Abnormal Development - Syphilis - Revision history

Z8600021 at 23:56, 5 February 2020

2020-02-05T23:56:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:56, 6 February 2020
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	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[Image:Treponema-pallidum.jpg\|thumb\|The spirochete bacteria ''treponema pallidum'', the cause of syphillis.]]		[[Image:Treponema-pallidum.jpg\|thumb\|The spirochete bacteria ''treponema pallidum'', the cause of syphillis.]]
	The variety of bacterial infections that can occur during pregnancy is as variable as the potential developmental effects, from virtually insignificant to major developmental, abortive or fatal in outcome. Some bacteria are common and are part of the normal genital tract flora (Lactobacillus sp), while other bacterial infections are less common or even rare and initially infect/transmit by air or fluids through the different epithelia (genital tract, lungs, gastrointestinal tract). The genitally transmitted common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are the bacterial infections described as syphilis and gonorrhoea.		The variety of bacterial infections that can occur during pregnancy is as variable as the potential developmental effects, from virtually insignificant to major developmental, abortive or fatal in outcome. Some bacteria are common and are part of the normal genital tract flora (Lactobacillus sp), while other bacterial infections are less common or even rare and initially infect/transmit by air or fluids through the different epithelia (genital tract, lungs, gastrointestinal tract). The genitally transmitted common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are the bacterial infections described as {{syphilis}} and gonorrhoea.


	In the USA before 1989, reported cases of congenital syphilis (CS) were defined and classified on the basis of a set of clinical and serologic features known as the "Kaufman criteria". In 1988, the CDC developed a new surveillance case definition "All infants born to mothers who have untreated or inadequately treated syphilis are considered potentially infected. (This criterion is based on the 70%-100% chance that during the first 4 years of infection, an untreated woman will transmit syphilis to her unborn baby)."<ref name="CDC-Congenital Syphilis">'''Congenital Syphilis Case Investigation and Reporting Form Instructions''' [http://www.cdc.gov/std/Program/ConSyphInstr11-2003.pdf PDF]</ref>		In the USA before 1989, reported cases of {{congenital syphilis}} (CS) were defined and classified on the basis of a set of clinical and serologic features known as the "Kaufman criteria". In 1988, the CDC developed a new surveillance case definition "All infants born to mothers who have untreated or inadequately treated syphilis are considered potentially infected. (This criterion is based on the 70%-100% chance that during the first 4 years of infection, an untreated woman will transmit syphilis to her unborn baby)."<ref name="CDC-Congenital Syphilis">'''Congenital Syphilis Case Investigation and Reporting Form Instructions''' [http://www.cdc.gov/std/Program/ConSyphInstr11-2003.pdf PDF]</ref>

Z8600021 at 18:53, 28 July 2019

2019-07-28T18:53:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:53, 29 July 2019
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	=== Articles ===		=== Articles ===
			{{#pmid:30507406}}

	{{#pmid:28821219}}		{{#pmid:28821219}}

Z8600021 at 18:47, 28 July 2019

2019-07-28T18:47:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:47, 29 July 2019
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			* '''Congenital Syphilis: A Discussion of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Management, and Nurses' Role in Early Identification and Treatment'''{{#pmid:30020089\|PMID30020089}} "Syphilis is caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. Syphilis left untreated, or inadequately treated during pregnancy, can result in congenital syphilis (CS). Congenital syphilis can lead to severe sequelae or fetal, neonatal, or infant death. PURPOSE: To discuss the epidemiological trends, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of CS; the implications of CS upon the infant; as well as the importance of the nurse's role in the prompt identification of CS and the timely interventions needed to minimize sequelae. METHODS: A literature search was completed using ProQuest, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and PubMed. Articles published within the past 10 years were included. FINDINGS: Epidemiological trends of CS in the United States indicate that maternal syphilis infection and CS are on the rise. Risk factors include ethnicity, socioeconomic status, access to prenatal care, and sexual behaviors, as well as compliance with prenatal syphilis screening by prenatal providers. Risks of CS to the developing fetus begin at approximately 14 weeks. Timely treatment is necessary to minimize or eliminate mortality and morbidity. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Evidence-based, interprofessional strategies, which promote a collaborative perinatal/neonatal preventative approach to care of the pregnant female, are indicated to reverse the increasing incidence of CS within the United States. Strategies prioritizing early identification and treatment of at-risk neonates are necessary to reduce/eliminate the devastating long-term consequences of CS upon this vulnerable population. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH: The paucity of research, which focuses on CS, is most likely due to ethical concerns related to infants as research participants and provides an opportunity for future research. Future research could focus on factors that focus on maternal-fetal/maternal-child transmission of CS."

	* '''Fetal and Placental Pathology in Congenital Syphilis: A Comprehensive Study in Perinatal Autopsy'''{{#pmid:30207805\|PMID30207805}} "At autopsy, without available serologic information, diagnosing congenital syphilis (CS) relies on identification of Treponema pallidum in tissues. Recognition of clues leading to detection of the organism is important. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Autopsy cases with CS were studied for fetal and placental abnormalities. RESULTS: Twenty-one cases were recruited: 12/21 with identifiable T. pallidum and 9/21 with positive serology and characteristics of CS. 20/21 (95%) demonstrated ≥1 fetal abnormalities. Chronic stress involution of thymus was most common. Hydrops and hepatosplenomegaly were found in >50%. Metaphyseal abnormalities and organ inflammation were found in <30%. Mucocutaneous lesions were lacking. Placental abnormalities were identified in 20/21 (95%). Placentomegaly was most common. Amniotic fluid infection (AFI) was noted in >50%. CONCLUSION: Common findings in CS at autopsy include chronic stress involution of thymus, hydrops, and hepatosplenomegaly. Mucocutaneous lesions are uncommon. Common placental findings in fetal deaths due to CS include placentomegaly and AFI."		* '''Fetal and Placental Pathology in Congenital Syphilis: A Comprehensive Study in Perinatal Autopsy'''{{#pmid:30207805\|PMID30207805}} "At autopsy, without available serologic information, diagnosing congenital syphilis (CS) relies on identification of Treponema pallidum in tissues. Recognition of clues leading to detection of the organism is important. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Autopsy cases with CS were studied for fetal and placental abnormalities. RESULTS: Twenty-one cases were recruited: 12/21 with identifiable T. pallidum and 9/21 with positive serology and characteristics of CS. 20/21 (95%) demonstrated ≥1 fetal abnormalities. Chronic stress involution of thymus was most common. Hydrops and hepatosplenomegaly were found in >50%. Metaphyseal abnormalities and organ inflammation were found in <30%. Mucocutaneous lesions were lacking. Placental abnormalities were identified in 20/21 (95%). Placentomegaly was most common. Amniotic fluid infection (AFI) was noted in >50%. CONCLUSION: Common findings in CS at autopsy include chronic stress involution of thymus, hydrops, and hepatosplenomegaly. Mucocutaneous lesions are uncommon. Common placental findings in fetal deaths due to CS include placentomegaly and AFI."

	* '''Progression of ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis after maternal treatment'''{{#pmid:24907700\|PMID24907700}} "The purpose of this study was to evaluate ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis and to describe their progression after maternal treatment. ...Sonographic signs of fetal syphilis confer a higher risk of congenital syphilis at delivery for all maternal stages. Hepatomegaly develops early and resolves last after antepartum treatment."		* '''Progression of ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis after maternal treatment'''{{#pmid:24907700\|PMID24907700}} "The purpose of this study was to evaluate ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis and to describe their progression after maternal treatment. ...Sonographic signs of fetal syphilis confer a higher risk of congenital syphilis at delivery for all maternal stages. Hepatomegaly develops early and resolves last after antepartum treatment."

	* '''Review - Strategies of testing for syphilis during pregnancy'''{{#pmid:25352226\|PMID25352226}} "Each year about two million pregnant women are infected with preventable syphilis infection, mostly in developing countries. Despite the expansion of antenatal syphilis screening programmes over the past few decades, syphilis continues to be a major public health concern in developing countries. Point-of-care syphilis testing may be a useful strategy to substantially prevent syphilis-associated perinatal mortality and other negative consequences in resource-poor settings. However, the evidence on effectiveness has been generated mostly from observational study designs or has been reported as a mixed-intervention effect."

	\|}		\|}
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	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Review - Strategies of testing for syphilis during pregnancy'''{{#pmid:25352226\|PMID25352226}} "Each year about two million pregnant women are infected with preventable syphilis infection, mostly in developing countries. Despite the expansion of antenatal syphilis screening programmes over the past few decades, syphilis continues to be a major public health concern in developing countries. Point-of-care syphilis testing may be a useful strategy to substantially prevent syphilis-associated perinatal mortality and other negative consequences in resource-poor settings. However, the evidence on effectiveness has been generated mostly from observational study designs or has been reported as a mixed-intervention effect."

	* '''Lives Saved Tool supplement detection and treatment of syphilis in pregnancy to reduce syphilis related stillbirths and neonatal mortality'''{{#pmid:21501460\|PMID21501460}} "This review sought to estimate the effect of detection and treatment of active syphilis in pregnancy with at least 2.4 MU benzathine penicillin (or equivalent) on syphilis-related stillbirths and neonatal mortality. ....Moderate quality evidence (3 studies) supports a reduction in the incidence of clinical congenital syphilis of 97% (95% c.i 93 – 98%) with detection and treatment of women with active syphilis in pregnancy with at least 2.4MU penicillin."		* '''Lives Saved Tool supplement detection and treatment of syphilis in pregnancy to reduce syphilis related stillbirths and neonatal mortality'''{{#pmid:21501460\|PMID21501460}} "This review sought to estimate the effect of detection and treatment of active syphilis in pregnancy with at least 2.4 MU benzathine penicillin (or equivalent) on syphilis-related stillbirths and neonatal mortality. ....Moderate quality evidence (3 studies) supports a reduction in the incidence of clinical congenital syphilis of 97% (95% c.i 93 – 98%) with detection and treatment of women with active syphilis in pregnancy with at least 2.4MU penicillin."

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	=== Reviews ===		=== Reviews ===
			{{#pmid:27956203}}

			{{#pmid:25352226}}

	{{#pmid:15356936}}		{{#pmid:15356936}}

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	=== Articles ===		=== Articles ===
			{{#pmid:28821219}}

	{{#pmid:16458647}}		{{#pmid:16458647}}

Z8600021 at 18:42, 28 July 2019

2019-07-28T18:42:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:42, 29 July 2019
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	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
			* '''Fetal and Placental Pathology in Congenital Syphilis: A Comprehensive Study in Perinatal Autopsy'''{{#pmid:30207805\|PMID30207805}} "At autopsy, without available serologic information, diagnosing congenital syphilis (CS) relies on identification of Treponema pallidum in tissues. Recognition of clues leading to detection of the organism is important. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Autopsy cases with CS were studied for fetal and placental abnormalities. RESULTS: Twenty-one cases were recruited: 12/21 with identifiable T. pallidum and 9/21 with positive serology and characteristics of CS. 20/21 (95%) demonstrated ≥1 fetal abnormalities. Chronic stress involution of thymus was most common. Hydrops and hepatosplenomegaly were found in >50%. Metaphyseal abnormalities and organ inflammation were found in <30%. Mucocutaneous lesions were lacking. Placental abnormalities were identified in 20/21 (95%). Placentomegaly was most common. Amniotic fluid infection (AFI) was noted in >50%. CONCLUSION: Common findings in CS at autopsy include chronic stress involution of thymus, hydrops, and hepatosplenomegaly. Mucocutaneous lesions are uncommon. Common placental findings in fetal deaths due to CS include placentomegaly and AFI."

	* '''Progression of ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis after maternal treatment'''{{#pmid:24907700\|PMID24907700}} "The purpose of this study was to evaluate ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis and to describe their progression after maternal treatment. ...Sonographic signs of fetal syphilis confer a higher risk of congenital syphilis at delivery for all maternal stages. Hepatomegaly develops early and resolves last after antepartum treatment."		* '''Progression of ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis after maternal treatment'''{{#pmid:24907700\|PMID24907700}} "The purpose of this study was to evaluate ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis and to describe their progression after maternal treatment. ...Sonographic signs of fetal syphilis confer a higher risk of congenital syphilis at delivery for all maternal stages. Hepatomegaly develops early and resolves last after antepartum treatment."

Z8600021 at 18:40, 28 July 2019

2019-07-28T18:40:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:40, 29 July 2019
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	* '''Review - Strategies of testing for syphilis during pregnancy'''{{#pmid:25352226\|PMID25352226}} "Each year about two million pregnant women are infected with preventable syphilis infection, mostly in developing countries. Despite the expansion of antenatal syphilis screening programmes over the past few decades, syphilis continues to be a major public health concern in developing countries. Point-of-care syphilis testing may be a useful strategy to substantially prevent syphilis-associated perinatal mortality and other negative consequences in resource-poor settings. However, the evidence on effectiveness has been generated mostly from observational study designs or has been reported as a mixed-intervention effect."		* '''Review - Strategies of testing for syphilis during pregnancy'''{{#pmid:25352226\|PMID25352226}} "Each year about two million pregnant women are infected with preventable syphilis infection, mostly in developing countries. Despite the expansion of antenatal syphilis screening programmes over the past few decades, syphilis continues to be a major public health concern in developing countries. Point-of-care syphilis testing may be a useful strategy to substantially prevent syphilis-associated perinatal mortality and other negative consequences in resource-poor settings. However, the evidence on effectiveness has been generated mostly from observational study designs or has been reported as a mixed-intervention effect."

	* '''Lives Saved Tool supplement detection and treatment of syphilis in pregnancy to reduce syphilis related stillbirths and neonatal mortality'''{{#pmid:21501460\|PMID21501460}} "This review sought to estimate the effect of detection and treatment of active syphilis in pregnancy with at least 2.4 MU benzathine penicillin (or equivalent) on syphilis-related stillbirths and neonatal mortality. ....Moderate quality evidence (3 studies) supports a reduction in the incidence of clinical congenital syphilis of 97% (95% c.i 93 – 98%) with detection and treatment of women with active syphilis in pregnancy with at least 2.4MU penicillin."

	* '''Maternal and congenital syphilis in Shanghai, China, 2002 to 2006.'''{{#pmid:20137991\|PMID20137991}} "A total of 535,537 pregnant women were included in the analysis. During this period of time, 1471 maternal syphilis cases (298.7 per 100 000 live births) and 334 congenital syphilis cases (62.4 per 100,000 live births) were identified. Both maternal and congenital syphilis rates increased from 2002 until 2005, with a slight decrease in 2006. The rate of maternal syphilis was 156.2 per 100,000 live births in Shanghai residents and 371.7 per 100,000 live births in the migrating population (p<0.001). The compliance to treatment for maternal syphilis was poorer in women with a lower level of education. The rate of congenital syphilis in infants born to mothers with incomplete treatment (50.8%) was much higher than in infants born to mothers with complete treatment (12.5%). Rates of fetal death, neonatal death, and major birth defects were 30.4%, 11.0%, and 3.8%, respectively, in the incomplete treatment group; the corresponding figures were 5.5%, 0.56%, and 0.46%, respectively, in the complete treatment group. Infant outcome was also affected by initial maternal RPR antibody level and time of treatment, with much better outcomes in mothers with low antibody levels and earlier treatment. There has been a resurgence of congenital syphilis in Shanghai, China, especially in the migrating population and other populations with a lower socioeconomic status." (More? [[China Statistics]])
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Abnormal+Development+Syphilis ''Abnormal Development Syphilis'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Abnormal+Development+Syphilis ''Abnormal Development Syphilis''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Congenital+Syphilis ''Congenital Syphilis'']

	<~~pubmed limit=~~5~~>Abnormal Development Syphilis</pubmed>~~		\|}
			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! Older papers
			\|-
			\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Lives Saved Tool supplement detection and treatment of syphilis in pregnancy to reduce syphilis related stillbirths and neonatal mortality'''{{#pmid:21501460\|PMID21501460}} "This review sought to estimate the effect of detection and treatment of active syphilis in pregnancy with at least 2.4 MU benzathine penicillin (or equivalent) on syphilis-related stillbirths and neonatal mortality. ....Moderate quality evidence (3 studies) supports a reduction in the incidence of clinical congenital syphilis of 97% (95% c.i 93 – 98%) with detection and treatment of women with active syphilis in pregnancy with at least 2.4MU penicillin."

			* '''Maternal and congenital syphilis in Shanghai, China, 2002 to 2006.'''{{#pmid:20137991\|PMID20137991}} "A total of 535,537 pregnant women were included in the analysis. During this period of time, 1471 maternal syphilis cases (298.7 per 100 000 live births) and 334 congenital syphilis cases (62.4 per 100,000 live births) were identified. Both maternal and congenital syphilis rates increased from 2002 until 2005, with a slight decrease in 2006. The rate of maternal syphilis was 156.2 per 100,000 live births in Shanghai residents and 371.7 per 100,000 live births in the migrating population (p<0.001). The compliance to treatment for maternal syphilis was poorer in women with a lower level of education. The rate of congenital syphilis in infants born to mothers with incomplete treatment (50.8%) was much higher than in infants born to mothers with complete treatment (12.5%). Rates of fetal death, neonatal death, and major birth defects were 30.4%, 11.0%, and 3.8%, respectively, in the incomplete treatment group; the corresponding figures were 5.5%, 0.56%, and 0.46%, respectively, in the complete treatment group. Infant outcome was also affected by initial maternal RPR antibody level and time of treatment, with much better outcomes in mothers with low antibody levels and earlier treatment. There has been a resurgence of congenital syphilis in Shanghai, China, especially in the migrating population and other populations with a lower socioeconomic status." (More? [[China Statistics]])
	\|}		\|}
	==Treponema Pallidum==		==Treponema Pallidum==

Z8600021 at 01:49, 18 July 2018

2018-07-18T01:49:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:49, 18 July 2018
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	{{Australia syphilis 2004-7 table}}		{{Australia syphilis 2004-7 table}}

	~~===Number of notifications of syphilis and congenital syphilis in Australia (2004 – 2007)===~~
	{\|
	~~\|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"~~
	~~\| width="100px"\| Year~~
	~~\| colspan="3"\|'''Syphilis'''~~
	~~\| colspan="4"\|'''Congenital syphilis'''~~
	\|-
	\|
	~~\| width="100px"\|Male~~
	~~\| width="100px"\|Female~~
	~~\| width="100px"\|Total~~
	~~\| width="100px"\|Male~~
	~~\| width="100px"\|Female~~
	~~\| width="100px"\|Unknown~~
	~~\| width="100px"\|Total~~
	\|-
	~~\| 2007~~
	~~\| 1231~~
	~~\| 150~~
	~~\| 1381~~
	~~\| 5~~
	~~\| 2~~
	~~\| 1~~
	~~\| 8~~
	~~\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"~~
	~~\| 2006~~
	~~\| 689~~
	~~\| 182~~
	~~\| 871~~
	~~\| 6~~
	~~\| 7~~
	~~\| -~~
	~~\| 13~~
	\|-
	~~\| 2005~~
	~~\| -~~
	~~\| -~~
	~~\| 653~~
	~~\| 8~~
	~~\| 6~~
	~~\| 1~~
	~~\| 15~~
	~~\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"~~
	~~\| 2004~~
	~~\| -~~
	~~\| -~~
	~~\| 636~~
	~~\| 11~~
	~~\| 2~~
	~~\| -~~
	~~\| 13~~
	\|}

	== Gram Stain ==		== Gram Stain ==

Z8600021 at 01:44, 18 July 2018

2018-07-18T01:44:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:44, 18 July 2018
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	The following data is based upon a table from a recent article by Jones and Jones (2010),<ref><pubmed>20618256</pubmed></ref> reminding physicians to be aware of maternal and congenital syphilis.		The following data is based upon a table from a recent article by Jones and Jones (2010),<ref><pubmed>20618256</pubmed></ref> reminding physicians to be aware of maternal and congenital syphilis.

			{{Australia syphilis 2004-7 table}}

	===Number of notifications of syphilis and congenital syphilis in Australia (2004 – 2007)===		===Number of notifications of syphilis and congenital syphilis in Australia (2004 – 2007)===

Z8600021 at 01:42, 18 July 2018

2018-07-18T01:42:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:42, 18 July 2018
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	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
	* '''Progression of ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis after maternal treatment'''~~<ref name=~~PMID24907700~~><pubmed>24907700</pubmed></ref>~~ "The purpose of this study was to evaluate ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis and to describe their progression after maternal treatment. ...Sonographic signs of fetal syphilis confer a higher risk of congenital syphilis at delivery for all maternal stages. Hepatomegaly develops early and resolves last after antepartum treatment."		* '''Progression of ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis after maternal treatment'''{{#pmid:24907700\|PMID24907700}} "The purpose of this study was to evaluate ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis and to describe their progression after maternal treatment. ...Sonographic signs of fetal syphilis confer a higher risk of congenital syphilis at delivery for all maternal stages. Hepatomegaly develops early and resolves last after antepartum treatment."
	* '''Review - Strategies of testing for syphilis during pregnancy'''~~<ref name=~~PMID25352226~~><pubmed>25352226</pubmed></ref>~~ "Each year about two million pregnant women are infected with preventable syphilis infection, mostly in developing countries. Despite the expansion of antenatal syphilis screening programmes over the past few decades, syphilis continues to be a major public health concern in developing countries. Point-of-care syphilis testing may be a useful strategy to substantially prevent syphilis-associated perinatal mortality and other negative consequences in resource-poor settings. However, the evidence on effectiveness has been generated mostly from observational study designs or has been reported as a mixed-intervention effect."
	* '''Lives Saved Tool supplement detection and treatment of syphilis in pregnancy to reduce syphilis related stillbirths and neonatal mortality'''~~<ref><pubmed>~~21501460~~</pubmed></ref>~~ "This review sought to estimate the effect of detection and treatment of active syphilis in pregnancy with at least 2.4 MU benzathine penicillin (or equivalent) on syphilis-related stillbirths and neonatal mortality. ....Moderate quality evidence (3 studies) supports a reduction in the incidence of clinical congenital syphilis of 97% (95% c.i 93 – 98%) with detection and treatment of women with active syphilis in pregnancy with at least 2.4MU penicillin."		* '''Review - Strategies of testing for syphilis during pregnancy'''{{#pmid:25352226\|PMID25352226}} "Each year about two million pregnant women are infected with preventable syphilis infection, mostly in developing countries. Despite the expansion of antenatal syphilis screening programmes over the past few decades, syphilis continues to be a major public health concern in developing countries. Point-of-care syphilis testing may be a useful strategy to substantially prevent syphilis-associated perinatal mortality and other negative consequences in resource-poor settings. However, the evidence on effectiveness has been generated mostly from observational study designs or has been reported as a mixed-intervention effect."
	* '''Maternal and congenital syphilis in Shanghai, China, 2002 to 2006.'''~~<ref><pubmed>~~20137991~~</pubmed></ref>~~ "A total of 535,537 pregnant women were included in the analysis. During this period of time, 1471 maternal syphilis cases (298.7 per 100 000 live births) and 334 congenital syphilis cases (62.4 per 100,000 live births) were identified. Both maternal and congenital syphilis rates increased from 2002 until 2005, with a slight decrease in 2006. The rate of maternal syphilis was 156.2 per 100,000 live births in Shanghai residents and 371.7 per 100,000 live births in the migrating population (p<0.001). The compliance to treatment for maternal syphilis was poorer in women with a lower level of education. The rate of congenital syphilis in infants born to mothers with incomplete treatment (50.8%) was much higher than in infants born to mothers with complete treatment (12.5%). Rates of fetal death, neonatal death, and major birth defects were 30.4%, 11.0%, and 3.8%, respectively, in the incomplete treatment group; the corresponding figures were 5.5%, 0.56%, and 0.46%, respectively, in the complete treatment group. Infant outcome was also affected by initial maternal RPR antibody level and time of treatment, with much better outcomes in mothers with low antibody levels and earlier treatment. There has been a resurgence of congenital syphilis in Shanghai, China, especially in the migrating population and other populations with a lower socioeconomic status." (More? [[China Statistics]])
			* '''Lives Saved Tool supplement detection and treatment of syphilis in pregnancy to reduce syphilis related stillbirths and neonatal mortality'''{{#pmid:21501460\|PMID21501460}} "This review sought to estimate the effect of detection and treatment of active syphilis in pregnancy with at least 2.4 MU benzathine penicillin (or equivalent) on syphilis-related stillbirths and neonatal mortality. ....Moderate quality evidence (3 studies) supports a reduction in the incidence of clinical congenital syphilis of 97% (95% c.i 93 – 98%) with detection and treatment of women with active syphilis in pregnancy with at least 2.4MU penicillin."

			* '''Maternal and congenital syphilis in Shanghai, China, 2002 to 2006.'''{{#pmid:20137991\|PMID20137991}} "A total of 535,537 pregnant women were included in the analysis. During this period of time, 1471 maternal syphilis cases (298.7 per 100 000 live births) and 334 congenital syphilis cases (62.4 per 100,000 live births) were identified. Both maternal and congenital syphilis rates increased from 2002 until 2005, with a slight decrease in 2006. The rate of maternal syphilis was 156.2 per 100,000 live births in Shanghai residents and 371.7 per 100,000 live births in the migrating population (p<0.001). The compliance to treatment for maternal syphilis was poorer in women with a lower level of education. The rate of congenital syphilis in infants born to mothers with incomplete treatment (50.8%) was much higher than in infants born to mothers with complete treatment (12.5%). Rates of fetal death, neonatal death, and major birth defects were 30.4%, 11.0%, and 3.8%, respectively, in the incomplete treatment group; the corresponding figures were 5.5%, 0.56%, and 0.46%, respectively, in the complete treatment group. Infant outcome was also affected by initial maternal RPR antibody level and time of treatment, with much better outcomes in mothers with low antibody levels and earlier treatment. There has been a resurgence of congenital syphilis in Shanghai, China, especially in the migrating population and other populations with a lower socioeconomic status." (More? [[China Statistics]])
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! More recent papers		! More recent papers
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}
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	=== Reviews ===		=== Reviews ===
			{{#pmid:15356936}}
	~~<pubmed>15356936</pubmed>~~
	~~<pubmed>~~12844452~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:12844452}}
	~~<pubmed>~~10816189~~</pubmed>~~
	~~<pubmed>~~6293753~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:10816189}}

			{{#pmid:6293753}}

	=== Articles ===		=== Articles ===
			{{#pmid:16458647}}

	~~<pubmed>16458647</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:10456962}}
	~~<pubmed>~~10456962~~</pubmed>~~

	===Search Pubmed===		===Search Pubmed===
	'''Search NCBI Bookshelf:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=TOCView&term=Syphilis+AND+mmed%5Bbook%5D Medical Microbiology - Syphilis Search]		'''Search NCBI Bookshelf:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=TOCView&term=Syphilis+AND+mmed%5Bbook%5D Medical Microbiology - Syphilis Search]
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	* '''Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (UK)''' [http://www.rcog.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=307 Infection and Pregnancy - study group recommendations (Jun 2001)]		* '''Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (UK)''' [http://www.rcog.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=307 Infection and Pregnancy - study group recommendations (Jun 2001)]

	{{~~Template:~~Glossary}}		{{Glossary}}
	{{~~Template:~~Footer}}
			{{Footer}}

	[[Category:Abnormal Development]] [[Category:Bacteria]] [[Category:Environmental Abnormalities]]		[[Category:Abnormal Development]] [[Category:Bacteria]] [[Category:Environmental Abnormalities]]

Z8600021 at 01:49, 15 Mayıs 2015

2015-05-15T01:49:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:49, 15 Mayıs 2015
Line 93:		Line 93:
	* frontal bossing		* frontal bossing
	* mulberry molars		* mulberry molars
	* Hutchinson’s teeth		* [[H#Hutchinson.27s_teeth\|Hutchinson’s teeth]]
	* saddle nose		* saddle nose
	* rhagades		* rhagades

Z8600021 at 01:41, 15 Mayıs 2015

2015-05-15T01:41:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:41, 15 Mayıs 2015
Line 96:		Line 96:
	* saddle nose		* saddle nose
	* rhagades		* rhagades
	* Clutton’s joints.		* [[C#Clutton.27s_joints\|Clutton’s joints]]
	\|}		\|}

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:49, 18 July 2018
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	{{Australia syphilis 2004-7 table}}		{{Australia syphilis 2004-7 table}}

	~~===Number of notifications of syphilis and congenital syphilis in Australia (2004 – 2007)===~~
	{\|
	~~\|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"~~
	~~\| width="100px"\| Year~~
	~~\| colspan="3"\|'''Syphilis'''~~
	~~\| colspan="4"\|'''Congenital syphilis'''~~
	\|-
	\|
	~~\| width="100px"\|Male~~
	~~\| width="100px"\|Female~~
	~~\| width="100px"\|Total~~
	~~\| width="100px"\|Male~~
	~~\| width="100px"\|Female~~
	~~\| width="100px"\|Unknown~~
	~~\| width="100px"\|Total~~
	\|-
	~~\| 2007~~
	~~\| 1231~~
	~~\| 150~~
	~~\| 1381~~
	~~\| 5~~
	~~\| 2~~
	~~\| 1~~
	~~\| 8~~
	~~\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"~~
	~~\| 2006~~
	~~\| 689~~
	~~\| 182~~
	~~\| 871~~
	~~\| 6~~
	~~\| 7~~
	~~\| -~~
	~~\| 13~~
	\|-
	~~\| 2005~~
	~~\| -~~
	~~\| -~~
	~~\| 653~~
	~~\| 8~~
	~~\| 6~~
	~~\| 1~~
	~~\| 15~~
	~~\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"~~
	~~\| 2004~~
	~~\| -~~
	~~\| -~~
	~~\| 636~~
	~~\| 11~~
	~~\| 2~~
	~~\| -~~
	~~\| 13~~
	\|}

	== Gram Stain ==		== Gram Stain ==