Abnormal Development - Biological Toxins - Revision history

Z8600021 at 00:48, 26 Mayıs 2019

2019-05-26T00:48:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:48, 26 Mayıs 2019
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	:'''Links:''' ~~[[Abnormal_Development_-_Bacterial_Infection\|~~Bacteria]] \| [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000510.htm MedlinePlus - HUS] \| PMID 21871215 \| PMID 21749817		:'''Links:''' {{Bacteria}} \| [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000510.htm MedlinePlus - HUS] \| PMID 21871215 \| PMID 21749817

			==Alpha-toxin==
			The bacteria ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (S. aureus) produces alpha-toxin that induces cell death in a caspase-independent, necrotic-like manner. The process of {{necrosis}} (Greek, <em>nekros</em> = corpse) is a pathological cell death from extrinsic injury (tissue damage) and is irreversible. Necrosis is induced by tumor necrosis factor, double-stranded RNA, {{viral}} infection or {{bacterial infection}} toxins.

			In the early stages, cell and organelles (mitochondria) swell (oncosis) (Greek, onkos = 'swelling') previously described as a separate form of cell death. This is due to disruption of plasma membrane leading to cell contents leak out leading to inflammation and necrosis.

			In the late stages, there is a loss of cell membrane integrity, finally cell disintegration. This cell lysis can also trigger an inflammatory response, leading to further inflammation and damage, and triggering a cycle of death


	==Verotoxin==		==Verotoxin==

Z8600021 at 12:20, 19 March 2018

2018-03-19T12:20:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:20, 19 March 2018
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	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
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	* '''Microbial contamination of seven major weaning foods in Nigeria'''~~<ref><pubmed>~~21957681~~</pubmed></ref>~~ " Five million children aged less than five years die annually due to diarrhoea. The aim of the study was to identify some possible contributing factors for persistent diarrhoea. Seven weaning foods, including a locally-made food, were evaluated by estimating the microbial load using the most probable number method and aflatoxin levels (AFM1, AFG1, AFG2, and AFB2) by immunoaffinity column extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with detection of fluorescence. The results showed that the locally-made weaning food had the highest microbial count (2,000 cfu/g) and faecal streptococcal count (25 cfu/g). Moulds isolated were mainly Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. glaucus, Cladosporium sp., and Penicillium sp. The home-made weaning food recorded the highest fungal count (6,500 cfu/g). AFM1 of the weaning foods was 4.6-530 ng/mL. One weaning food had AFB1 level of 4,806 ng/g. Aflatoxin metabolites, apart from AFM1 and AFB1 present in the weaning foods, were AFG1 and AFG2. There were low microbial counts in commercial weaning foods but had high levels of aflatoxins (AFM1, AFG1, AFG2, AFB1, and AFB2). Growth and development of the infant is rapid, and it is, thus, possible that exposure to aflatoxins in weaning foods might have significant health effects."		* '''Microbial contamination of seven major weaning foods in Nigeria'''{{#pmid:21957681\|PMID21957681}} " Five million children aged less than five years die annually due to diarrhoea. The aim of the study was to identify some possible contributing factors for persistent diarrhoea. Seven weaning foods, including a locally-made food, were evaluated by estimating the microbial load using the most probable number method and aflatoxin levels (AFM1, AFG1, AFG2, and AFB2) by immunoaffinity column extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with detection of fluorescence. The results showed that the locally-made weaning food had the highest microbial count (2,000 cfu/g) and faecal streptococcal count (25 cfu/g). Moulds isolated were mainly Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. glaucus, Cladosporium sp., and Penicillium sp. The home-made weaning food recorded the highest fungal count (6,500 cfu/g). AFM1 of the weaning foods was 4.6-530 ng/mL. One weaning food had AFB1 level of 4,806 ng/g. Aflatoxin metabolites, apart from AFM1 and AFB1 present in the weaning foods, were AFG1 and AFG2. There were low microbial counts in commercial weaning foods but had high levels of aflatoxins (AFM1, AFG1, AFG2, AFB1, and AFB2). Growth and development of the infant is rapid, and it is, thus, possible that exposure to aflatoxins in weaning foods might have significant health effects."

	\|}		\|}
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	==Domoic Acid==		==Domoic Acid==
	[[File:Diatom - Pseudo-nitzschia.jpg\|thumb\|''Pseudo-nitzschia'']]		[[File:Diatom - Pseudo-nitzschia.jpg\|thumb\|''Pseudo-nitzschia'']]
	A single toxin example and study is show below, text has been modified from the rat development study.~~<ref><pubmed>~~18087593~~</pubmed>~~\| ~~[http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info:doi/10.1289/ehp.10446 Environ Health Perspect.]</ref>~~		A single toxin example and study is show below, text has been modified from the rat development study.{{#pmid:18087593\|PMID18087593}}

	[[File:Domoic_acid.jpg\|thumb\|Domoic acid]]		[[File:Domoic_acid.jpg\|thumb\|Domoic acid]]
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	==Shiga Toxin==		==Shiga Toxin==

	Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxins are protein toxins that binds to the cell surface and another activity that after entry into the cytosol inhibits protein synthesis enzymatically.~~<ref><pubmed>~~11595626~~</pubmed></ref>~~		Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxins are protein toxins that binds to the cell surface and another activity that after entry into the cytosol inhibits protein synthesis enzymatically.{{#pmid:11595626\|PMID11595626}}

	* toxins can also cause apoptosis.		* toxins can also cause apoptosis.
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	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
	~~<pubmed>~~18470797~~</pubmed>\| [http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all?content=10.1080/10937400801921320 J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev.]~~		{{#pmid:18470797}}

	===Articles===		===Articles===
	~~<pubmed>~~19683226~~</pubmed>~~		{{#pmid:19683226}}


	===Search Pubmed===		===Search Pubmed===
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	'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Biological%20Toxin Biological Toxin]		'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Biological%20Toxin Biological Toxin]

	== External Links ==		==External Links==
			{{External Links}}

	* [http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ USA - National Toxicology Program] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22National%20Toxicology%20Program%22%5BCorporate%20Author%5D Reports]		* [http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ USA - National Toxicology Program] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22National%20Toxicology%20Program%22%5BCorporate%20Author%5D Reports]
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	{{~~Template:~~Glossary}}		{{Glossary}}
	{{~~Template:~~Footer}}		{{Footer}}

	[[Category:Prenatal Diagnosis]] [[Category:Abnormal Development]] [[Category:Environmental Abnormalities]] [[Category:Human Embryo]] [[Category:Human Fetus]]		[[Category:Prenatal Diagnosis]] [[Category:Abnormal Development]] [[Category:Environmental Abnormalities]] [[Category:Human Embryo]] [[Category:Human Fetus]]

S8600021: /* Shiga Toxin */

2011-11-05T05:16:10Z

Shiga Toxin

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:16, 5 November 2011
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	* toxins secreted by ''Shigella dysenteriae'' , some strains of Escherichia coli and other bacteria during infections.		* toxins secreted by ''Shigella dysenteriae'' , some strains of Escherichia coli and other bacteria during infections.
	* Produced by Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4 can produce haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS).		* Produced by Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4 can produce haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS).
			** haemolytic uraemia syndrome is most common in children.
			** most common cause of acute kidney failure in children.


	:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal_Development_-_Bacterial_Infection\|Bacteria]] \| [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000510.htm MedlinePlus - HUS] \| PMID 21871215 \| PMID 21749817		:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal_Development_-_Bacterial_Infection\|Bacteria]] \| [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000510.htm MedlinePlus - HUS] \| PMID 21871215 \| PMID 21749817

S8600021: /* Shiga Toxin */

2011-11-05T05:15:11Z

Shiga Toxin

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:15, 5 November 2011
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	* Produced by Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4 can produce haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS).		* Produced by Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4 can produce haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS).

	:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal_Development_-_Bacterial_Infection\|Bacteria]] \| PMID 21871215 \| PMID 21749817		:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal_Development_-_Bacterial_Infection\|Bacteria]] \| [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000510.htm MedlinePlus - HUS] \| PMID 21871215 \| PMID 21749817

	==Verotoxin==		==Verotoxin==

S8600021: /* Shiga Toxin */

2011-11-05T05:14:25Z

Shiga Toxin

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:14, 5 November 2011
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	==Shiga Toxin==		==Shiga Toxin==

	~~Produced by Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4 can produce haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)~~.		Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxins are protein toxins that binds to the cell surface and another activity that after entry into the cytosol inhibits protein synthesis enzymatically.<ref><pubmed>11595626</pubmed></ref>

			* toxins can also cause apoptosis.
			* toxins secreted by ''Shigella dysenteriae'' , some strains of Escherichia coli and other bacteria during infections.
			* Produced by Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4 can produce haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS).

	:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal_Development_-_Bacterial_Infection\|Bacteria]] \| PMID 21871215 \| PMID 21749817		:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal_Development_-_Bacterial_Infection\|Bacteria]] \| PMID 21871215 \| PMID 21749817

S8600021 at 05:08, 5 November 2011

2011-11-05T05:08:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:08, 5 November 2011
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	==Domoic Acid==		==Domoic Acid==
			[[File:Diatom - Pseudo-nitzschia.jpg\|thumb\|''Pseudo-nitzschia'']]
	A single toxin example and study is show below, text has been modified from the rat development study.<ref><pubmed>18087593</pubmed>\| [http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info:doi/10.1289/ehp.10446 Environ Health Perspect.]</ref>		A single toxin example and study is show below, text has been modified from the rat development study.<ref><pubmed>18087593</pubmed>\| [http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info:doi/10.1289/ehp.10446 Environ Health Perspect.]</ref>

S8600021 at 05:07, 5 November 2011

2011-11-05T05:07:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:07, 5 November 2011
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	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[Diatom - Pseudo-nitzschia.jpg]]		[[File:Diatom - Pseudo-nitzschia.jpg]]

	There are a variety of toxins produced by organisms that may impact upon development. Several types of bacteria also produce toxins (More? [[Abnormal Development - Bacterial Infection\|Bacterial Infection]]).		There are a variety of toxins produced by organisms that may impact upon development. Several types of bacteria also produce toxins (More? [[Abnormal Development - Bacterial Infection\|Bacterial Infection]]).

S8600021 at 05:07, 5 November 2011

2011-11-05T05:07:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:07, 5 November 2011
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	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
			[[Diatom - Pseudo-nitzschia.jpg]]

	There are a variety of toxins produced by organisms that may impact upon development. Several types of bacteria also produce toxins (More? [[Abnormal Development - Bacterial Infection\|Bacterial Infection]]).		There are a variety of toxins produced by organisms that may impact upon development. Several types of bacteria also produce toxins (More? [[Abnormal Development - Bacterial Infection\|Bacterial Infection]]).

S8600021: /* Shiga Toxin */

2011-11-05T01:24:17Z

Shiga Toxin

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:24, 5 November 2011
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	:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal_Development_-_Bacterial_Infection\|Bacteria]] \| PMID 21871215		:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal_Development_-_Bacterial_Infection\|Bacteria]] \| PMID 21871215 \| PMID 21749817

	==Verotoxin==		==Verotoxin==

S8600021: /* Shiga Toxin */

2011-11-05T01:22:49Z

Shiga Toxin

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:22, 5 November 2011
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	:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal_Development_-_Bacterial_Infection\|Bacteria]] \| PMID 21871215		:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal_Development_-_Bacterial_Infection\|Bacteria]] \| PMID 21871215

			==Verotoxin==

			Produced by Escherichia coli O157 (VTEC O157).

			:'''Links:''' PMID 21794221

	==Chemical Terms==		==Chemical Terms==