Abnormal Development - Measles Virus - Revision history

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2020-08-25T23:42:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:42, 26 August 2020
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	Pregnancy effects of measles results in a higher risk of premature labor, spontaneous abortion, low-birth-weight, and possibly rare cases of birth defects with no definable pattern of malformation.<ref><pubmed>12850161</pubmed></ref>		Pregnancy effects of measles results in a higher risk of premature labor, spontaneous abortion, low-birth-weight, and possibly rare cases of birth defects with no definable pattern of malformation.<ref><pubmed>12850161</pubmed></ref>


			20 March 2014 - Measles Elimination Achieved in Australia

			The World Health Organization (WHO) announced that measles elimination had been achieved by Australia, Macao (China), Mongolia and the Republic of Korea.

	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==

Z8600021 at 23:33, 6 Ocak 2019

2019-01-06T23:33:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:33, 7 Ocak 2019
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	~~#REDIRECT [[Abnormal Development - Rubella Virus]]~~

	{{Header}}		{{Header}}
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
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	[[File:Measles_virus.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Measles virus\|Measles virus (CDC)]]		[[File:Measles_virus.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Measles virus\|Measles virus (CDC)]]

	Measles (''rubeola'', German Measles, Three-Day Measles) is a paramyxovirus appearing mainly as a respiratory viral infection, clinically different from Rubella. A single-stranded RNA virus which is highly contagious. Before measles vaccination (USA 1963) more than 90% of children had an infection before puberty and in developing countries it is still a common and often fatal childhood disease. Childhood immunisation and immunity persists in only about 80% of adults.		Measles (''rubeola'', German Measles, Three-Day Measles) is a paramyxovirus appearing mainly as a respiratory viral infection, clinically different from [[Abnormal Development - Rubella Virus\|rubella]]. A single-stranded RNA virus which is highly contagious. Before measles vaccination (USA 1963) more than 90% of children had an infection before puberty and in developing countries it is still a common and often fatal childhood disease. Childhood immunisation and immunity persists in only about 80% of adults.


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	* '''Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome control and elimination - global progress, 2000-2012'''~~<ref name=PMID24304830><pubmed>~~24304830~~</pubmed>~~\| ~~[http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6248a3.htm MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.]</ref>~~ "Rubella virus usually causes a mild fever and rash in children and adults. However, infection during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, or infants with congenital malformations, known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). In 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) updated guidance on the preferred strategy for introduction of rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) into national routine immunization schedules with an initial wide-age-range vaccination campaign that includes children aged 9 months-15 years. WHO also urged all member states to take the opportunity offered by accelerated measles control and elimination activities as a platform to introduce RCVs. The Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan (2012-2020) published by the Measles Rubella Initiative partners in 2012 and the Global Vaccine Action Plan endorsed by the World Health Assembly in 2012 include milestones to eliminate rubella and CRS in two WHO regions by 2015, and eliminate rubella in five WHO regions by 2020. This report summarizes the global progress of rubella and CRS control and elimination during 2000-2012. As of December 2012, a total of 132 (68%) WHO member states had introduced RCV, a 33% increase from 99 member states in 2000. A total of 94,030 rubella cases were reported to WHO in 2012 from 174 member states, an 86% decrease from the 670,894 cases reported in 2000 from 102 member states."		* '''Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome control and elimination - global progress, 2000-2012'''{{#pmid:24304830\|PMID24304830}} "Rubella virus usually causes a mild fever and rash in children and adults. However, infection during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, or infants with congenital malformations, known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). In 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) updated guidance on the preferred strategy for introduction of rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) into national routine immunization schedules with an initial wide-age-range vaccination campaign that includes children aged 9 months-15 years. WHO also urged all member states to take the opportunity offered by accelerated measles control and elimination activities as a platform to introduce RCVs. The Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan (2012-2020) published by the Measles Rubella Initiative partners in 2012 and the Global Vaccine Action Plan endorsed by the World Health Assembly in 2012 include milestones to eliminate rubella and CRS in two WHO regions by 2015, and eliminate rubella in five WHO regions by 2020. This report summarizes the global progress of rubella and CRS control and elimination during 2000-2012. As of December 2012, a total of 132 (68%) WHO member states had introduced RCV, a 33% increase from 99 member states in 2000. A total of 94,030 rubella cases were reported to WHO in 2012 from 174 member states, an 86% decrease from the 670,894 cases reported in 2000 from 102 member states."
	* '''Prolonged persistence of measles virus RNA is characteristic of primary infection dynamics'''~~<ref><pubmed>~~22872860~~</pubmed></ref>~~ "Measles virus (MeV) is the poster child for acute infection followed by lifelong immunity. However, recent work shows the presence of MeV RNA in multiple sites for up to 3 mo after infection in a proportion of infected children. Here, we use experimental infection of rhesus macaques to show that prolonged RNA presence is characteristic of primary infection. We found that viral RNA persisted in the blood, respiratory tract, or lymph nodes four to five times longer than the infectious virus and that the clearance of MeV RNA from blood happened in three phases: rapid decline coincident with clearance of infectious virus, a rebound phase with increases up to 10-fold, and a phase of slow decrease to undetectable levels. ... Based on the model, we demonstrate that viral dynamics, although initially regulated by T cells, require antibody to eliminate viral RNA. These results have profound consequences for our view of acute viral infections, the development of prolonged immunity, and, potentially, viral evolution."
	* '''Rapid titration of measles and other viruses: optimization with determination of replication cycle length'''~~<ref><pubmed>~~21915289~~</pubmed></ref>~~"Measles virus (MV) is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family and an important human pathogen causing strong immunosuppression in affected individuals and a considerable number of deaths worldwide. Currently, measles is a re-emerging disease in developed countries. MV is usually quantified in infectious units as determined by limiting dilution and counting of plaque forming unit either directly (PFU method) or indirectly from random distribution in microwells (TCID50 method). Both methods are time-consuming (up to several days), cumbersome and, in the case of the PFU assay, possibly operator dependent. ...Overall, performing the assay takes only 24-30 hours for MV strains, 12 hours for VSV, and 52 hours for HIV-1. The step-by-step procedure we have set up can be, in principle, applicable to accurately quantify any virus including lentiviral vectors, provided that a virus encoded gene product can be detected by flow cytometry."		* '''Prolonged persistence of measles virus RNA is characteristic of primary infection dynamics'''{{#pmid:22872860\|PMID22872860}} "Measles virus (MeV) is the poster child for acute infection followed by lifelong immunity. However, recent work shows the presence of MeV RNA in multiple sites for up to 3 mo after infection in a proportion of infected children. Here, we use experimental infection of rhesus macaques to show that prolonged RNA presence is characteristic of primary infection. We found that viral RNA persisted in the blood, respiratory tract, or lymph nodes four to five times longer than the infectious virus and that the clearance of MeV RNA from blood happened in three phases: rapid decline coincident with clearance of infectious virus, a rebound phase with increases up to 10-fold, and a phase of slow decrease to undetectable levels. ... Based on the model, we demonstrate that viral dynamics, although initially regulated by T cells, require antibody to eliminate viral RNA. These results have profound consequences for our view of acute viral infections, the development of prolonged immunity, and, potentially, viral evolution."
	* '''Since January 2011 Romania has been experiencing a measles outbreak with 2,072 cases notified in 29 of the 42 Romanian districts.'''~~<ref><pubmed>~~21871218~~</pubmed>~~\| ~~[http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19932 Euro Surveill.]</ref>~~ "This report underlines once more the need for additional measures targeting susceptible populations to achieve high vaccination coverage with two doses of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine."
	* '''The measles virus replication cycle'''~~<ref><pubmed>~~19198563~~</pubmed></ref>~~ "This review describes the two interrelated and interdependent processes of transcription and replication for measles virus. First, we concentrate on the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, which contains the negative sense genomic template and in encapsidated in every virion. Second, we examine the viral proteins involved in these processes, placing particular emphasis on their structure, conserved sequence motifs, their interaction partners and the domains which mediate these associations."		* '''Rapid titration of measles and other viruses: optimization with determination of replication cycle length'''{{#pmid:21915289\|PMID21915289}} "Measles virus (MV) is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family and an important human pathogen causing strong immunosuppression in affected individuals and a considerable number of deaths worldwide. Currently, measles is a re-emerging disease in developed countries. MV is usually quantified in infectious units as determined by limiting dilution and counting of plaque forming unit either directly (PFU method) or indirectly from random distribution in microwells (TCID50 method). Both methods are time-consuming (up to several days), cumbersome and, in the case of the PFU assay, possibly operator dependent. ...Overall, performing the assay takes only 24-30 hours for MV strains, 12 hours for VSV, and 52 hours for HIV-1. The step-by-step procedure we have set up can be, in principle, applicable to accurately quantify any virus including lentiviral vectors, provided that a virus encoded gene product can be detected by flow cytometry."

			* '''Since January 2011 Romania has been experiencing a measles outbreak with 2,072 cases notified in 29 of the 42 Romanian districts.'''{{#pmid:21871218\|PMID21871218}} "This report underlines once more the need for additional measures targeting susceptible populations to achieve high vaccination coverage with two doses of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine."

			* '''The measles virus replication cycle'''{{#pmid:19198563\|PMID19198563}} "This review describes the two interrelated and interdependent processes of transcription and replication for measles virus. First, we concentrate on the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, which contains the negative sense genomic template and in encapsidated in every virion. Second, we examine the viral proteins involved in these processes, placing particular emphasis on their structure, conserved sequence motifs, their interaction partners and the domains which mediate these associations."
	\|}		\|}

	==Virus Structure==		==Virus Structure==
	[[File:Measles genotype B3 dendrogram.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Identical genotype B3 sequences from measles patients in 4 countries\|Identical genotype B3 sequences from measles patients in 4 countries, 2005.~~<ref><pubmed>~~17283637~~</pubmed>~~\| ~~[http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/11/06-0635_article.htm Emerg Infect Dis.]</ref>~~]]		[[File:Measles genotype B3 dendrogram.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Identical genotype B3 sequences from measles patients in 4 countries\|Identical genotype B3 sequences from measles patients in 4 countries, 2005.{{#pmid:17283637\|PMID17283637}}]]

	Lineage: Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA negative-strand viruses; Mononegavirales; Paramyxoviridae; Paramyxovirinae; Morbillivirus; Measles virus		Lineage: Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA negative-strand viruses; Mononegavirales; Paramyxoviridae; Paramyxovirinae; Morbillivirus; Measles virus
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	* ssRNA; linear; Length: 15,894 nt [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_001498 Measles virus, complete genome]		* ssRNA; linear; Length: 15,894 nt [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_001498 Measles virus, complete genome]
	* virus replication involves a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (vRdRp), using as a template a nucleocapsid (NC) made of a single strand of RNA in tight complex with the nucleoprotein (N).~~<ref name="PMID15890929"><pubmed>~~15890929~~</pubmed>~~\| ~~[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1112129 PMC1112129]</ref>~~		* virus replication involves a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (vRdRp), using as a template a nucleocapsid (NC) made of a single strand of RNA in tight complex with the nucleoprotein (N).{{#pmid:15890929\|PMID15890929}}
	* negative-strand genome contains six transcription units encoding the N, phospho (P), matrix (M), fusion (F), hemagglutinin (H), and large (L) or polymerase protein.		* negative-strand genome contains six transcription units encoding the N, phospho (P), matrix (M), fusion (F), hemagglutinin (H), and large (L) or polymerase protein.
	* each N protein binds to 6 nucleotides.		* each N protein binds to 6 nucleotides.
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	===Model of cell virus RNA accumulation===		===Model of cell virus RNA accumulation===
	The following 5 -step model has been described for cell virus accumulation following hours post-infection (hpi)~~<ref name="~~PMID15890929~~"/>~~		The following 5 -step model has been described for cell virus accumulation following hours post-infection (hpi){{#pmid:15890929\|PMID15890929}}
	# '''0 to ~5 hpi''' - incoming viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (vRdRp) initiated primary transcription from every gene with no detectable lag phase.		# '''0 to ~5 hpi''' - incoming viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (vRdRp) initiated primary transcription from every gene with no detectable lag phase.
	# '''~5 to ~12 hpi''' - mRNA accumulates exponentially.		# '''~5 to ~12 hpi''' - mRNA accumulates exponentially.
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	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
	~~<pubmed>~~19757257~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:19757257}}
	~~<pubmed>~~1923230~~</pubmed>~~
	~~<pubmed>~~17999132~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:1923230}}
	~~<pubmed>~~16480851~~</pubmed>~~
			{{#pmid:17999132}}

			{{#pmid:16480851}}

	===Articles===		===Articles===
	~~<pubmed>~~12850161~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:12850161}}


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	'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Measles+Virus Measles Virus] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=rubeola rubeola] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Congenital+rubeola+Infection Congenital rubeola Infection]		'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Measles+Virus Measles Virus] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=rubeola rubeola] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Congenital+rubeola+Infection Congenital rubeola Infection]

	~~----~~

	~~{{Template:Environmental}}~~

	== External Links ==		== External Links ==
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			{{Environmental}}

	{{Glossary}}		{{Glossary}}


	{{Footer}}		{{Footer}}

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	~~{{Viral Links}}~~
	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==
	{\|		{\|
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	{{Footer}}		{{Footer}}


	~~[[Category:Abnormal Development]] [[Category:Environmental Abnormalities]] [[Category:Virus]] [[Category:Rubella]]~~

Z8600021 at 00:18, 1 February 2015

2015-02-01T00:18:55Z

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	* '''The measles virus replication cycle'''<ref><pubmed>19198563</pubmed></ref> "This review describes the two interrelated and interdependent processes of transcription and replication for measles virus. First, we concentrate on the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, which contains the negative sense genomic template and in encapsidated in every virion. Second, we examine the viral proteins involved in these processes, placing particular emphasis on their structure, conserved sequence motifs, their interaction partners and the domains which mediate these associations."		* '''The measles virus replication cycle'''<ref><pubmed>19198563</pubmed></ref> "This review describes the two interrelated and interdependent processes of transcription and replication for measles virus. First, we concentrate on the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, which contains the negative sense genomic template and in encapsidated in every virion. Second, we examine the viral proteins involved in these processes, placing particular emphasis on their structure, conserved sequence motifs, their interaction partners and the domains which mediate these associations."
	\|}		\|}
	~~{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"~~
	~~! More recent papers~~
	\|-
	~~\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}~~

	~~Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Abnormal+Development+Measles+Virus ''Abnormal Development Measles Virus'']~~

	~~<pubmed limit=5>Abnormal Development Measles Virus</pubmed>~~
	\|}
	==Virus Structure==		==Virus Structure==
	[[File:Measles genotype B3 dendrogram.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Identical genotype B3 sequences from measles patients in 4 countries\|Identical genotype B3 sequences from measles patients in 4 countries, 2005.<ref><pubmed>17283637</pubmed>\| [http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/11/06-0635_article.htm Emerg Infect Dis.]</ref>]]		[[File:Measles genotype B3 dendrogram.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Identical genotype B3 sequences from measles patients in 4 countries\|Identical genotype B3 sequences from measles patients in 4 countries, 2005.<ref><pubmed>17283637</pubmed>\| [http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/11/06-0635_article.htm Emerg Infect Dis.]</ref>]]

Z8600021: Redirected page to Abnormal Development - Rubella Virus

2015-02-01T00:08:15Z

Redirected page to Abnormal Development - Rubella Virus

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	#REDIRECT Abnormal Development - Rubella Virus		#REDIRECT [[Abnormal Development - Rubella Virus]]

	{{Header}}		{{Header}}
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==

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	# REDIRECT Abnormal Development - Rubella Virus		#REDIRECT Abnormal Development - Rubella Virus
	{{Header}}		{{Header}}
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==

Z8600021 at 00:00, 1 February 2015

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			# REDIRECT Abnormal Development - Rubella Virus
	{{Header}}		{{Header}}
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==

Z8600021 at 23:55, 31 Ocak 2015

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	* [http://www.eurosurveillance.org/Default.aspx Eurosurveillance] is a European peer-reviewed scientific journal devoted to the epidemiology, surveillance, prevention and control of communicable diseases, with a focus on such topics that are of relevance to Europe.		* [http://www.eurosurveillance.org/Default.aspx Eurosurveillance] is a European peer-reviewed scientific journal devoted to the epidemiology, surveillance, prevention and control of communicable diseases, with a focus on such topics that are of relevance to Europe.
	* CDC [http://www.cdc.gov/rubella/index.html Rubella (German Measles, Three-Day Measles)]		* CDC [http://www.cdc.gov/rubella/index.html Rubella (German Measles, Three-Day Measles)] \| [http://www.cdc.gov/rubella/about/index.html About Rubella]


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	[[Category:Abnormal Development]] [[Category:Environmental Abnormalities]] [[Category:Virus]]		[[Category:Abnormal Development]] [[Category:Environmental Abnormalities]] [[Category:Virus]] [[Category:Rubella]]

Z8600021 at 23:54, 31 Ocak 2015

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	[[File:Measles_virus.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Measles virus\|Measles virus (CDC)]]		[[File:Measles_virus.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Measles virus\|Measles virus (CDC)]]

	Measles (''rubeola'') is a paramyxovirus appearing mainly as a respiratory viral infection, clinically different from Rubella. A single-stranded RNA virus which is highly contagious. Before measles vaccination (USA 1963) more than 90% of children had an infection before puberty and in developing countries it is still a common and often fatal childhood disease. Childhood immunisation and immunity persists in only about 80% of adults.		Measles (''rubeola'', German Measles, Three-Day Measles) is a paramyxovirus appearing mainly as a respiratory viral infection, clinically different from Rubella. A single-stranded RNA virus which is highly contagious. Before measles vaccination (USA 1963) more than 90% of children had an infection before puberty and in developing countries it is still a common and often fatal childhood disease. Childhood immunisation and immunity persists in only about 80% of adults.


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	* [http://www.eurosurveillance.org/Default.aspx Eurosurveillance] is a European peer-reviewed scientific journal devoted to the epidemiology, surveillance, prevention and control of communicable diseases, with a focus on such topics that are of relevance to Europe.		* [http://www.eurosurveillance.org/Default.aspx Eurosurveillance] is a European peer-reviewed scientific journal devoted to the epidemiology, surveillance, prevention and control of communicable diseases, with a focus on such topics that are of relevance to Europe.
			* CDC [http://www.cdc.gov/rubella/index.html Rubella (German Measles, Three-Day Measles)]

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	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
			* '''Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome control and elimination - global progress, 2000-2012'''<ref name=PMID24304830><pubmed>24304830</pubmed>\| [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6248a3.htm MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.]</ref> "Rubella virus usually causes a mild fever and rash in children and adults. However, infection during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, or infants with congenital malformations, known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). In 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) updated guidance on the preferred strategy for introduction of rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) into national routine immunization schedules with an initial wide-age-range vaccination campaign that includes children aged 9 months-15 years. WHO also urged all member states to take the opportunity offered by accelerated measles control and elimination activities as a platform to introduce RCVs. The Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan (2012-2020) published by the Measles Rubella Initiative partners in 2012 and the Global Vaccine Action Plan endorsed by the World Health Assembly in 2012 include milestones to eliminate rubella and CRS in two WHO regions by 2015, and eliminate rubella in five WHO regions by 2020. This report summarizes the global progress of rubella and CRS control and elimination during 2000-2012. As of December 2012, a total of 132 (68%) WHO member states had introduced RCV, a 33% increase from 99 member states in 2000. A total of 94,030 rubella cases were reported to WHO in 2012 from 174 member states, an 86% decrease from the 670,894 cases reported in 2000 from 102 member states."
	* '''Prolonged persistence of measles virus RNA is characteristic of primary infection dynamics'''<ref><pubmed>22872860</pubmed></ref> "Measles virus (MeV) is the poster child for acute infection followed by lifelong immunity. However, recent work shows the presence of MeV RNA in multiple sites for up to 3 mo after infection in a proportion of infected children. Here, we use experimental infection of rhesus macaques to show that prolonged RNA presence is characteristic of primary infection. We found that viral RNA persisted in the blood, respiratory tract, or lymph nodes four to five times longer than the infectious virus and that the clearance of MeV RNA from blood happened in three phases: rapid decline coincident with clearance of infectious virus, a rebound phase with increases up to 10-fold, and a phase of slow decrease to undetectable levels. ... Based on the model, we demonstrate that viral dynamics, although initially regulated by T cells, require antibody to eliminate viral RNA. These results have profound consequences for our view of acute viral infections, the development of prolonged immunity, and, potentially, viral evolution."		* '''Prolonged persistence of measles virus RNA is characteristic of primary infection dynamics'''<ref><pubmed>22872860</pubmed></ref> "Measles virus (MeV) is the poster child for acute infection followed by lifelong immunity. However, recent work shows the presence of MeV RNA in multiple sites for up to 3 mo after infection in a proportion of infected children. Here, we use experimental infection of rhesus macaques to show that prolonged RNA presence is characteristic of primary infection. We found that viral RNA persisted in the blood, respiratory tract, or lymph nodes four to five times longer than the infectious virus and that the clearance of MeV RNA from blood happened in three phases: rapid decline coincident with clearance of infectious virus, a rebound phase with increases up to 10-fold, and a phase of slow decrease to undetectable levels. ... Based on the model, we demonstrate that viral dynamics, although initially regulated by T cells, require antibody to eliminate viral RNA. These results have profound consequences for our view of acute viral infections, the development of prolonged immunity, and, potentially, viral evolution."
	* '''Rapid titration of measles and other viruses: optimization with determination of replication cycle length'''<ref><pubmed>21915289</pubmed></ref>"Measles virus (MV) is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family and an important human pathogen causing strong immunosuppression in affected individuals and a considerable number of deaths worldwide. Currently, measles is a re-emerging disease in developed countries. MV is usually quantified in infectious units as determined by limiting dilution and counting of plaque forming unit either directly (PFU method) or indirectly from random distribution in microwells (TCID50 method). Both methods are time-consuming (up to several days), cumbersome and, in the case of the PFU assay, possibly operator dependent. ...Overall, performing the assay takes only 24-30 hours for MV strains, 12 hours for VSV, and 52 hours for HIV-1. The step-by-step procedure we have set up can be, in principle, applicable to accurately quantify any virus including lentiviral vectors, provided that a virus encoded gene product can be detected by flow cytometry."		* '''Rapid titration of measles and other viruses: optimization with determination of replication cycle length'''<ref><pubmed>21915289</pubmed></ref>"Measles virus (MV) is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family and an important human pathogen causing strong immunosuppression in affected individuals and a considerable number of deaths worldwide. Currently, measles is a re-emerging disease in developed countries. MV is usually quantified in infectious units as determined by limiting dilution and counting of plaque forming unit either directly (PFU method) or indirectly from random distribution in microwells (TCID50 method). Both methods are time-consuming (up to several days), cumbersome and, in the case of the PFU assay, possibly operator dependent. ...Overall, performing the assay takes only 24-30 hours for MV strains, 12 hours for VSV, and 52 hours for HIV-1. The step-by-step procedure we have set up can be, in principle, applicable to accurately quantify any virus including lentiviral vectors, provided that a virus encoded gene product can be detected by flow cytometry."
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	* [http://www.eurosurveillance.org/Default.aspx Eurosurveillance] is a European peer-reviewed scientific journal devoted to the epidemiology, surveillance, prevention and control of communicable diseases, with a focus on such topics that are of relevance to Europe.		* [http://www.eurosurveillance.org/Default.aspx Eurosurveillance] is a European peer-reviewed scientific journal devoted to the epidemiology, surveillance, prevention and control of communicable diseases, with a focus on such topics that are of relevance to Europe.