Abnormal Development - Rubella Virus - Revision history

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	'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Rubella%20Virus Rubella Virus] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Congenital%20Rubella%20Syndrome Congenital Rubella Syndrome] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Congenital%20Rubella%20Infection Congenital Rubella Infection]		'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Rubella%20Virus Rubella Virus] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Congenital%20Rubella%20Syndrome Congenital Rubella Syndrome] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Congenital%20Rubella%20Infection Congenital Rubella Infection]


			===Historic===

			{{Ref-Pirrie1947}}

	{{Environmental}}		{{Environmental}}

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	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
			{{#pmid:31455418}}

	{{#pmid:16580940}}		{{#pmid:16580940}}

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	===Articles===		===Articles===
			{{#pmid:30995883}}

	{{#pmid:21108356}}		{{#pmid:21108356}}

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	{{#pmid:16998777}}		{{#pmid:16998777}}

			{{#pmid:20997667}}
	===Search Pubmed===		===Search Pubmed===

Z8600021 at 04:19, 11 April 2019

2019-04-11T04:19:41Z

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	{{Header}}		{{Header}}
	{{Educational Warning}}		{{Educational Warning}}
			{{ICD-11 Rubella table}}
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Measles_child_back_rash_day_3.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Child with Measles back rash day 3\|Child with Measles back rash day 3 (CDC)]]		[[File:Measles_child_back_rash_day_3.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Child with Measles back rash day 3\|Child with Measles back rash day 3 (CDC)]]

Z8600021 at 23:37, 6 Ocak 2019

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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Abnormal+Development+Rubella+Virus ''Abnormal Development Rubella Virus'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Abnormal+Development+Rubella+Virus ''Abnormal Development Rubella Virus'']
			\| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Congenital+Rubella+Syndrome ''Congenital Rubella Syndrome'']

	~~<pubmed limit=5>Abnormal Development Rubella Virus</pubmed>~~

	~~Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Congenital+Rubella+Syndrome ''Congenital Rubella Syndrome'']~~

	~~<pubmed limit=5>Congenital Rubella Syndrome</pubmed>~~
	\|}		\|}
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	! Older papers		! Older papers
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	\|		\| {{Older papers}}
	* '''Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome control and elimination - global progress, 2000-2012'''{{#pmid:24304830\|PMID24304830}} "Rubella virus usually causes a mild fever and rash in children and adults. However, infection during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, or infants with congenital malformations, known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). In 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) updated guidance on the preferred strategy for introduction of rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) into national routine immunization schedules with an initial wide-age-range vaccination campaign that includes children aged 9 months-15 years. WHO also urged all member states to take the opportunity offered by accelerated measles control and elimination activities as a platform to introduce RCVs. The Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan (2012-2020) published by the Measles Rubella Initiative partners in 2012 and the Global Vaccine Action Plan endorsed by the World Health Assembly in 2012 include milestones to eliminate rubella and CRS in two WHO regions by 2015, and eliminate rubella in five WHO regions by 2020. This report summarizes the global progress of rubella and CRS control and elimination during 2000-2012. As of December 2012, a total of 132 (68%) WHO member states had introduced RCV, a 33% increase from 99 member states in 2000. A total of 94,030 rubella cases were reported to WHO in 2012 from 174 member states, an 86% decrease from the 670,894 cases reported in 2000 from 102 member states."		* '''Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome control and elimination - global progress, 2000-2012'''{{#pmid:24304830\|PMID24304830}} "Rubella virus usually causes a mild fever and rash in children and adults. However, infection during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, or infants with congenital malformations, known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). In 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) updated guidance on the preferred strategy for introduction of rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) into national routine immunization schedules with an initial wide-age-range vaccination campaign that includes children aged 9 months-15 years. WHO also urged all member states to take the opportunity offered by accelerated measles control and elimination activities as a platform to introduce RCVs. The Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan (2012-2020) published by the Measles Rubella Initiative partners in 2012 and the Global Vaccine Action Plan endorsed by the World Health Assembly in 2012 include milestones to eliminate rubella and CRS in two WHO regions by 2015, and eliminate rubella in five WHO regions by 2020. This report summarizes the global progress of rubella and CRS control and elimination during 2000-2012. As of December 2012, a total of 132 (68%) WHO member states had introduced RCV, a 33% increase from 99 member states in 2000. A total of 94,030 rubella cases were reported to WHO in 2012 from 174 member states, an 86% decrease from the 670,894 cases reported in 2000 from 102 member states."

	* '''Results of the rubella elimination program in Catalonia (Spain), 2002-2011'''{{#pmid:23299566\|PMID23299566}} "Rubella is usually a mild disease with nonspecific symptoms, but can cause congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) when infection occurs during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and positive predictive value of different data sources used for surveillance purposes in the Rubella Elimination Program of Catalonia between 2002 and 2011. The Urgent Notification to the Statutory Disease Reporting System, the Individualized Disease Reporting System, screening for other viruses included in the Measles Elimination Program, the Microbiological Reporting System and the Minimum Hospital Discharge Data were evaluated. 100 suspected cases of postnatal rubella and 6 suspected cases of CRS were detected. ... Most confirmed postnatal cases (25 cases, 48.1%) were in the 25-44 y age group followed by the 15-24 y age group (11 cases, 21.2%)."		* '''Results of the rubella elimination program in Catalonia (Spain), 2002-2011'''{{#pmid:23299566\|PMID23299566}} "Rubella is usually a mild disease with nonspecific symptoms, but can cause congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) when infection occurs during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and positive predictive value of different data sources used for surveillance purposes in the Rubella Elimination Program of Catalonia between 2002 and 2011. The Urgent Notification to the Statutory Disease Reporting System, the Individualized Disease Reporting System, screening for other viruses included in the Measles Elimination Program, the Microbiological Reporting System and the Minimum Hospital Discharge Data were evaluated. 100 suspected cases of postnatal rubella and 6 suspected cases of CRS were detected. ... Most confirmed postnatal cases (25 cases, 48.1%) were in the 25-44 y age group followed by the 15-24 y age group (11 cases, 21.2%)."

	* '''Controlling rubella and preventing congenital rubella syndrome – global progress, 2009''' ~~<ref>No authors listed''' Controlling rubella and preventing congenital rubella syndrome – global progress, 2009''' Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2010 Oct 15;85(42)~~:~~413-8. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/~~20949700 PMID20949700~~] \| [http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8542.pdf PDF]</ref>~~ "In 2009, a total of 121,344 rubella cases were reported to WHO from 167 countries, a 82% decrease from 2000"		* '''Controlling rubella and preventing congenital rubella syndrome – global progress, 2009''' {{#pmid:20949700\|PMID20949700}} "In 2009, a total of 121,344 rubella cases were reported to WHO from 167 countries, a 82% decrease from 2000"

	* '''An update on cardiovascular malformations in congenital rubella syndrome (CRS)'''{{#pmid:19697432\|PMID19697432}} "We searched the English literature from 1941 through 2008 to identify studies that used cardiac catheterization or echocardiography to evaluate the cardiovascular malformations in CRS. Although published studies of CVMs in CRS have in general reported patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) as the CVM phenotype most commonly associated with CRS, among CRS cases evaluated by catheterization, branch pulmonary artery stenosis was actually more common than PDA. Moreover, although the combination of branch pulmonary artery stenosis and PDA was more common than either branch pulmonary artery stenosis or PDA alone, isolated branch pulmonary artery stenosis was twice as common as isolated PDA. ...Among children with suspected CRS, clinical evaluations for the presence of cardiovascular malformations should include examinations for both branch pulmonary artery stenosis and PDA."		* '''An update on cardiovascular malformations in congenital rubella syndrome (CRS)'''{{#pmid:19697432\|PMID19697432}} "We searched the English literature from 1941 through 2008 to identify studies that used cardiac catheterization or echocardiography to evaluate the cardiovascular malformations in CRS. Although published studies of CVMs in CRS have in general reported patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) as the CVM phenotype most commonly associated with CRS, among CRS cases evaluated by catheterization, branch pulmonary artery stenosis was actually more common than PDA. Moreover, although the combination of branch pulmonary artery stenosis and PDA was more common than either branch pulmonary artery stenosis or PDA alone, isolated branch pulmonary artery stenosis was twice as common as isolated PDA. ...Among children with suspected CRS, clinical evaluations for the presence of cardiovascular malformations should include examinations for both branch pulmonary artery stenosis and PDA."
	\|}		\|}

	==Virus Structure==		==Virus Structure==
	[[File:Measles genotype B3 dendrogram.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Identical genotype B3 sequences from measles patients in 4 countries\|Identical genotype B3 sequences from measles patients in 4 countries, 2005.{{#pmid:17283637\|PMID17283637}}]]		[[File:Measles genotype B3 dendrogram.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Identical genotype B3 sequences from measles patients in 4 countries\|Identical genotype B3 sequences from measles patients in 4 countries, 2005.{{#pmid:17283637\|PMID17283637}}]]
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	'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Rubella%20Virus Rubella Virus] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Congenital%20Rubella%20Syndrome Congenital Rubella Syndrome] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Congenital%20Rubella%20Infection Congenital Rubella Infection]		'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Rubella%20Virus Rubella Virus] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Congenital%20Rubella%20Syndrome Congenital Rubella Syndrome] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Congenital%20Rubella%20Infection Congenital Rubella Infection]


	~~----~~

	{{Environmental}}		{{Environmental}}

Z8600021 at 01:26, 5 April 2018

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	From January 1 to January 28, 2015, 84 people from 14 states were reported to have measles. Most of these cases are part of a large, ongoing outbreak linked to an amusement park in California. On January 23, 2015, CDC issued a Health Advisory to notify public health departments and healthcare facilities about this multi-state outbreak and to provide guidance for healthcare providers nationwide. For more information see CDC Press Briefing Transcript: [http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2015/t0129-measles-in-us.html Measles in the United States, 2015, January 29, 2015].		From January 1 to January 28, 2015, 84 people from 14 states were reported to have measles. Most of these cases are part of a large, ongoing outbreak linked to an amusement park in California. On January 23, 2015, CDC issued a Health Advisory to notify public health departments and healthcare facilities about this multi-state outbreak and to provide guidance for healthcare providers nationwide. For more information see CDC Press Briefing Transcript: [http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2015/t0129-measles-in-us.html Measles in the United States, 2015, January 29, 2015].

	==Congenital Rubella Syndrome ~~Abnormalities~~==		==Congenital Rubella Syndrome==
	The following are some examples of abnormalities associated with Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS).		The following are some examples of developmental abnormalities associated with Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS).

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	{{Educational ~~Disclaimer~~}}		{{Educational Warning}}
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	\| Additional Information		\| Additional Information

	Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is a group of anomalies that an infant may present as a result of maternal infection and subsequent foetal infection with rubella virus. In France, the prevalence at birth of CRS has decreased markedly to less than 1 case per 100,000 live births in 2002. The main defects caused by congenital rubella infection are sensorineural deafness (alteration of brainstem auditory evoked potentials) that may progress after birth, eye defects (such as cataract), cardiovascular defects, brain damage (occurring only after infection between the 3rd and 16th week of gestation) that may cause mild to severe intellectual deficit, microcephaly and spastic diplegia, and prematurity and low birth weight. Major structural malformations are rare. The prenatal diagnosis of foetal infection must be done in case of contact of the pregnant woman with an infected patient, with or without eruptive disease. If the woman was not vaccinated recently, a primary rubella infection is certain in case of: ~~(1)~~ increased blood levels of IgG or seroconversion with IgM above the positivity threshold; ~~(2)~~ low avidity of IgG; ~~(3)~~ identification of IgM in foetal blood (foetal blood sampling can only be performed after 22 weeks of gestation); ~~(4)~~ identification by gene amplification of the viral genome in the amniotic fluid; ~~(5)~~ presence of specific IgM in the blood of the newborn or in any other sample from the foetus/newborn. In case of positive prenatal diagnosis of primary infection, the full congenital rubella syndrome is common when maternal infection occurs during the first two months of pregnancy. Up to 12 weeks gestation, about 80% of exposed foetuses are affected, and between 12 and 16 weeks, about half of exposed foetuses are affected. During this latter period of gestation, deafness is the most common abnormality encountered; the other defects and growth impairments appear to occur only after exposure during the first trimester. Congenital anomalies and growth impairment are rare with infection after 16 weeks gestation.		Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is a group of anomalies that an infant may present as a result of maternal infection and subsequent foetal infection with rubella virus. In France, the prevalence at birth of CRS has decreased markedly to less than 1 case per 100,000 live births in 2002. The main defects caused by congenital rubella infection are sensorineural deafness (alteration of brainstem auditory evoked potentials) that may progress after birth, eye defects (such as cataract), cardiovascular defects, brain damage (occurring only after infection between the 3rd and 16th week of gestation) that may cause mild to severe intellectual deficit, microcephaly and spastic diplegia, and prematurity and low birth weight. Major structural malformations are rare. The prenatal diagnosis of foetal infection must be done in case of contact of the pregnant woman with an infected patient, with or without eruptive disease. If the woman was not vaccinated recently, a primary rubella infection is certain in case of:
			# increased blood levels of IgG or seroconversion with IgM above the positivity threshold;
			# low avidity of IgG;
			# identification of IgM in foetal blood (foetal blood sampling can only be performed after 22 weeks of gestation);
			# identification by gene amplification of the viral genome in the amniotic fluid;
			# presence of specific IgM in the blood of the newborn or in any other sample from the foetus/newborn.

			In case of positive prenatal diagnosis of primary infection, the full congenital rubella syndrome is common when maternal infection occurs during the first two months of pregnancy. Up to 12 weeks gestation, about 80% of exposed foetuses are affected, and between 12 and 16 weeks, about half of exposed foetuses are affected. During this latter period of gestation, deafness is the most common abnormality encountered; the other defects and growth impairments appear to occur only after exposure during the first trimester. Congenital anomalies and growth impairment are rare with infection after 16 weeks gestation.
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	\| {{ICD-10}} ~~: P35.0~~		\| ICD-10 : P35.0

			{{ICD-10}}
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			{{Educational Disclaimer}}
	\|}		\|}

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 ==Congenital Rubella Syndrome Abnormalities==
 The following are some examples of abnormalities associated with Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS).
 ===Vision===
 [[File:Congenital rubella syndrome retinopathy 01.jpg|thumb|alt=Congenital rubella syndrome retinopathy|Congenital rubella syndrome retinopathy{{#pmid:25525427|PMID25525427}}]]

Z8600021 at 01:12, 5 April 2018

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	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Measles_child_back_rash_day_3.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Child with Measles back rash day 3\|Child with Measles back rash day 3 (CDC)]]		[[File:Measles_child_back_rash_day_3.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Child with Measles back rash day 3\|Child with Measles back rash day 3 (CDC)]]
	[[~~Image~~:Rubella_virus.jpg\|thumb\|left\|alt=Rubella Virus EM\|Rubella Virus, transmission electron micrograph (Image: CDC USA)]]		[[File:Rubella_virus.jpg\|thumb\|left\|alt=Rubella Virus EM\|Rubella Virus, transmission electron micrograph (Image: CDC USA)]]
	Rubella virus (Latin, ''rubella'' = little red), also known as "German Measles" (due to early citation in German medical literature), infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) with serious malformations of the developing fetus. The type and degree of abnormality relates to the time of maternal infection.		Rubella virus (Latin, ''rubella'' = little red), also known as "German Measles" (due to early citation in German medical literature), infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) with serious malformations of the developing fetus. The type and degree of abnormality relates to the time of maternal infection.

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	The complete genomic sequence of Rubella is now known.{{#pmid:2353453\|PMID2353453}} Rubella is a 9755 bp single stranded RNA positive-strand virus with no DNA stage (Togaviridae; Rubivirus) encoding nonstructural protein, capsid protein, glycoproteins E1 and E2. (More? [[Molecular Development - Rubella Genome\|Rubella Genome]])		The complete genomic sequence of Rubella is now known.{{#pmid:2353453\|PMID2353453}} Rubella is a 9755 bp single stranded RNA positive-strand virus with no DNA stage (Togaviridae; Rubivirus) encoding nonstructural protein, capsid protein, glycoproteins E1 and E2. (More? [[Molecular Development - Rubella Genome\|Rubella Genome]])


			{{ICD-11}} KA72.8 Congenital rubella syndrome.