BGDA Practical 3 - Fertilization - Revision history

Z8600021 at 00:46, 8 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-08T00:46:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:46, 8 Mayıs 2019
Line 139:		Line 139:
	Perinuclear Theca - located in the sperm head perinuclear region. Contains a cytoskeletal element to maintain the shape of the sperm head and functional molecules leading to oocyte activation during fertilization.		Perinuclear Theca - located in the sperm head perinuclear region. Contains a cytoskeletal element to maintain the shape of the sperm head and functional molecules leading to oocyte activation during fertilization.

	'''Note''' - ART intracytoplasmic sperm injection techniques may introduce sperm components normally lost during in vivo fertilization.		'''Note''' - {{ART}} intracytoplasmic sperm injection techniques may introduce sperm components normally lost during in vivo fertilization.


	== Zona Pellucida ==		== Zona Pellucida ==

Z8600021 at 03:56, 6 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-06T03:56:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:56, 6 Mayıs 2019
Line 207:		Line 207:
	== Terms ==		== Terms ==
	* '''adplantation '''- Initial adhesion of blastocyst (released from zona pellucida) to uterine wall. Adplantation is followed by implantation.		* '''adplantation '''- Initial adhesion of blastocyst (released from zona pellucida) to uterine wall. Adplantation is followed by implantation.

	* '''ampulla''' - longest segment (approximately 2/3 of overall length) of uterine tube (oviduct or Fallopian tube). Medial segment forming the remainder of the tube is called the isthmus.		* '''ampulla''' - longest segment (approximately 2/3 of overall length) of uterine tube (oviduct or Fallopian tube). Medial segment forming the remainder of the tube is called the isthmus.

	* '''antrum'''- (L. a cave), cavity; a nearly-closed cavity or bulge. In the ovary this refers to the follicular fluid-filled space within the follicle.		* '''antrum'''- (L. a cave), cavity; a nearly-closed cavity or bulge. In the ovary this refers to the follicular fluid-filled space within the follicle.

	* '''{{blastocyst}}'''- the developmental stage following morula, as this stage matures, the zona pellucia is lost allowing the coceptus to adplant and then implant into the uterine wall.		* '''{{blastocyst}}'''- the developmental stage following morula, as this stage matures, the zona pellucia is lost allowing the coceptus to adplant and then implant into the uterine wall.
	* '''capacitation''' - the process of activation of sperm, requires removal of surface glycoproteins and increased motility. The sperm now become capable of ~~fertilizing an egg~~.
			* '''capacitation''' - the process of activation of sperm, requires removal of surface glycoproteins and increased motility. The sperm now become capable of binding to the oocyte zona pellucida with great efficiency.

	* '''cavitates'''- to form a space within a solid object.		* '''cavitates'''- to form a space within a solid object.
	* '''conceptus''' - the entire structure generated from the ~~[[Z#zygote\|~~zygote]].
	* '''fertilization''' - (fertilisation) The process of penetration of the oocyte (egg) by the [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] and the combining of their genetic material that initiates development of the [[E#embryo\|embryo]]. The union of two [[H#haploid\|haploid]] gametes to form the first ~~[[D#diploid\|~~diploid]] cell, the ~~[[Z#zygote\|~~zygote]]. ~~(More? [[Fertilization]] \| [[Spermatozoa Development]] \| [[Testis Development]] \| [[Ovary Development]] \| [[2009 Lecture 2\|Lecture - Fertilization]])~~		* '''conceptus''' - the entire cellular structure genetically related and generated from the {{zygote}}.

			* '''fertilization''' - (fertilisation) The process of penetration of the oocyte (egg) by the [[S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] and the combining of their genetic material that initiates development of the [[E#embryo\|embryo]]. Fertilization ends with the intermingling of maternal and paternal chromosomes at metaphase of the first cleavage division. The union of two [[H#haploid\|haploid]] gametes to form the first diploid cell, the {{zygote}}.

	* '''fimbriae'''- ( L. = a fringe) fingerlike projections at the ovarian end of uterine tube.		* '''fimbriae'''- ( L. = a fringe) fingerlike projections at the ovarian end of uterine tube.

	* '''follicular fluid'''- (or follicular fluid) the fluid found in the antrum of a secondary follicle. Secreted by cells in the wall of the follicle. This fluid is released along with the oocyte at ovulation.		* '''follicular fluid'''- (or follicular fluid) the fluid found in the antrum of a secondary follicle. Secreted by cells in the wall of the follicle. This fluid is released along with the oocyte at ovulation.

	* '''infundibulum'''- funnel-shaped initial segment of uterine tube (oviduct or Fallopian tube) opening into peritoneal cavity and connected to the ampulla. The peritoneal opening sitting over the ovary.		* '''infundibulum'''- funnel-shaped initial segment of uterine tube (oviduct or Fallopian tube) opening into peritoneal cavity and connected to the ampulla. The peritoneal opening sitting over the ovary.

	* '''{{morula}}''' -(L. morus = mulberry) early stage of development (12-15 cells) when conceptus is a solid ball of cells, further cell division forms the blasocyst.		* '''{{morula}}''' -(L. morus = mulberry) early stage of development (12-15 cells) when conceptus is a solid ball of cells, further cell division forms the blasocyst.
	* '''{{oocyte}}''' - (egg or ovum) female germ cell.
			* '''{{oocyte}}''' - (egg or ovum) female germ cell.

	* '''ovulation'''- release of the oocyte from the mature follicle.		* '''ovulation'''- release of the oocyte from the mature follicle.

	* '''uterine tube'''- (also called oviduct or Fallopian tube) the laterally paired tubes that connect the ovary to the uterus. Is the site for oocyte fertilization and initial development of the conceptus.		* '''uterine tube'''- (also called oviduct or Fallopian tube) the laterally paired tubes that connect the ovary to the uterus. Is the site for oocyte fertilization and initial development of the conceptus.

	* '''uterine wall ''' - the site of normal blastocyst implantation.		* '''uterine wall ''' - the site of normal blastocyst implantation.
	* '''zona pellucida'''- glycoprotein shell that surrounds the oocyte through to blastula stage of development
	* '''{{uterus}}'''- site of embryo implantation and development. Uterine wall has 3 layers; endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium.		* '''{{uterus}}'''- site of embryo implantation and development. Uterine wall has 3 layers; endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium.
	* '''zona pellucida'''- extracellular layer ~~lying directly around~~ the oocyte underneath follicular cells. Consists of glcosaminoglycans and glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3).
			* '''{{zona pellucida}}'''- glycoprotein shell that surrounds oocyte, this extracellular layer is above the oocyte membrane and underneath follicular cells. Consists of glcosaminoglycans and glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3).

	* '''ZP1, ZP2, ZP3''' - acronyms for the zona pellucida glycoproteins.		* '''ZP1, ZP2, ZP3''' - acronyms for the zona pellucida glycoproteins.

	* '''{{zygote}}''' - The first diploid cell that forms following {{fertilization}} by fusion of haploid {{oocyte}} (egg or ovum) and {{spermatozoa}} (sperm), resulting in the combination of their separate genomes. This single cell will divide by mitosis to form all cells of the embryo, fetal membranes and the embryonic component of the placenta. The term conceptus is used to describe all these cells derived from the fertilization event forming the zygote.		* '''{{zygote}}''' - The first diploid cell that forms following {{fertilization}} by fusion of haploid {{oocyte}} (egg or ovum) and {{spermatozoa}} (sperm), resulting in the combination of their separate genomes. This single cell will divide by mitosis to form all cells of the embryo, fetal membranes and the embryonic component of the placenta. The term conceptus is used to describe all these cells derived from the fertilization event forming the zygote.

Z8600021 at 03:46, 6 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-06T03:46:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:46, 6 Mayıs 2019
Line 27:		Line 27:

	== Sperm Events ==		== Sperm Events ==
	# '''Capacitation''' - removal of glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins, alteration of ~~sperm~~ mitochondria		# '''Capacitation''' - removal of glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins, alteration of spermatozoa mitochondria
	# '''Binding''' - zona pellucida protein ZP3 acts as receptor for sperm		# '''Binding''' - zona pellucida protein ZP3 acts as receptor for sperm
	# '''Acrosome reaction''' - exyocytosis of acrosome contents (Calcium ion mediated), enzymes to digest the zona pellucida, exposes sperm surface proteins to bind ZP2		# '''Acrosome reaction''' - exyocytosis of acrosome contents (Calcium ion mediated), enzymes to digest the zona pellucida, exposes sperm surface proteins to bind ZP2

Z8600021 at 03:35, 6 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-06T03:35:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:35, 6 Mayıs 2019
Line 152:		Line 152:

	== Zygote Contributions ==		== Zygote Contributions ==
			The male and female pronuclei enter interphase at fertilisation before entering the first mitotic cycle division.

	'''Maternal''' - mitochondria, nucleolus, oocyte contributes one centriole during fertilisation.		'''Maternal''' - mitochondria, nucleolus, oocyte contributes one centriole during fertilisation.

Z8600021 at 03:28, 6 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-06T03:28:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:28, 6 Mayıs 2019
Line 158:		Line 158:
	'''Both Parents''' - chromosomes (inherent epigenetic differences between the paternal and maternal pronuclei), plasma membranes spermatozoon/oocyte mingle to form a mosaic plasma membrane.		'''Both Parents''' - chromosomes (inherent epigenetic differences between the paternal and maternal pronuclei), plasma membranes spermatozoon/oocyte mingle to form a mosaic plasma membrane.


			{{BGDA Practical 3 - Fertilization Interactive}}

Z8600021 at 02:19, 17 April 2018

2018-04-17T02:19:47Z

Z8600021 at 03:10, 5 April 2018

2018-04-05T03:10:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:10, 5 April 2018
Line 3:		Line 3:
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	This page covers the process of mammalian fertilization. A complex interaction between the two haploid gametes (oocyte and spermatozoa) resulting in a single diploid cell (zygote). Following entry of the spermatazoa into the oocyte a series of changes occur within the oocyte and zona pellucida that block further fertilization by additional bound spermatozoa (polyspermy).		This page covers the process of mammalian fertilization. A complex interaction between the two haploid gametes (oocyte and spermatozoa) resulting in a single diploid cell (zygote). Following entry of the spermatazoa into the oocyte a series of changes occur within the oocyte and zona pellucida that block further fertilization by additional bound spermatozoa (polyspermy).


	Due to both scientific and medical research on this process, this can now occur outside the body (''in vitro fertilization'') as well as fertility therapies to aid normal (''in vivo fertilization''). In addition, our understanding of fertilization has led to the development of a number of alternative fertility control methods.		Due to both scientific and medical research on this process, this can now occur outside the body (''in vitro fertilization'') as well as fertility therapies to aid normal (''in vivo fertilization''). In addition, our understanding of fertilization has led to the development of a number of alternative fertility control methods.

			Note the Australian spelling is "fertilisation".
	== Fertilization Dynamics ==		== Fertilization Dynamics ==
	{\|		{\|

Z8600021 at 05:49, 27 March 2018

2018-03-27T05:49:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:49, 27 March 2018
Line 170:		Line 170:
	[[File:Model of gamete recognition zona pellucida.jpg\|alt=Model of gamete recognition zona pellucida\|400px]]		[[File:Model of gamete recognition zona pellucida.jpg\|alt=Model of gamete recognition zona pellucida\|400px]]

	Model of gamete recognition by zona pellucida~~<ref name="~~PMID24934154~~"><pubmed>24934154</pubmed></ref>~~		Model of gamete recognition by zona pellucida{{#pmid:24934154\|PMID24934154}}


	===UNSW - Oocyte Biology Research Unit===		===UNSW - Oocyte Biology Research Unit===
	[[File:Oocyte BMP15 and GDF9 effects.jpg\|thumb\|Oocyte BMP15 and GDF9 effects ~~PMID~~ 25058588]]		[[File:Oocyte BMP15 and GDF9 effects.jpg\|thumb\|Oocyte BMP15 and GDF9 effects{{#pmid:25058588\|PMID25058588}}]]
	{\|		{\|

Line 185:		Line 185:
	\|}		\|}
	<br>		<br>
	~~<pubmed>27422885</pubmed>~~
	:"The cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, are the key molecules controlling mammalian oocyte meiosis. Their roles in oocyte biology have been at the forefront of oocyte research for decades and many of the long standing controversies in relation to the regulation of oocyte meiotic maturation are now resolved. It is now clear that the follicle prevents meiotic resumption through the actions of natriuretic peptides and cGMP inhibiting the hydrolysis of intra-oocyte cAMP and that the preovulatory gonadotrophin surge reverses these processes. The gonadotrophin surge also leads to a transient spike in cAMP in the somatic compartment of the follicle; research over the past 2 decades has conclusively demonstrated that this surge in cAMP is important for the subsequent developmental capacity of the oocyte. This is important, as oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) systems practiced clinically do not recapitulate this cAMP surge in vitro, possibly accounting for the lower efficiency of IVM compared to clinical IVF. This review focuses in particular on this latter aspect - the role of cAMP/cGMP in the regulation of oocyte quality. We conclude that clinical practice of IVM should reflect this new understanding of the role of cyclic nucleotides, thereby creating a new generation of ART and fertility treatment options."

	~~<pubmed>~~27248769~~</pubmed>~~		:"The cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, are the key molecules controlling mammalian oocyte meiosis. Their roles in oocyte biology have been at the forefront of oocyte research for decades and many of the long standing controversies in relation to the regulation of oocyte meiotic maturation are now resolved. It is now clear that the follicle prevents meiotic resumption through the actions of natriuretic peptides and cGMP inhibiting the hydrolysis of intra-oocyte cAMP and that the preovulatory gonadotrophin surge reverses these processes. The gonadotrophin surge also leads to a transient spike in cAMP in the somatic compartment of the follicle; research over the past 2 decades has conclusively demonstrated that this surge in cAMP is important for the subsequent developmental capacity of the oocyte. This is important, as oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) systems practiced clinically do not recapitulate this cAMP surge in vitro, possibly accounting for the lower efficiency of IVM compared to clinical IVF. This review focuses in particular on this latter aspect - the role of cAMP/cGMP in the regulation of oocyte quality. We conclude that clinical practice of IVM should reflect this new understanding of the role of cyclic nucleotides, thereby creating a new generation of ART and fertility treatment options."{{#pmid:27422885\|PMID27422885}}
	~~<pubmed>~~27160446~~</pubmed>~~
			{{#pmid:27248769}}
			{{#pmid:27160446}}


	===Spermatozoa Interactions with Female Reproductive Tract===		===Spermatozoa Interactions with Female Reproductive Tract===
			{{#pmid:26183721}}
	~~<pubmed>~~26183721~~</pubmed>~~

	:"The mammalian female reproductive tract interacts with sperm in various ways in order to facilitate sperm migration to the egg while impeding migrations of pathogens into the tract, to keep sperm alive during the time between mating and ovulation, and to select the fittest sperm for fertilization. The two main types of interactions are physical and molecular. Physical interactions include the swimming responses of sperm to the microarchitecture of walls, to fluid flows, and to fluid viscoelasticity. When sperm encounter walls, they have a strong tendency to remain swimming along them. Sperm will also orient their swimming into gentle fluid flows. The female tract seems to use these tendencies of sperm to guide them to the site of fertilization. When sperm hyperactivate, they are better able to penetrate highly viscoelastic media, such as the cumulus matrix surrounding eggs. Molecular interactions include communications of sperm surface molecules with receptors on the epithelial lining of the tract. There is evidence that specific sperm surface molecules are required to enable sperm to pass through the uterotubal junction into the oviduct. When sperm reach the oviduct, most bind to the oviductal epithelium. This interaction holds sperm in a storage reservoir until ovulation and serves to maintain the fertilization competence of stored sperm. When sperm are released from the reservoir, they detach from and re-attach to the epithelium repeatedly while ascending to the site of fertilization. We are only beginning to understand the communications that may pass between sperm and epithelium during these interactions."		:"The mammalian female reproductive tract interacts with sperm in various ways in order to facilitate sperm migration to the egg while impeding migrations of pathogens into the tract, to keep sperm alive during the time between mating and ovulation, and to select the fittest sperm for fertilization. The two main types of interactions are physical and molecular. Physical interactions include the swimming responses of sperm to the microarchitecture of walls, to fluid flows, and to fluid viscoelasticity. When sperm encounter walls, they have a strong tendency to remain swimming along them. Sperm will also orient their swimming into gentle fluid flows. The female tract seems to use these tendencies of sperm to guide them to the site of fertilization. When sperm hyperactivate, they are better able to penetrate highly viscoelastic media, such as the cumulus matrix surrounding eggs. Molecular interactions include communications of sperm surface molecules with receptors on the epithelial lining of the tract. There is evidence that specific sperm surface molecules are required to enable sperm to pass through the uterotubal junction into the oviduct. When sperm reach the oviduct, most bind to the oviductal epithelium. This interaction holds sperm in a storage reservoir until ovulation and serves to maintain the fertilization competence of stored sperm. When sperm are released from the reservoir, they detach from and re-attach to the epithelium repeatedly while ascending to the site of fertilization. We are only beginning to understand the communications that may pass between sperm and epithelium during these interactions."
Line 221:		Line 220:
	* '''zygote''' - The first diploid cell that forms following [[F#fertilization\|fertilization]] by fusion of haploid [[O#oocyte\|oocyte]] (egg or ovum) and [S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] (sperm), resulting in the combination of their separate genomes. This single cell will divide by mitosis to form all cells of the embryo, fetal membranes and the embryonic component of the placenta. The term conceptus is used to describe all these cells derived from the fertilization event forming the zygote.		* '''zygote''' - The first diploid cell that forms following [[F#fertilization\|fertilization]] by fusion of haploid [[O#oocyte\|oocyte]] (egg or ovum) and [S#spermatozoa\|spermatozoa]] (sperm), resulting in the combination of their separate genomes. This single cell will divide by mitosis to form all cells of the embryo, fetal membranes and the embryonic component of the placenta. The term conceptus is used to describe all these cells derived from the fertilization event forming the zygote.

			<br>
			==References==
			<references/>
			<br>

	{{BGDAFooter}}		{{BGDAFooter}}

Z8600021 at 04:04, 9 Mayıs 2017

2017-05-09T04:04:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:04, 9 Mayıs 2017
Line 162:		Line 162:
	==Additional Information==		==Additional Information==
	{{Med Prac additional Information}}		{{Med Prac additional Information}}
	[[File:~~Assisted_reproductive_technology_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand_2010~~.jpg\|thumb\|Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand ~~2010~~]]		[[File:Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand 2014.jpg\|thumb\|Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand 2014]]

	* [[Mouse Spermatozoa Mitochondria Movie]] - What happens to the spermatozoa mitochondria?		* [[Mouse Spermatozoa Mitochondria Movie]] - What happens to the spermatozoa mitochondria?

Z8600021 at 03:44, 9 Mayıs 2017

2017-05-09T03:44:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:44, 9 Mayıs 2017
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{~~Template:~~BGDALab3}}		{{BGDALab3}}

	==Introduction==		==Introduction==

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:19, 17 April 2018
Line 2:		Line 2:

	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	This page covers the process of mammalian fertilization. A complex interaction between the two haploid gametes (oocyte and spermatozoa) resulting in a single diploid cell (zygote). Following entry of the spermatazoa into the oocyte a series of changes occur within the oocyte and zona pellucida that block further fertilization by additional bound spermatozoa (polyspermy).		This page covers the process of mammalian {{fertilization}}. A complex interaction between the two haploid gametes ({{oocyte}} and {{spermatozoa}}) resulting in a single diploid cell ({{zygote}}). Following entry of the spermatazoa into the oocyte a series of changes occur within the oocyte and zona pellucida that block further fertilization by additional bound spermatozoa (polyspermy).


Line 198:		Line 198:

	:"The mammalian female reproductive tract interacts with sperm in various ways in order to facilitate sperm migration to the egg while impeding migrations of pathogens into the tract, to keep sperm alive during the time between mating and ovulation, and to select the fittest sperm for fertilization. The two main types of interactions are physical and molecular. Physical interactions include the swimming responses of sperm to the microarchitecture of walls, to fluid flows, and to fluid viscoelasticity. When sperm encounter walls, they have a strong tendency to remain swimming along them. Sperm will also orient their swimming into gentle fluid flows. The female tract seems to use these tendencies of sperm to guide them to the site of fertilization. When sperm hyperactivate, they are better able to penetrate highly viscoelastic media, such as the cumulus matrix surrounding eggs. Molecular interactions include communications of sperm surface molecules with receptors on the epithelial lining of the tract. There is evidence that specific sperm surface molecules are required to enable sperm to pass through the uterotubal junction into the oviduct. When sperm reach the oviduct, most bind to the oviductal epithelium. This interaction holds sperm in a storage reservoir until ovulation and serves to maintain the fertilization competence of stored sperm. When sperm are released from the reservoir, they detach from and re-attach to the epithelium repeatedly while ascending to the site of fertilization. We are only beginning to understand the communications that may pass between sperm and epithelium during these interactions."		:"The mammalian female reproductive tract interacts with sperm in various ways in order to facilitate sperm migration to the egg while impeding migrations of pathogens into the tract, to keep sperm alive during the time between mating and ovulation, and to select the fittest sperm for fertilization. The two main types of interactions are physical and molecular. Physical interactions include the swimming responses of sperm to the microarchitecture of walls, to fluid flows, and to fluid viscoelasticity. When sperm encounter walls, they have a strong tendency to remain swimming along them. Sperm will also orient their swimming into gentle fluid flows. The female tract seems to use these tendencies of sperm to guide them to the site of fertilization. When sperm hyperactivate, they are better able to penetrate highly viscoelastic media, such as the cumulus matrix surrounding eggs. Molecular interactions include communications of sperm surface molecules with receptors on the epithelial lining of the tract. There is evidence that specific sperm surface molecules are required to enable sperm to pass through the uterotubal junction into the oviduct. When sperm reach the oviduct, most bind to the oviductal epithelium. This interaction holds sperm in a storage reservoir until ovulation and serves to maintain the fertilization competence of stored sperm. When sperm are released from the reservoir, they detach from and re-attach to the epithelium repeatedly while ascending to the site of fertilization. We are only beginning to understand the communications that may pass between sperm and epithelium during these interactions."



	== Terms ==		== Terms ==
Line 203:		Line 205:
	* '''ampulla''' - longest segment (approximately 2/3 of overall length) of uterine tube (oviduct or Fallopian tube). Medial segment forming the remainder of the tube is called the isthmus.		* '''ampulla''' - longest segment (approximately 2/3 of overall length) of uterine tube (oviduct or Fallopian tube). Medial segment forming the remainder of the tube is called the isthmus.
	* '''antrum'''- (L. a cave), cavity; a nearly-closed cavity or bulge. In the ovary this refers to the follicular fluid-filled space within the follicle.		* '''antrum'''- (L. a cave), cavity; a nearly-closed cavity or bulge. In the ovary this refers to the follicular fluid-filled space within the follicle.
	* '''blastocyst '''- the developmental stage following morula, as this stage matures, the zona pellucia is lost allowing the coceptus to adplant and then implant into the uterine wall.		* '''{{blastocyst}}'''- the developmental stage following morula, as this stage matures, the zona pellucia is lost allowing the coceptus to adplant and then implant into the uterine wall.
	* '''capacitation''' - the process of activation of sperm, requires removal of surface glycoproteins and increased motility. The sperm now become capable of fertilizing an egg.		* '''capacitation''' - the process of activation of sperm, requires removal of surface glycoproteins and increased motility. The sperm now become capable of fertilizing an egg.
	* '''cavitates'''- to form a space within a solid object.		* '''cavitates'''- to form a space within a solid object.
Line 211:		Line 213:
	* '''follicular fluid'''- (or follicular fluid) the fluid found in the antrum of a secondary follicle. Secreted by cells in the wall of the follicle. This fluid is released along with the oocyte at ovulation.		* '''follicular fluid'''- (or follicular fluid) the fluid found in the antrum of a secondary follicle. Secreted by cells in the wall of the follicle. This fluid is released along with the oocyte at ovulation.
	* '''infundibulum'''- funnel-shaped initial segment of uterine tube (oviduct or Fallopian tube) opening into peritoneal cavity and connected to the ampulla. The peritoneal opening sitting over the ovary.		* '''infundibulum'''- funnel-shaped initial segment of uterine tube (oviduct or Fallopian tube) opening into peritoneal cavity and connected to the ampulla. The peritoneal opening sitting over the ovary.
	* '''morula''' -(L. morus = mulberry) early stage of development (12-15 cells) when conceptus is a solid ball of cells, further cell division forms the blasocyst.		* '''{{morula}}''' -(L. morus = mulberry) early stage of development (12-15 cells) when conceptus is a solid ball of cells, further cell division forms the blasocyst.
	* '''oocyte''' - (egg or ovum) female germ cell.		* '''{{oocyte}}''' - (egg or ovum) female germ cell.
	* '''ovulation'''- release of the oocyte from the mature follicle.		* '''ovulation'''- release of the oocyte from the mature follicle.
	* '''uterine tube'''- (also called oviduct or Fallopian tube) the laterally paired tubes that connect the ovary to the uterus. Is the site for oocyte fertilization and initial development of the conceptus.		* '''uterine tube'''- (also called oviduct or Fallopian tube) the laterally paired tubes that connect the ovary to the uterus. Is the site for oocyte fertilization and initial development of the conceptus.
	* '''uterine wall ''' - the site of normal blastocyst implantation.		* '''uterine wall ''' - the site of normal blastocyst implantation.
	* '''zona pellucida'''- glycoprotein shell that surrounds the oocyte through to blastula stage of development		* '''zona pellucida'''- glycoprotein shell that surrounds the oocyte through to blastula stage of development
	* '''uterus'''- site of embryo implantation and development. Uterine wall has 3 layers; endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium.		* '''{{uterus}}'''- site of embryo implantation and development. Uterine wall has 3 layers; endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium.
	* '''zona pellucida'''- extracellular layer lying directly around the oocyte underneath follicular cells. Consists of glcosaminoglycans and glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3).		* '''zona pellucida'''- extracellular layer lying directly around the oocyte underneath follicular cells. Consists of glcosaminoglycans and glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3).
	* '''ZP1, ZP2, ZP3''' - acronyms for the zona pellucida glycoproteins.		* '''ZP1, ZP2, ZP3''' - acronyms for the zona pellucida glycoproteins.
	* '''zygote''' - The first diploid cell that forms following ~~[[F#~~fertilization~~\|fertilization]]~~ by fusion of haploid ~~[[O#~~oocyte~~\|oocyte]]~~ (egg or ovum) and ~~[S#spermatozoa\|~~spermatozoa]] (sperm), resulting in the combination of their separate genomes. This single cell will divide by mitosis to form all cells of the embryo, fetal membranes and the embryonic component of the placenta. The term conceptus is used to describe all these cells derived from the fertilization event forming the zygote.		* '''{{zygote}}''' - The first diploid cell that forms following {{fertilization}} by fusion of haploid {{oocyte}} (egg or ovum) and {{spermatozoa}} (sperm), resulting in the combination of their separate genomes. This single cell will divide by mitosis to form all cells of the embryo, fetal membranes and the embryonic component of the placenta. The term conceptus is used to describe all these cells derived from the fertilization event forming the zygote.

	<br>		<br>