BGDA Practical 12 - Neonatal - Revision history

Z8600021 at 03:29, 27 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-27T03:29:29Z

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	'''Links:''' {{birth}} \| [[Postnatal Development]] \| {{puberty}}		'''Links:''' {{birth}} \| [[Postnatal Development]] \| {{puberty}}

			===Newborn Infant Skin===
			{{#pmid:25889127}}
			:"Infant skin is critical to the newborn child's transition from the womb environment to the journey to self-sufficiency. This review provides an integrative perspective on the skin development in full term and premature infants. There is a particular focus on the role of {{vernix caseosa}} and on the implications of skin development for epidermal penetration of exogenous compounds. Healthy full-term newborn skin is well-developed and functional at birth, with a thick epidermis and well-formed stratum corneum (SC) layers. Transepidermal water loss is very low at birth, equal to, or lower than adults, indicating a highly effective skin barrier. Vernix facilitates SC development in full-term infants through a variety of mechanisms including physical protection from amniotic fluid and enzymes, antimicrobial effects, skin surface pH lowering, provision of lipids, and hydration. Premature infants, particularly those of very low birth weight, have a poor skin barrier with few cornified layers and deficient dermal proteins. They are at increased risk for skin damage, increased permeability to exogenous agents and infection. The SC barrier develops rapidly after birth but complete maturation requires weeks to months."

	===Developmental Hip Dysplasia===		===Developmental Hip Dysplasia===

Z8600021 at 12:36, 26 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-26T12:36:26Z

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	:'''Links:''' [[Guthrie test]] \| [http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/genetichealth/ NSW Genetics Health]		:'''Links:''' [[Guthrie test]] \| [http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/genetichealth/ NSW Genetics Health]

			<br>
			{{BGDA Practical 12 - Neonatal Interactive}}
			<br>

	{{BGDALab12}}		{{BGDALab12}}

Z8600021 at 09:37, 27 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-27T09:37:32Z

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	\| [[File:Postnatal alveoli number.jpg\|400px]]		\| [[File:Postnatal alveoli number.jpg\|400px]]
	\| [[File:Neonatal rib orientation.jpg\|400px]]		\| [[File:Neonatal rib orientation.jpg\|400px]]
	\|}		\|-
			\|
			* Alveoli continue to be added postnatally.
	* Lungs at birth collapsed and fluid-filled - replaced with air by powerful inspiratory movement and absorption through the alveoli		* Lungs at birth collapsed and fluid-filled - replaced with air by powerful inspiratory movement and absorption through the alveoli
	* Lung epithelia has to rapidly change from its prenatal secretory function to that of fluid absorption.		* Lung epithelia has to rapidly change from its prenatal secretory function to that of fluid absorption.
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	** absorption requires sodium-potassium ATPase (Na-K-ATPase) together with apical sodium entry mechanisms (Epithelial Sodium Channels, ENaC)		** absorption requires sodium-potassium ATPase (Na-K-ATPase) together with apical sodium entry mechanisms (Epithelial Sodium Channels, ENaC)
	** Fetal thyroid hormone is thought to have a hormonal role in this developmental switch		** Fetal thyroid hormone is thought to have a hormonal role in this developmental switch
			\|
	* These changes and pressure also lead to the pulmonary sytem becoming activated and changes in the circulatory shunting that existed before birth.		* These changes and pressure also lead to the pulmonary sytem becoming activated and changes in the circulatory shunting that existed before birth.
	* During the late fetal period regular fetal breathing movements (FBM) also occur preparing both the skeletomuscular system and lungs mechanically for respiration.		* During the late fetal period regular fetal breathing movements (FBM) also occur preparing both the skeletomuscular system and lungs mechanically for respiration.
	* Respiratory Rate is higher than adult (30 breaths/minute).		* Respiratory Rate is higher than adult (30 breaths/minute).
	* Rib Orientation - Infant rib is virtually horizontal, allowing diaphragmatic breathing only. Adult rib orientation is oblique (both anterior and lateral views), allows for pump-handle and bucket handle types of inspiration.		* Rib Orientation - Infant rib is virtually horizontal, allowing diaphragmatic breathing only. Adult rib orientation is oblique (both anterior and lateral views), allows for pump-handle and bucket handle types of inspiration.
	* Alveoli continue to be added postnatally.


	'''Links:''' {{respiratory}}		'''Links:''' {{respiratory}}
			\|}
	===Cardiovascular===		===Cardiovascular===

Z8600021 at 09:35, 27 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-27T09:35:36Z

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	===Respiration===		===Respiration===
	{\|		{\|
			! Postnatal alveoli number
			! Neonatal rib orientation
			\|-
	\| [[File:Postnatal alveoli number.jpg\|400px]]		\| [[File:Postnatal alveoli number.jpg\|400px]]
	\| [[File:Neonatal rib orientation.jpg\|400px]]		\| [[File:Neonatal rib orientation.jpg\|400px]]
	\|-
	~~\| Postnatal alveoli number~~
	~~\| Neonatal rib orientation~~
	\|}		\|}
	* Lungs at birth collapsed and fluid-filled - replaced with air by powerful inspiratory movement and absorption through the alveoli		* Lungs at birth collapsed and fluid-filled - replaced with air by powerful inspiratory movement and absorption through the alveoli

Z8600021 at 09:34, 27 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-27T09:34:06Z

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	== Newborn Homoeostasis ==		== Newborn Homoeostasis ==
	{\|		{\|
	\| [[File:Brown_adipose_histology.jpg\|200px]]		\| width=205px\|[[File:Brown_adipose_histology.jpg\|200px]]

	Brown adipose tissue		Brown adipose tissue

Z8600021 at 09:33, 27 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-27T09:33:24Z

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	== Newborn Homoeostasis ==		== Newborn Homoeostasis ==
	[[File:Brown_adipose_histology.jpg\|~~thumb\|~~Brown adipose tissue]]		{\|
	Newborn has to establish new functioning systems in a balanced and regulated manner (homoeostasis).		\| [[File:Brown_adipose_histology.jpg\|200px]]

			Brown adipose tissue
			\| Newborn has to establish new functioning systems in a balanced and regulated manner (homoeostasis).

	* lung function		* lung function
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	'''Puerperium''' - The six weeks following [[P#parturition\|parturition]] (birth) when maternal reproductive organs and physiology return to pre-pregnant state.		'''Puerperium''' - The six weeks following [[P#parturition\|parturition]] (birth) when maternal reproductive organs and physiology return to pre-pregnant state.
			\|}

	===Respiration===		===Respiration===

Z8600021 at 09:32, 27 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-27T09:32:28Z

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	===Respiration===		===Respiration===
	[[File:Postnatal alveoli number.jpg\|~~thumb\|File:Postnatal alveoli number~~]]		{\|
			\| [[File:Postnatal alveoli number.jpg\|400px]]
	[[File:Neonatal rib orientation.jpg\|~~thumb~~\|Neonatal rib orientation]]		\| [[File:Neonatal rib orientation.jpg\|400px]]
			\|-
			\| Postnatal alveoli number
			\| Neonatal rib orientation
			\|}
	* Lungs at birth collapsed and fluid-filled - replaced with air by powerful inspiratory movement and absorption through the alveoli		* Lungs at birth collapsed and fluid-filled - replaced with air by powerful inspiratory movement and absorption through the alveoli
	* Lung epithelia has to rapidly change from its prenatal secretory function to that of fluid absorption.		* Lung epithelia has to rapidly change from its prenatal secretory function to that of fluid absorption.

Z8600021 at 09:31, 27 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-27T09:31:12Z

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	===Respiration===		===Respiration===
			[[File:Postnatal alveoli number.jpg\|thumb\|File:Postnatal alveoli number]]

	[[File:Neonatal rib orientation.jpg\|thumb\|Neonatal rib orientation]]		[[File:Neonatal rib orientation.jpg\|thumb\|Neonatal rib orientation]]
	* Lungs at birth collapsed and fluid-filled - replaced with air by powerful inspiratory movement and absorption through the alveoli		* Lungs at birth collapsed and fluid-filled - replaced with air by powerful inspiratory movement and absorption through the alveoli
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	* Respiratory Rate is higher than adult (30 breaths/minute).		* Respiratory Rate is higher than adult (30 breaths/minute).
	* Rib Orientation - Infant rib is virtually horizontal, allowing diaphragmatic breathing only. Adult rib orientation is oblique (both anterior and lateral views), allows for pump-handle and bucket handle types of inspiration.		* Rib Orientation - Infant rib is virtually horizontal, allowing diaphragmatic breathing only. Adult rib orientation is oblique (both anterior and lateral views), allows for pump-handle and bucket handle types of inspiration.
			* Alveoli continue to be added postnatally.

	~~'''Links:''' [[Respiratory System Development]]~~

			'''Links:''' {{respiratory}}
	===Cardiovascular===		===Cardiovascular===

Z8600021 at 04:36, 25 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-25T04:36:52Z

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	'''Links:''' {{developmental hip dysplasia}}		'''Links:''' {{developmental hip dysplasia}}

	===Neonatal Neural Exam===		===Neonatal Neural Exam===

			'''Babinski reflex''' - ([[Neural Exam - Newborn reflexes - plantar reflex\|'''plantar reflex''']]) The up going toes or “[[B#Babinski reflex\|Babinski reflex]]” normal reflex in the infant and may be present for the first year of life because at that developmental stage the incomplete myelination of the corticospinal tracts.

			<br>
	[[File:Newborn-normal-behaviour.jpg\|200px\|Link=Neural_Exam_Movies#Newborn]] [[File:Newborn_ab_01.jpg\|200px\|Link=Neural_Exam_Movies#Newborn_Abnormal]]		[[File:Newborn-normal-behaviour.jpg\|200px\|Link=Neural_Exam_Movies#Newborn]] [[File:Newborn_ab_01.jpg\|200px\|Link=Neural_Exam_Movies#Newborn_Abnormal]]

Z8600021 at 02:24, 25 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-25T02:24:43Z

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	* Selective screening and imaging for abnormal physical exams or teh above risk factors.		* Selective screening and imaging for abnormal physical exams or teh above risk factors.
	* Early (neonatal) treatment has been associated with optimal outcomes.		* Early (neonatal) treatment has been associated with optimal outcomes.

			'''Barlow test'''

			(Barlow maneuver) clinical physical newborn examination where the examiner adducts the hip (bringing the thigh towards the midline) while applying light pressure on the knee, directing the force posteriorly. A positive sign is the hip being dislocatable, if the hip can be popped out of socket with this test.

			'''Ortolani test'''

			(Ortolani maneuver) clinical physical newborn examination for posterior dislocation of the hip. Using the examiner's thumb, abduct the infant's leg, while using the examiner's index finger to place anterior pressure on the greater trochanter. A positive sign is a distinctive 'clunk' which can be heard and felt as the femoral head relocates anteriorly into the acetabulum, usually becomes negative after 2 months of age.


	'''Links:''' {{developmental hip dysplasia}}		'''Links:''' {{developmental hip dysplasia}}