tail formation). The process of maturation of the [[S#spermatid\|spermatids]] into spermatozoa: chromatin condenses, nucleus becomes smaller, the [[G#golgi apparatus\|Golgi apparatus]] is modified to form the [[A#acrosome\|acrosome]], microtubules are reorganised to form the tail, mitochondria are relocated to the initial segment of the tail and the majority of cell cytoplasm is discarded.		* '''spermiogenesis''' - (Greek, ''genesis'' = origin, creation, generation) The maturation process of the already haploid [[S#spermatid\|spermatids]] into the mature [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] shape and organization. This process involves reorganization of cellular organelles ([[E#endoplasmic reticulum\|endoplasmic reticulum]], [[G#golgi apparatus\|Golgi apparatus]], [[M#mitochondria\|mitochondria]]), cytoskeletal changes (microtubule organization) and morphological changes (cell shape, acrosome and tail formation). The process of maturation of the [[S#spermatid\|spermatids]] into spermatozoa: chromatin condenses, nucleus becomes smaller, the [[G#golgi apparatus\|Golgi apparatus]] is modified to form the [[A#acrosome\|acrosome]], microtubules are reorganised to form the tail, mitochondria are relocated to the initial segment of the tail and the majority of cell cytoplasm is discarded.
Line 276:		Line 276:
	* '''spermatozoa tail''' - Following [[S#spermiogenesis\|spermiogenesis]], the third region of the [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] that has a ([[S#spermatozoa head\|head]], [[S#spermatozoa neck\|neck]] and [[S#spermatozoa tail\|tail]]). The tail is also divided into 3 structural regions a middle piece, a principal piece and an end piece. In humans: the middle piece (5 µm long) is formed by [[A#axonema\|axonema]] and dense fibres surrounded by mitochondria; the principal piece (45 µm long) fibrous sheath interconnected by regularly spaced circumferential hoops; the final end piece (5 µm long) has an [[A#axonema\|axonema]] surrounded by small amount of cytoplasm and plasma membrane.		* '''spermatozoa tail''' - Following [[S#spermiogenesis\|spermiogenesis]], the third region of the [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] that has a ([[S#spermatozoa head\|head]], [[S#spermatozoa neck\|neck]] and [[S#spermatozoa tail\|tail]]). The tail is also divided into 3 structural regions a middle piece, a principal piece and an end piece. In humans: the middle piece (5 µm long) is formed by [[A#axonema\|axonema]] and dense fibres surrounded by mitochondria; the principal piece (45 µm long) fibrous sheath interconnected by regularly spaced circumferential hoops; the final end piece (5 µm long) has an [[A#axonema\|axonema]] surrounded by small amount of cytoplasm and plasma membrane.

	* '''spermatogonial stem cells''' - (SSCs) The [[S#spermatagonia\|spermatagonia cells]] located beside the seminiferous tubule basal membrane that either divide and separate to renew the stem cell population, or they divide and stay together as a pair ([[A#Apr spermatogonia\|Apr spermatogonia]]) connected by an intercellular cytoplasmic bridge to differentiate and eventually form ~~[[S#spermatazoa\|spermatazoa]]~~.		* '''spermatogonial stem cells''' - (SSCs) The [[S#spermatagonia\|spermatagonia cells]] located beside the seminiferous tubule basal membrane that either divide and separate to renew the stem cell population, or they divide and stay together as a pair ([[A#Apr spermatogonia\|Apr spermatogonia]]) connected by an intercellular cytoplasmic bridge to differentiate and eventually form spermatozoa}}.

	* '''sperm protein 56''' - A component of the spermatozoa acrosomal matrix released to the sperm surface during [[C#capacitation\|capacitation]].		* '''sperm protein 56''' - A component of the spermatozoa acrosomal matrix released to the sperm surface during [[C#capacitation\|capacitation]].

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:35, 1 Mayıs 2019
Line 196:		Line 196:
	Martin RH. Cytogenetics of Human Sperm. In: Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-2013. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6064/		Martin RH. Cytogenetics of Human Sperm. In: Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-2013. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6064/


			{{#pmid:19934213}}

	===Mitosis and Meiosis===		===Mitosis and Meiosis===
Line 241:		Line 243:

	* '''autosomal inheritance''' - some hereditary diseases are described as autosomal which means that the disease is due to a DNA error in one of the 22 pairs that are not sex chromosomes. Both boys and girls can then inherit this error. If the error is in a sex chromosome, the inheritance is said to be sex-linked.		* '''autosomal inheritance''' - some hereditary diseases are described as autosomal which means that the disease is due to a DNA error in one of the 22 pairs that are not sex chromosomes. Both boys and girls can then inherit this error. If the error is in a sex chromosome, the inheritance is said to be sex-linked.

	* '''cascade testing''' - Clinical genetic term for the testing of genetic relatives for a mutation that has been identified in the first affected family member. [[Abnormal Development - Genetic]]		* '''cascade testing''' - Clinical genetic term for the testing of genetic relatives for a mutation that has been identified in the first affected family member. [[Abnormal Development - Genetic]]

	* '''gene''' - a sequence of DNA that encodes an individual protein.		* '''gene''' - a sequence of DNA that encodes an individual protein.

Line 248:		Line 252:
	* '''Johnsen score''' - a clinical score (1-10) for assessing spermatogenesis in a human testicular biopsy. Named after the author of the original article. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5527187 PMID 5527187]		* '''Johnsen score''' - a clinical score (1-10) for assessing spermatogenesis in a human testicular biopsy. Named after the author of the original article. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5527187 PMID 5527187]

	* '''sperm''' - ~~See [[S#~~spermatozoa~~\|spermatozoa]].~~ The male haploid reproductive cell, often used generically (and incorrectly) to describe these cells and the fluid of the ejaculate. Term is a shortened form of scientifically correct term ~~[[S#spermatazoa\|~~spermatazoa]].		* '''sperm''' - ({{spermatozoa}}) The male haploid reproductive cell, often used generically (and incorrectly) to describe these cells and the fluid of the ejaculate. Term is a shortened form of scientifically correct term {{spermatazoa}}.

	* '''sperm annulus''' - (Jensen's ring; Latin, ''annulus'' = ring) A region of the mammalian sperm flagellum connecting the midpiece and the principal piece. The annulus is a septin-based structure formed from SEPT1, 4, 6, 7 and 12. Septins are polymerizing GTPases that can act as a scaffold forming hetero-oligomeric filaments required for cytokinesis and other cell cycle roles.		* '''sperm annulus''' - (Jensen's ring; Latin, ''annulus'' = ring) A region of the mammalian sperm flagellum connecting the midpiece and the principal piece. The annulus is a septin-based structure formed from SEPT1, 4, 6, 7 and 12. Septins are polymerizing GTPases that can act as a scaffold forming hetero-oligomeric filaments required for cytokinesis and other cell cycle roles.

	* '''spermatid''' - Intermediate cell in spermatozoa development, within the testis seminiferous tubule they lie in the luminal cell layer to the [[S#secondary spermatocyte\|secondary spermatocyte]]. These small cells are haploid and in [[S#spermiogenesis\|spermiogenesis]] change their cellular structure and shape to form [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]].		* '''spermatid''' - Intermediate cell in spermatozoa development, within the testis seminiferous tubule they lie in the luminal cell layer to the [[S#secondary spermatocyte\|secondary spermatocyte]]. These small cells are haploid and in [[S#spermiogenesis\|spermiogenesis]] change their cellular structure and shape to form [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]]. (More? {{spermatozoa}} \| {{testis}} \| {{fertilization}} \| [[Lecture - Fertilization]])

	:(More? {{spermatozoa}} \| {{testis}} \| {{fertilization}} \| [[Lecture - Fertilization]])

	* '''spermatogenesis''' - (Greek, ''genesis'' = origin, creation, generation) The term used to describe the process of diploid spermatagonia division and differentiation to form haploid spermatazoa within the testis (male gonad). The process includes the following cellular changes: meiosis, reoorganization of DNA, reduction in DNA content, reorganization of cellular organelles, morphological changes (cell shape). The final process of change in cell shape is also called [[S#spermiogenesis\|spermiogenesis]].		* '''{{spermatogenesis}}''' - (Greek, ''genesis'' = origin, creation, generation) The term used to describe the process of diploid spermatagonia division and differentiation to form haploid spermatazoa within the testis (male gonad). The process includes the following cellular changes: meiosis, reoorganization of DNA, reduction in DNA content, reorganization of cellular organelles, morphological changes (cell shape). The final process of change in cell shape is also called [[S#spermiogenesis\|spermiogenesis]].

	* '''spermiogenesis''' - (Greek, ''genesis'' = origin, creation, generation) The maturation process of the already haploid [[S#spermatid\|spermatids]] into the mature [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] shape and organization. This process involves reorganization of cellular organelles ([[E#endoplasmic reticulum\|endoplasmic reticulum]], [[G#golgi apparatus\|Golgi apparatus]], [[M#mitochondria\|mitochondria]]), cytoskeletal changes (microtubule organization) and morphological changes (cell shape, acrosome and tail formation). The process of maturation of the [[S#spermatid\|spermatids]] into spermatozoa: chromatin condenses, nucleus becomes smaller, the [[G#golgi apparatus\|Golgi apparatus]] is modified to form the [[A#acrosome\|acrosome]], microtubules are reorganised to form the tail, mitochondria are relocated to the initial segment of the tail and the majority of cell cytoplasm is discarded.		* '''spermiogenesis''' - (Greek, ''genesis'' = origin, creation, generation) The maturation process of the already haploid [[S#spermatid\|spermatids]] into the mature [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] shape and organization. This process involves reorganization of cellular organelles ([[E#endoplasmic reticulum\|endoplasmic reticulum]], [[G#golgi apparatus\|Golgi apparatus]], [[M#mitochondria\|mitochondria]]), cytoskeletal changes (microtubule organization) and morphological changes (cell shape, acrosome and tail formation). The process of maturation of the [[S#spermatid\|spermatids]] into spermatozoa: chromatin condenses, nucleus becomes smaller, the [[G#golgi apparatus\|Golgi apparatus]] is modified to form the [[A#acrosome\|acrosome]], microtubules are reorganised to form the tail, mitochondria are relocated to the initial segment of the tail and the majority of cell cytoplasm is discarded.

	* '''spermatogonia''' - These cells form in the embryo from the [[P#primordial germ cell\|primordial germ cell]] and are located in the seminiferous tubule adjacent to the basal membrane. The cells can either divide and separate to renew the stem cell population, or they divide and stay together as a pair ([[A#Apr spermatogonia\|Apr spermatogonia]]) connected by an intercellular cytoplasmic bridge to begin to differentiate and eventually form ~~[[S#spermatazoa\|spermatazoa]]~~.		* '''{{spermatogonia}}''' - These cells form in the embryo from the [[P#primordial germ cell\|primordial germ cell]] and are located in the seminiferous tubule adjacent to the basal membrane. The cells can either divide and separate to renew the stem cell population, or they divide and stay together as a pair ([[A#Apr spermatogonia\|Apr spermatogonia]]) connected by an intercellular cytoplasmic bridge to begin to differentiate and eventually form {{spermatozoa}}.

	* '''spermatozoa''' - (spermatozoon, singular term) The male haploid gamete cell produced by meiosis in the testis (male gonad) seminiferous tubule. In humans, produced from puberty onwards and develop from the diploid stem cell the [[S#spermatogonia\|spermatogonia]]. The developmental meiosis is called ~~[[S#spermatogenesis\|~~spermatogenesis]] and the final morphologiccal (shape) change is called ~~[[S#spermeiogenesis\|~~spermeiogenesis]]. The mature human spermatozoon formed from the [[S#spermatid\|spermatid]] has a head, neck and tail and is about 60 µm long. At ejaculation these cells undergo [[C#capacitation\|capacitation]] are activated and become motile.		* '''{{spermatozoa}}''' - (spermatozoon, singular term) The male haploid gamete cell produced by meiosis in the testis (male gonad) seminiferous tubule. In humans, produced from puberty onwards and develop from the diploid stem cell the [[S#spermatogonia\|spermatogonia]]. The developmental meiosis is called {{spermatogenesis}} and the final morphologiccal (shape) change is called {{spermeiogenesis}}. The mature human spermatozoon formed from the [[S#spermatid\|spermatid]] has a head, neck and tail and is about 60 µm long. At ejaculation these cells undergo [[C#capacitation\|capacitation]] are activated and become motile.

	* '''spermatozoa head''' - Following ~~[[S#~~spermiogenesis~~\|spermiogenesis]]~~, the first region of the [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] containing the haploid nucleus and acrosome. In humans, it is a flattened structure (5 µm long by 3 µm wide) with the posterior part of nuclear membrane forming the basal plate region. The human [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] is about 60 µm long, actively motile and divided into 3 main regions ([[S#spermatozoa head\|head]], [[S#spermatozoa neck\|neck]] and [[S#spermatozoa tail\|tail]]).		* '''spermatozoa head''' - Following {{spermiogenesis}}, the first region of the [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] containing the haploid nucleus and acrosome. In humans, it is a flattened structure (5 µm long by 3 µm wide) with the posterior part of nuclear membrane forming the basal plate region. The human [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] is about 60 µm long, actively motile and divided into 3 main regions ([[S#spermatozoa head\|head]], [[S#spermatozoa neck\|neck]] and [[S#spermatozoa tail\|tail]]).

	* '''spermatozoa neck''' - Following [[S#spermiogenesis\|spermiogenesis]], the second region of the [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] attached to basal plate, transverse oriented centriole, contains nine segmented columns of fibrous material, continue as outer dense fibres in tail. In humans, it forms a short structure (1 µm). The human [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] is about 60 µm long, actively motile and divided into 3 main regions ([[S#spermatozoa head\|head]], [[S#spermatozoa neck\|neck]] and [[S#spermatozoa tail\|tail]]).		* '''spermatozoa neck''' - Following [[S#spermiogenesis\|spermiogenesis]], the second region of the [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] attached to basal plate, transverse oriented centriole, contains nine segmented columns of fibrous material, continue as outer dense fibres in tail. In humans, it forms a short structure (1 µm). The human [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] is about 60 µm long, actively motile and divided into 3 main regions ([[S#spermatozoa head\|head]], [[S#spermatozoa neck\|neck]] and [[S#spermatozoa tail\|tail]]).