Abnormal Development - Malaria - Revision history

Z8600021 at 00:32, 29 Ocak 2020

2020-01-29T00:32:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:32, 29 Ocak 2020
Line 84:		Line 84:

	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
			{{#pmid:31941488}}

	{{#pmid:30979598}}		{{#pmid:30979598}}

Z8600021 at 00:16, 29 Ocak 2020

2020-01-29T00:16:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:16, 29 Ocak 2020
Line 23:		Line 23:
	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
			* '''Malaria in Pregnancy and Adverse Birth Outcomes: New Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities'''{{#pmid:31864896\|PMID31864896}} "{{Malaria}} infection during pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we discuss the impact of malaria in pregnancy on three pathways that are important regulators of healthy pregnancy outcomes: L-arginine-nitric oxide biogenesis, complement activation, and the heme axis. These pathways are not mutually exclusive, and they collectively create a proinflammatory, antiangiogenic milieu at the maternal-fetal interface that interferes with placental function and development. We hypothesize that targeting these host-response pathways would mitigate the burden of adverse birth outcomes attributable to malaria in pregnancy."

	* '''Association of Malaria Infection During Pregnancy With Head Circumference of Newborns in the Brazilian Amazon'''{{#pmid:31050780\|PMID31050780}} "IMPORTANCE: Malaria during pregnancy is associated with adverse events for the fetus and newborn, but the association of malaria during pregnancy with the head circumference of the newborn is unclear. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was the incidence of altered head circumference in newborns delivered from malaria-infected mothers compared with that from noninfected mothers. Secondary end points included measures of placental pathology relative to newborn head circumference. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study indicates that falciparum malaria during pregnancy is associated with decreased head circumference in newborns, which is in turn associated with evidence of placental malaria."		* '''Association of Malaria Infection During Pregnancy With Head Circumference of Newborns in the Brazilian Amazon'''{{#pmid:31050780\|PMID31050780}} "IMPORTANCE: Malaria during pregnancy is associated with adverse events for the fetus and newborn, but the association of malaria during pregnancy with the head circumference of the newborn is unclear. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was the incidence of altered head circumference in newborns delivered from malaria-infected mothers compared with that from noninfected mothers. Secondary end points included measures of placental pathology relative to newborn head circumference. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study indicates that falciparum malaria during pregnancy is associated with decreased head circumference in newborns, which is in turn associated with evidence of placental malaria."

Z8600021 at 12:24, 1 Haziran 2019

2019-06-01T12:24:08Z

@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
 ===Reviews===
 {{#pmid:24388420}}
@@ Line 91: / Line 97: @@
 ===Articles===
 ===Search PubMed===

Z8600021 at 12:09, 1 Haziran 2019

2019-06-01T12:09:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:09, 1 Haziran 2019
Line 23:		Line 23:
	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
			* '''Association of Malaria Infection During Pregnancy With Head Circumference of Newborns in the Brazilian Amazon'''{{#pmid:31050780\|PMID31050780}} "IMPORTANCE: Malaria during pregnancy is associated with adverse events for the fetus and newborn, but the association of malaria during pregnancy with the head circumference of the newborn is unclear. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was the incidence of altered head circumference in newborns delivered from malaria-infected mothers compared with that from noninfected mothers. Secondary end points included measures of placental pathology relative to newborn head circumference. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study indicates that falciparum malaria during pregnancy is associated with decreased head circumference in newborns, which is in turn associated with evidence of placental malaria."

	* '''Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015''' - was divided, one half jointly to William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites" and the other half to Youyou Tu "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria". [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2015/ Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015]		* '''Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015''' - was divided, one half jointly to William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites" and the other half to Youyou Tu "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria". [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2015/ Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015]

Z8600021 at 12:02, 1 Haziran 2019

2019-06-01T12:02:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:02, 1 Haziran 2019
Line 26:		Line 26:

	* '''Experimental Malaria in Pregnancy Induces Neurocognitive Injury in Uninfected Offspring via a C5a-C5a Receptor Dependent Pathway'''{{#pmid:26402732\|PMID26402732}} "The in utero environment profoundly impacts childhood neurodevelopment and behaviour. A substantial proportion of pregnancies in Africa are at risk of malaria in pregnancy (MIP) however the impact of in utero exposure to MIP on fetal neurodevelopment is unknown. Complement activation, in particular C5a, may contribute to neuropathology and adverse outcomes during MIP. We used an experimental model of MIP and standardized neurocognitive testing, MRI, micro-CT and HPLC analysis of neurotransmitter levels, to test the hypothesis that in utero exposure to malaria alters neurodevelopment through a C5a-C5aR dependent pathway. We show that malaria-exposed offspring have persistent neurocognitive deficits in memory and affective-like behaviour compared to unexposed controls. These deficits were associated with reduced regional brain levels of major biogenic amines and BDNF that were rescued by disruption of C5a-C5aR signaling using genetic and functional approaches. Our results demonstrate that experimental MIP induces neurocognitive deficits in offspring and suggest novel targets for intervention."		* '''Experimental Malaria in Pregnancy Induces Neurocognitive Injury in Uninfected Offspring via a C5a-C5a Receptor Dependent Pathway'''{{#pmid:26402732\|PMID26402732}} "The in utero environment profoundly impacts childhood neurodevelopment and behaviour. A substantial proportion of pregnancies in Africa are at risk of malaria in pregnancy (MIP) however the impact of in utero exposure to MIP on fetal neurodevelopment is unknown. Complement activation, in particular C5a, may contribute to neuropathology and adverse outcomes during MIP. We used an experimental model of MIP and standardized neurocognitive testing, MRI, micro-CT and HPLC analysis of neurotransmitter levels, to test the hypothesis that in utero exposure to malaria alters neurodevelopment through a C5a-C5aR dependent pathway. We show that malaria-exposed offspring have persistent neurocognitive deficits in memory and affective-like behaviour compared to unexposed controls. These deficits were associated with reduced regional brain levels of major biogenic amines and BDNF that were rescued by disruption of C5a-C5aR signaling using genetic and functional approaches. Our results demonstrate that experimental MIP induces neurocognitive deficits in offspring and suggest novel targets for intervention."
			\|}
			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! More recent papers
			\|-
			\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	* ''~~'Does malaria affect placental development? Evidence from in vitro models~~''~~'{{#pmid~~:~~23383132\|PMID23383132}} "Malaria in early pregnancy is difficult to study but has recently been associated with fetal growth restriction (FGR)~~. ...We demonstrate that in vitro models of placental development can be adapted to indirectly study the impact of malaria in early pregnancy. These infections could result in impaired trophoblast invasion with reduced transformation of maternal spiral arteries due to maternal hormonal and inflammatory disturbances, which may contribute to FGR by limiting the delivery of maternal blood to the placenta. Future prevention strategies for malaria in pregnancy should include protection in the first half of pregnancy."		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Maternal+Malaria ''Maternal Malaria''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Placental+Malaria ''Placental Malaria''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fetal+Malaria ''Fetal Malaria'']

	* '''~~Ultrasound evidence of early fetal growth restriction after maternal malaria infection~~'~~''{{#pmid~~:~~22347473\|PMID22347473}} "Despite early treatment in all positive women, one or more (a)symptomatic P~~.~~falciparum or P~~.~~vivax malaria infections in the first half of pregnancy result in a smaller than expected mid-trimester fetal head diameter~~. ~~Strategies to prevent malaria in pregnancy should include early pregnancy~~."

	* '''Plasmodium vivax malaria'''{{#pmid:20386602\|PMID20386602}} "Up to 40% of the world's population is at risk for Plasmodium vivax malaria, a disease that imposes a major public health and economic burden on endemic countries. Because P. vivax produces latent liver forms, eradication of P. vivax malaria is more challenging than it is for P. falciparum."
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! ~~More recent~~ papers		! Older papers
	\|-		\|-
	\| ~~[[File~~:~~Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px~~\|~~left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs~~}}		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Does malaria affect placental development? Evidence from in vitro models'''{{#pmid:23383132\|PMID23383132}} "Malaria in early pregnancy is difficult to study but has recently been associated with fetal growth restriction (FGR). ...We demonstrate that in vitro models of placental development can be adapted to indirectly study the impact of malaria in early pregnancy. These infections could result in impaired trophoblast invasion with reduced transformation of maternal spiral arteries due to maternal hormonal and inflammatory disturbances, which may contribute to FGR by limiting the delivery of maternal blood to the placenta. Future prevention strategies for malaria in pregnancy should include protection in the first half of pregnancy."

	~~Search term~~: ~~[http://www~~.~~ncbi~~.~~nlm~~.~~nih~~.~~gov/pubmed/?term=Maternal+Malaria ''Maternal Malaria'']~~		* '''Ultrasound evidence of early fetal growth restriction after maternal malaria infection'''{{#pmid:22347473\|PMID22347473}} "Despite early treatment in all positive women, one or more (a)symptomatic P.falciparum or P.vivax malaria infections in the first half of pregnancy result in a smaller than expected mid-trimester fetal head diameter. Strategies to prevent malaria in pregnancy should include early pregnancy."

	~~<pubmed limit=5>Maternal Malaria</pubmed>~~		* '''Plasmodium vivax malaria'''{{#pmid:20386602\|PMID20386602}} "Up to 40% of the world's population is at risk for Plasmodium vivax malaria, a disease that imposes a major public health and economic burden on endemic countries. Because P. vivax produces latent liver forms, eradication of P. vivax malaria is more challenging than it is for P. falciparum."
	\|}		\|}
	==Mosquito Lifecycle==		==Mosquito Lifecycle==

Z8600021 at 11:52, 19 March 2018

2018-03-19T11:52:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:52, 19 March 2018
Line 2:		Line 2:
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Malaria_plasmodium_falciparum.jpg‎\|thumb\|Malaria (''plasmodium falciparum'')]]		[[File:Malaria_plasmodium_falciparum.jpg‎\|thumb\|Malaria (''plasmodium falciparum'')]]
	About 10,000 women and 200,000 babies die annually because of malaria in pregnancy, which can cause miscarriages, preterm births, and low-birth-weight births.~~<ref><pubmed>~~20126256~~</pubmed></ref>~~ There are about 156 species of Plasmodium which infect different vertebrate species. In humans there are four types of malaria caused by the protozoan parasite ''Plasmodium falciparum'' (main), ''Plasmodium vivax'', ''Plasmodium ovale'', ''Plasmodium malariae''.		About 10,000 women and 200,000 babies die annually because of malaria in pregnancy, which can cause miscarriages, preterm births, and low-birth-weight births.{{#pmid:20126256\|PMID20126256}} There are about 156 species of Plasmodium which infect different vertebrate species. In humans there are four types of malaria caused by the protozoan parasite ''Plasmodium falciparum'' (main), ''Plasmodium vivax'', ''Plasmodium ovale'', ''Plasmodium malariae''.


Line 18:		Line 18:
	{{Environmental}}		{{Environmental}}

	[[File:Mouse E18 cerebral vasculature MicroCT.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Mouse model malaria in pregnancy\|Mouse model malaria in pregnancy~~<ref name=PMID26402732><pubmed>~~26402732~~</pubmed>~~\| ~~[http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005140 PLoS Pathog.]</ref>~~]]		[[File:Mouse E18 cerebral vasculature MicroCT.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Mouse model malaria in pregnancy\|Mouse model malaria in pregnancy{{#pmid:26402732\|PMID26402732}}]]
	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==
	{\|		{\|
Line 24:		Line 24:
	\|		\|
	* '''Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015''' - was divided, one half jointly to William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites" and the other half to Youyou Tu "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria". [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2015/ Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015]		* '''Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015''' - was divided, one half jointly to William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites" and the other half to Youyou Tu "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria". [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2015/ Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015]
	* '''Experimental Malaria in Pregnancy Induces Neurocognitive Injury in Uninfected Offspring via a C5a-C5a Receptor Dependent Pathway'''~~<ref name=PMID26402732><pubmed>~~26402732~~</pubmed>~~\| ~~[http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005140 PLoS Pathog.]</ref>~~ "The in utero environment profoundly impacts childhood neurodevelopment and behaviour. A substantial proportion of pregnancies in Africa are at risk of malaria in pregnancy (MIP) however the impact of in utero exposure to MIP on fetal neurodevelopment is unknown. Complement activation, in particular C5a, may contribute to neuropathology and adverse outcomes during MIP. We used an experimental model of MIP and standardized neurocognitive testing, MRI, micro-CT and HPLC analysis of neurotransmitter levels, to test the hypothesis that in utero exposure to malaria alters neurodevelopment through a C5a-C5aR dependent pathway. We show that malaria-exposed offspring have persistent neurocognitive deficits in memory and affective-like behaviour compared to unexposed controls. These deficits were associated with reduced regional brain levels of major biogenic amines and BDNF that were rescued by disruption of C5a-C5aR signaling using genetic and functional approaches. Our results demonstrate that experimental MIP induces neurocognitive deficits in offspring and suggest novel targets for intervention."
	* '''Does malaria affect placental development? Evidence from in vitro models'''~~<ref name=PMID23383132><pubmed>~~23383132~~</pubmed>~~\| ~~[http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0055269 PLoS One.]</ref>~~ "Malaria in early pregnancy is difficult to study but has recently been associated with fetal growth restriction (FGR). ...We demonstrate that in vitro models of placental development can be adapted to indirectly study the impact of malaria in early pregnancy. These infections could result in impaired trophoblast invasion with reduced transformation of maternal spiral arteries due to maternal hormonal and inflammatory disturbances, which may contribute to FGR by limiting the delivery of maternal blood to the placenta. Future prevention strategies for malaria in pregnancy should include protection in the first half of pregnancy."		* '''Experimental Malaria in Pregnancy Induces Neurocognitive Injury in Uninfected Offspring via a C5a-C5a Receptor Dependent Pathway'''{{#pmid:26402732\|PMID26402732}} "The in utero environment profoundly impacts childhood neurodevelopment and behaviour. A substantial proportion of pregnancies in Africa are at risk of malaria in pregnancy (MIP) however the impact of in utero exposure to MIP on fetal neurodevelopment is unknown. Complement activation, in particular C5a, may contribute to neuropathology and adverse outcomes during MIP. We used an experimental model of MIP and standardized neurocognitive testing, MRI, micro-CT and HPLC analysis of neurotransmitter levels, to test the hypothesis that in utero exposure to malaria alters neurodevelopment through a C5a-C5aR dependent pathway. We show that malaria-exposed offspring have persistent neurocognitive deficits in memory and affective-like behaviour compared to unexposed controls. These deficits were associated with reduced regional brain levels of major biogenic amines and BDNF that were rescued by disruption of C5a-C5aR signaling using genetic and functional approaches. Our results demonstrate that experimental MIP induces neurocognitive deficits in offspring and suggest novel targets for intervention."
	* '''Ultrasound evidence of early fetal growth restriction after maternal malaria infection'''~~<ref><pubmed>~~22347473~~</pubmed></ref>~~ "Despite early treatment in all positive women, one or more (a)symptomatic P.falciparum or P.vivax malaria infections in the first half of pregnancy result in a smaller than expected mid-trimester fetal head diameter. Strategies to prevent malaria in pregnancy should include early pregnancy."
	* '''Plasmodium vivax malaria'''~~<ref><pubmed>~~20386602~~</pubmed></ref>~~ "Up to 40% of the world's population is at risk for Plasmodium vivax malaria, a disease that imposes a major public health and economic burden on endemic countries. Because P. vivax produces latent liver forms, eradication of P. vivax malaria is more challenging than it is for P. falciparum."		* '''Does malaria affect placental development? Evidence from in vitro models'''{{#pmid:23383132\|PMID23383132}} "Malaria in early pregnancy is difficult to study but has recently been associated with fetal growth restriction (FGR). ...We demonstrate that in vitro models of placental development can be adapted to indirectly study the impact of malaria in early pregnancy. These infections could result in impaired trophoblast invasion with reduced transformation of maternal spiral arteries due to maternal hormonal and inflammatory disturbances, which may contribute to FGR by limiting the delivery of maternal blood to the placenta. Future prevention strategies for malaria in pregnancy should include protection in the first half of pregnancy."

			* '''Ultrasound evidence of early fetal growth restriction after maternal malaria infection'''{{#pmid:22347473\|PMID22347473}} "Despite early treatment in all positive women, one or more (a)symptomatic P.falciparum or P.vivax malaria infections in the first half of pregnancy result in a smaller than expected mid-trimester fetal head diameter. Strategies to prevent malaria in pregnancy should include early pregnancy."

			* '''Plasmodium vivax malaria'''{{#pmid:20386602\|PMID20386602}} "Up to 40% of the world's population is at risk for Plasmodium vivax malaria, a disease that imposes a major public health and economic burden on endemic countries. Because P. vivax produces latent liver forms, eradication of P. vivax malaria is more challenging than it is for P. falciparum."
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
Line 53:		Line 57:
	Pregnant women have an increased susceptibility to malaria infection. Malarial infection of the placenta by sequestration of the infected red blood cells leading to low birth weight and other effects.		Pregnant women have an increased susceptibility to malaria infection. Malarial infection of the placenta by sequestration of the infected red blood cells leading to low birth weight and other effects.

	[[File:Placental_volume_-_second_trimester.jpg\|thumb\|Placental volume - second trimester~~<ref><pubmed>~~22222152~~</pubmed>~~\| ~~[http://www.malariajournal.com/content/11/1/5 Malar J.]</ref>~~]]		[[File:Placental_volume_-_second_trimester.jpg\|thumb\|Placental volume - second trimester{{#pmid:22222152\|PMID22222152}}]]
	* Several infective agents may cross into the placenta from the maternal circulation, as well as enter the embryo/fetal circulation.		* Several infective agents may cross into the placenta from the maternal circulation, as well as enter the embryo/fetal circulation.
	* Pregnant women have an increased susceptibility to malaria infection.		* Pregnant women have an increased susceptibility to malaria infection.
Line 62:		Line 66:
	[[File:Mouse E18 neurovasculature MicroCT.jpg]]		[[File:Mouse E18 neurovasculature MicroCT.jpg]]

	Mouse E18 neurovasculature MicroCT~~<ref name=PMID26402732><pubmed>~~26402732~~</pubmed>~~\| ~~[http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005140 PLoS Pathog.]</ref>~~		Mouse E18 neurovasculature MicroCT{{#pmid:26402732\|PMID26402732}}

	==References==		==References==
Line 73:		Line 77:

	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
	~~<pubmed>~~24388420~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:24388420}}
	~~<pubmed>~~18165470~~</pubmed>~~
	~~<pubmed>~~17251081~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:18165470}}
	~~<pubmed>~~16265906~~</pubmed>~~
			{{#pmid:17251081}}

			{{#pmid:16265906}}

	===Articles===		===Articles===
	~~<pubmed></pubmed>~~
	~~<pubmed></pubmed>~~
	~~<pubmed></pubmed>~~
	~~<pubmed></pubmed>~~
	===Search PubMed===		===Search PubMed===

Z8600021 at 03:10, 10 July 2016

2016-07-10T03:10:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:10, 10 July 2016
Line 34:		Line 34:
	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Maternal+~~Hyperthermia~~ ''Maternal Malaria'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Maternal+Malaria ''Maternal Malaria'']

	<pubmed limit=5>Maternal Malaria</pubmed>		<pubmed limit=5>Maternal Malaria</pubmed>

Z8600021 at 03:09, 10 July 2016

2016-07-10T03:09:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:09, 10 July 2016
Line 30:		Line 30:
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! More recent papers		! More recent papers
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

Z8600021 at 03:03, 10 July 2016

2016-07-10T03:03:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:03, 10 July 2016
Line 54:		Line 54:

	[[File:Placental_volume_-_second_trimester.jpg\|thumb\|Placental volume - second trimester<ref><pubmed>22222152</pubmed>\| [http://www.malariajournal.com/content/11/1/5 Malar J.]</ref>]]		[[File:Placental_volume_-_second_trimester.jpg\|thumb\|Placental volume - second trimester<ref><pubmed>22222152</pubmed>\| [http://www.malariajournal.com/content/11/1/5 Malar J.]</ref>]]
	* Several infective agents may cross into the placenta from the maternal circulation, as well as enter the embryo/fetal circulation. \		* Several infective agents may cross into the placenta from the maternal circulation, as well as enter the embryo/fetal circulation.
	* Pregnant women have an increased susceptibility to malaria infection.		* Pregnant women have an increased susceptibility to malaria infection.
	* Malarial infection of the placenta by sequestration of the infected red blood cells leading to low birth weight and other effects.		* Malarial infection of the placenta by sequestration of the infected red blood cells leading to low birth weight and other effects.

	References: Beeson JG, Duffy PE. The immunology and pathogenesis of malaria during pregnancy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2005;297:187-227. \| Brabin BJ, Romagosa C, Abdelgalil S, Menendez C, Verhoeff FH, McGready R, Fletcher KA, Owens S, D'Alessandro U, Nosten F, Fischer PR, Ordi J. The sick placenta-the role of malaria. Placenta. 2004 May;25(5):359-78.

	~~Links: Brown University - Maternal Malaria \| CDC - Malaria~~

	==Mouse Model==		==Mouse Model==
Line 77:		Line 73:

	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
			<pubmed>24388420</pubmed>
			<pubmed>18165470</pubmed>
			<pubmed>17251081</pubmed>
			<pubmed>16265906</pubmed>

	===Articles===		===Articles===
			<pubmed></pubmed>
			<pubmed></pubmed>
			<pubmed></pubmed>
			<pubmed></pubmed>
	===Search PubMed===		===Search PubMed===

Z8600021 at 02:58, 10 July 2016

2016-07-10T02:58:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:58, 10 July 2016
Line 5:		Line 5:


	These malarial parasites are carried by the female mosquito (anopheles) and about 100 different species can transmit human malaria. When an infected mosquito bites a human, the parasites can enter the bloodstream and travel for about an hour before entering the liver and then multiplying. Between 6 to 16 days (depending on the species), the parasites reenter the bloodstream to invade and multiply inside red blood cells (RBCs). These infected RBCs rupture and released more parasites that infect and destroy further RBCs.		These malarial parasites are carried by the [[#Abnormal_Development_-_Malaria#Mosquito_Lifecycle\|female mosquito]] (''anopheles'' species) and about 100 different species can transmit human malaria. When an infected mosquito bites a human, the parasites can enter the bloodstream and travel for about an hour before entering the liver and then multiplying. Between 6 to 16 days (depending on the species), the parasites reenter the bloodstream to invade and multiply inside red blood cells (RBCs). These infected RBCs rupture and released more parasites that infect and destroy further RBCs.

	Placental infection is common in regions where malaria is endemic with women carrying their first pregnancy (primigravida). (More? [[Placenta - Abnormalities]])		Placental infection is common in regions where malaria is endemic with women carrying their first pregnancy (primigravida). (More? [[Placenta - Abnormalities]])