Abnormal Development - Bacterial Infection - Revision history

Z8600021 at 22:26, 16 February 2020

2020-02-16T22:26:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:26, 17 February 2020
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	:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal Development - Drugs]] \| [[Normal Development - Milk\|Milk]]		:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal Development - Drugs]] \| [[Normal Development - Milk\|Milk]]

	== Australian NHMRC ~~Recommendations~~ ==		== Australian NHMRC Guidelines ==
	~~'''The Australian~~ NHMRC ~~'''(1988) recommends neonates be assessed for follow-up care under the following conditions.~~		{{NHMRC Guidelines}}

	~~<div align="right">(see the [http://www.health.gov.au/nhmrc/publicat/statemnt/ch32stat.htm NHMRC WWW Page])</div>~~

	* Birthweight less than 1500g or gestational age less than 32 weeks
	* Small-for-gestational-age neonates
	* Perinatal asphyxia
	* Apgar score less than 3 at 5 minutes
	* clinical evidence of neurological dysfunction
	* delay in onset of spontaneous respiration for more than 5 minutes and requiring mechanical ventilation
	* Clinical evidence of central nervous system abnormalities ie., seizures, hypotonia
	* Hyperbilirubinaemia of greater than 350umol/l in full term neonates
	* Genetic, dysmorphic or metabolic disorders or a family history of serious genetic disorder
	* Perinatal or serious neonatal infection including children of mothers who are HIV positive
	* Psychosocial problems eg., infants of drug-addicted or alcoholic mothers.

	==References==		==References==

Z8600021 at 22:18, 16 February 2020

2020-02-16T22:18:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:18, 17 February 2020
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	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Bacterial+Teratogen ''Bacteria Teratogen'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Bacterial+Teratogen ''Bacteria Teratogen'']

	~~<pubmed limit=5>Bacterial Teratogen</pubmed>~~
	\|}		\|}

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	! Older papers		! Older papers
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\| {{Older papers}}
	* '''Pertussis - There has been a recent significant increase in the total number of pertussis (whooping cough) notifications in NSW, Australia.'''		* '''Pertussis - There has been a recent significant increase in the total number of pertussis (whooping cough) notifications in NSW, Australia.'''

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	{{Histology vaginal smear}}		{{Histology vaginal smear}}

			== Prokaryote Mycoplasmas ==

			* smallest self-replicating organisms, with the smallest genomes (about 500 to 1000 genes)
			* spherical to filamentous cells, no cell walls
			* surface parasites of the human respiratory and urogenital tracts
			** ''Mycoplasma pneumoniae'' infect the upper and lower respiratory tract
			** ''Mycoplasma genitalium'' a prevalent sexually transmitted infection
			** ''Mycoplasma hyorhinis'' found in patients with AIDS


			:Search PubMed: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mycoplasma+pneumoniae+Pregnancy ''Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pregnancy''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mycoplasma+genitalium+Pregnancy ''Mycoplasma genitalium Pregnancy''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mycoplasma+hyorhinis+Pregnancy ''Mycoplasma hyorhinis Pregnancy'']

	== Gram Stain ==		== Gram Stain ==

Z8600021 at 03:10, 22 Ocak 2019

2019-01-22T03:10:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:10, 22 Ocak 2019
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			* '''The Safety of Influenza and Pertussis Vaccination in Pregnancy in a Cohort of Australian Mother-Infant Pairs, 2012-2015: The FluMum Study'''{{#pmid:30475988\|PMID30475988}} "Inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and pertussis vaccination are recommended in pregnancy. Limited safety data exist for women who received IIV vaccine during the first trimester of pregnancy or received both vaccines in pregnancy. We assessed adverse birth outcomes between vaccinated and unvaccinated pregnancies. METHODS: Among prospectively enrolled Australian "FluMum" participants (2012-2015), primary exposure was receipt and timing of IIV during pregnancy. Primary outcomes included preterm birth, low birthweight at term (LBWT), and small for gestational age (SGA). We compared birth outcomes for IIV in pregnancy with women unvaccinated in pregnancy using Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). ...No significant associations were found between maternal IIV or pertussis vaccination in pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes, regardless of the trimester of pregnancy a vaccination was given compared to unvaccinated pregnancies."

	* '''Lipopolysaccharide-induced maternal inflammation induces direct placental injury without alteration in placental blood flow and induces a secondary fetal intestinal injury that persists into adulthood'''{{#pmid:29369434\|PMID29369434}} "Premature birth complicates 10%-12% of deliveries. Infection and inflammation are the most common etiologies and are associated with increased offspring morbidity and mortality. We hypothesize that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced maternal inflammation causes direct placenta injury and subsequent injury to the fetal intestine. {{Mouse}} - Lipopolysaccharide causes a maternal inflammatory response that is mirrored in the placenta. Placental histology demonstrates structural changes; however, placental blood flow is preserved. LPS also induces an indirect intestinal injury in the offspring that lasts beyond the neonatal period."		* '''Lipopolysaccharide-induced maternal inflammation induces direct placental injury without alteration in placental blood flow and induces a secondary fetal intestinal injury that persists into adulthood'''{{#pmid:29369434\|PMID29369434}} "Premature birth complicates 10%-12% of deliveries. Infection and inflammation are the most common etiologies and are associated with increased offspring morbidity and mortality. We hypothesize that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced maternal inflammation causes direct placenta injury and subsequent injury to the fetal intestine. {{Mouse}} - Lipopolysaccharide causes a maternal inflammatory response that is mirrored in the placenta. Placental histology demonstrates structural changes; however, placental blood flow is preserved. LPS also induces an indirect intestinal injury in the offspring that lasts beyond the neonatal period."

	* '''Pertussis - There has been a recent significant increase in the total number of pertussis (whooping cough) notifications in NSW, Australia.'''

	* '''Tuberculosis (TB) during pregnancy'''{{#pmid:21749618\|PMID21749618}} This BJOG paper describes a study which highlights lack of awareness about TB in pregnancy. The number of women who die from TB during pregnancy is increasing in the UK. TB has been classified as a priority infectious disease, and TB incidence in the UK is now higher than that in most western European countries. "All 229 of eligible UK hospitals participated (between August 2005 and August 2006), representing 100% coverage of women giving birth in the UK. During this period, a total of 33 women were diagnosed with TB during pregnancy. All of these women were non-white. Researchers found that TB in pregnancy in the UK appears to be exclusively limited to ethnic minority women and almost exclusively to those born outside the UK.The authors noted that screening for TB during pregnancy, while recommended, does not seem to be undertaken routinely. This may contribute to a delay in diagnosis."

	* '''Antibiotics during pregnancy'''{{#pmid:19250368\|PMID19250368}} "Macrolides or clindamycin during the second trimester of pregnancy to women at risk of preterm births can lower the risk, a new systematic review and meta-analysis by Canadian researchers indicates. But the study also found that giving metronidazole alone in the second trimester is linked with a greater risk of preterm birth in the high risk population. The study's authors, from the University of Montreal and Laval University, Quebec, say that delivery before 37 weeks' gestation complicates between 7% and 11% of all pregnancies, is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, and is responsible for high healthcare costs"
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			* '''Pertussis - There has been a recent significant increase in the total number of pertussis (whooping cough) notifications in NSW, Australia.'''

			* '''Tuberculosis (TB) during pregnancy'''{{#pmid:21749618\|PMID21749618}} This BJOG paper describes a study which highlights lack of awareness about TB in pregnancy. The number of women who die from TB during pregnancy is increasing in the UK. TB has been classified as a priority infectious disease, and TB incidence in the UK is now higher than that in most western European countries. "All 229 of eligible UK hospitals participated (between August 2005 and August 2006), representing 100% coverage of women giving birth in the UK. During this period, a total of 33 women were diagnosed with TB during pregnancy. All of these women were non-white. Researchers found that TB in pregnancy in the UK appears to be exclusively limited to ethnic minority women and almost exclusively to those born outside the UK.The authors noted that screening for TB during pregnancy, while recommended, does not seem to be undertaken routinely. This may contribute to a delay in diagnosis."

			* '''Antibiotics during pregnancy'''{{#pmid:19250368\|PMID19250368}} "Macrolides or clindamycin during the second trimester of pregnancy to women at risk of preterm births can lower the risk, a new systematic review and meta-analysis by Canadian researchers indicates. But the study also found that giving metronidazole alone in the second trimester is linked with a greater risk of preterm birth in the high risk population. The study's authors, from the University of Montreal and Laval University, Quebec, say that delivery before 37 weeks' gestation complicates between 7% and 11% of all pregnancies, is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, and is responsible for high healthcare costs"

	* '''A universal vaccine for serogroup B meningococcus'''{{#pmid:16825336\|PMID16825336}} "Meningitis and sepsis caused by serogroup B meningococcus are two severe diseases that still cause significant mortality. To date there is no universal vaccine that prevents these diseases. In this work, five antigens discovered by reverse vaccinology were expressed in a form suitable for large-scale manufacturing and formulated with adjuvants suitable for human use. The vaccine adjuvanted by aluminum hydroxide induced bactericidal antibodies in mice against 78% of a panel of 85 meningococcal strains representative of the global population diversity."		* '''A universal vaccine for serogroup B meningococcus'''{{#pmid:16825336\|PMID16825336}} "Meningitis and sepsis caused by serogroup B meningococcus are two severe diseases that still cause significant mortality. To date there is no universal vaccine that prevents these diseases. In this work, five antigens discovered by reverse vaccinology were expressed in a form suitable for large-scale manufacturing and formulated with adjuvants suitable for human use. The vaccine adjuvanted by aluminum hydroxide induced bactericidal antibodies in mice against 78% of a panel of 85 meningococcal strains representative of the global population diversity."

Z8600021 at 02:49, 4 July 2018

2018-07-04T02:49:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:49, 4 July 2018
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	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[Image:Treponema-pallidum.jpg\|thumb\|The spirochete bacteria ''treponema pallidum'', the cause of syphillis.]]		[[Image:Treponema-pallidum.jpg\|thumb\|The spirochete bacteria ''treponema pallidum'', the cause of syphillis.]]
	The variety of bacterial ~~infections~~ that can occur during pregnancy is as variable as the potential developmental effects, from virtually insignificant to major developmental, abortive or fatal in outcome. Some bacteria are common and are part of the normal genital tract flora (Lactobacillus sp), while other bacterial infections are less common or even rare and initially infect/transmit by air or fluids through the different epithelia (genital tract, lungs, gastrointestinal tract).		The variety of {{bacterial infection}}s that can occur during pregnancy is as variable as the potential developmental effects, from virtually insignificant to major developmental, abortive or fatal in outcome. Some bacteria are common and are part of the normal genital tract flora (Lactobacillus sp), while other bacterial infections are less common or even rare and initially infect/transmit by air or fluids through the different epithelia (genital tract, lungs, gastrointestinal tract).

	Note that some infections may have historic or alternative common names, for example Pertussis "whooping cough".		Note that some infections may have historic or alternative common names, for example Pertussis "whooping cough".

Z8600021 at 03:52, 4 Haziran 2018

2018-06-04T03:52:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:52, 4 Haziran 2018
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			* '''Lipopolysaccharide-induced maternal inflammation induces direct placental injury without alteration in placental blood flow and induces a secondary fetal intestinal injury that persists into adulthood'''{{#pmid:29369434\|PMID29369434}} "Premature birth complicates 10%-12% of deliveries. Infection and inflammation are the most common etiologies and are associated with increased offspring morbidity and mortality. We hypothesize that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced maternal inflammation causes direct placenta injury and subsequent injury to the fetal intestine. {{Mouse}} - Lipopolysaccharide causes a maternal inflammatory response that is mirrored in the placenta. Placental histology demonstrates structural changes; however, placental blood flow is preserved. LPS also induces an indirect intestinal injury in the offspring that lasts beyond the neonatal period."

	* '''Pertussis - There has been a recent significant increase in the total number of pertussis (whooping cough) notifications in NSW, Australia.'''		* '''Pertussis - There has been a recent significant increase in the total number of pertussis (whooping cough) notifications in NSW, Australia.'''

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	* '''Antibiotics during pregnancy'''{{#pmid:19250368\|PMID19250368}} "Macrolides or clindamycin during the second trimester of pregnancy to women at risk of preterm births can lower the risk, a new systematic review and meta-analysis by Canadian researchers indicates. But the study also found that giving metronidazole alone in the second trimester is linked with a greater risk of preterm birth in the high risk population. The study's authors, from the University of Montreal and Laval University, Quebec, say that delivery before 37 weeks' gestation complicates between 7% and 11% of all pregnancies, is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, and is responsible for high healthcare costs"		* '''Antibiotics during pregnancy'''{{#pmid:19250368\|PMID19250368}} "Macrolides or clindamycin during the second trimester of pregnancy to women at risk of preterm births can lower the risk, a new systematic review and meta-analysis by Canadian researchers indicates. But the study also found that giving metronidazole alone in the second trimester is linked with a greater risk of preterm birth in the high risk population. The study's authors, from the University of Montreal and Laval University, Quebec, say that delivery before 37 weeks' gestation complicates between 7% and 11% of all pregnancies, is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, and is responsible for high healthcare costs"

	* '''A universal vaccine for serogroup B meningococcus'''{{#pmid:16825336\|PMID16825336}} "Meningitis and sepsis caused by serogroup B meningococcus are two severe diseases that still cause significant mortality. To date there is no universal vaccine that prevents these diseases. In this work, five antigens discovered by reverse vaccinology were expressed in a form suitable for large-scale manufacturing and formulated with adjuvants suitable for human use. The vaccine adjuvanted by aluminum hydroxide induced bactericidal antibodies in mice against 78% of a panel of 85 meningococcal strains representative of the global population diversity."

	* '''Optimal timing of ampicillin administration to pregnant women for establishing bactericidal levels in the prophylaxis of Group B Streptococcus'''{{#pmid:16458647\|PMID16458647}} "Bactericidal levels of ampicillin in the cord blood are rapidly achieved within 30 minutes of administration of ampicillin to the mother. The increase in the ratio of cord to maternal serum ampicillin levels is directly related to time, suggesting a decrease in the clearance of ampicillin in the newborns as compared to the mothers. The cord blood ampicillin concentration exceeds the maternal concentration and both continue to be above the minimal bactericidal concentrations at 5.6 hours after administration."
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			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! Older papers
			\|-
			\|
			* '''A universal vaccine for serogroup B meningococcus'''{{#pmid:16825336\|PMID16825336}} "Meningitis and sepsis caused by serogroup B meningococcus are two severe diseases that still cause significant mortality. To date there is no universal vaccine that prevents these diseases. In this work, five antigens discovered by reverse vaccinology were expressed in a form suitable for large-scale manufacturing and formulated with adjuvants suitable for human use. The vaccine adjuvanted by aluminum hydroxide induced bactericidal antibodies in mice against 78% of a panel of 85 meningococcal strains representative of the global population diversity."

			* '''Optimal timing of ampicillin administration to pregnant women for establishing bactericidal levels in the prophylaxis of Group B Streptococcus'''{{#pmid:16458647\|PMID16458647}} "Bactericidal levels of ampicillin in the cord blood are rapidly achieved within 30 minutes of administration of ampicillin to the mother. The increase in the ratio of cord to maternal serum ampicillin levels is directly related to time, suggesting a decrease in the clearance of ampicillin in the newborns as compared to the mothers. The cord blood ampicillin concentration exceeds the maternal concentration and both continue to be above the minimal bactericidal concentrations at 5.6 hours after administration."
			\|}
	== Neisseria Gonorrhea ==		== Neisseria Gonorrhea ==

Z8600021 at 05:45, 15 February 2018

2018-02-15T05:45:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:45, 15 February 2018
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	Antibiotic use should also be considered postnatally, with transfer from mother to infant through lactation and breast milk. There has also been recent public concern about the persistence of antibiotics in animals used for human food production, with very little teratogenic data available for this concept.		Antibiotic use should also be considered postnatally, with transfer from mother to infant through lactation and breast milk.{{#pmid:28556499\|PMID28556499}} There has also been recent public concern about the persistence of antibiotics in animals used for human food production, with very little teratogenic data available for this concept.


	Note that pregnant and breastfeeding women are generally excluded from drug clinical trials and most data comes from animal studies.{{#pmid:28925019\|PMID28925019}}		Note that pregnant and breastfeeding women are generally excluded from drug clinical trials and most data comes from animal studies.{{#pmid:28925019\|PMID28925019}}

Z8600021 at 05:43, 15 February 2018

2018-02-15T05:43:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:43, 15 February 2018
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	Antibiotic use should also be considered postnatally, with transfer from mother to infant through lactation and breast milk. There has also been recent public concern about the persistence of antibiotics in animals used for human food production, with very little teratogenic data available for this concept.		Antibiotic use should also be considered postnatally, with transfer from mother to infant through lactation and breast milk. There has also been recent public concern about the persistence of antibiotics in animals used for human food production, with very little teratogenic data available for this concept.


	Note that pregnant and breastfeeding women are generally excluded from drug clinical trials and most data comes from animal studies.{{#pmid:28925019\|PMID28925019}}		Note that pregnant and breastfeeding women are generally excluded from drug clinical trials and most data comes from animal studies.{{#pmid:28925019\|PMID28925019}}


	:'''Links:''' [[Normal Development - Milk\|Milk]]
			:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal Development - Drugs]] \| [[Normal Development - Milk\|Milk]]

	== Australian NHMRC Recommendations ==		== Australian NHMRC Recommendations ==

Z8600021 at 05:41, 15 February 2018

2018-02-15T05:41:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:41, 15 February 2018
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	Many common pregnancy related bacterial infections, such as maternal urinary tract infection (UTI), are safely treated with [[#Antibiotics\|antibiotics]] that can also cross the placenta. Most antibiotics have good data available on their teratogenic and toxic risks, while some antibiotics have limited data available.{{#pmid:16648419\|PMID16648419}} This should also be considered postnatally, with transfer from mother to infant through lactation and breast milk. Note that pregnant and breastfeeding women are generally excluded from drug ~~tests~~ and most data comes from animal studies.{{#pmid:28925019\|PMID28925019}}		Many common pregnancy related bacterial infections, such as maternal urinary tract infection (UTI), are safely treated with [[#Antibiotics\|antibiotics]] that can also cross the placenta. Most antibiotics have good data available on their teratogenic and toxic risks, while some antibiotics have limited data available.{{#pmid:16648419\|PMID16648419}} This should also be considered postnatally, with transfer from mother to infant through lactation and breast milk. Note that pregnant and breastfeeding women are generally excluded from drug clinical trials and most data comes from animal studies.{{#pmid:28925019\|PMID28925019}}


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	Antibiotic use should also be considered postnatally, with transfer from mother to infant through lactation and breast milk. There has also been recent public concern about the persistence of antibiotics in animals used for human food production, with very little teratogenic data available for this concept.		Antibiotic use should also be considered postnatally, with transfer from mother to infant through lactation and breast milk. There has also been recent public concern about the persistence of antibiotics in animals used for human food production, with very little teratogenic data available for this concept.

	Note that pregnant and breastfeeding women are generally excluded from drug ~~tests~~ and most data comes from animal studies.{{#pmid:28925019\|PMID28925019}}		Note that pregnant and breastfeeding women are generally excluded from drug clinical trials and most data comes from animal studies.{{#pmid:28925019\|PMID28925019}}

Z8600021 at 05:39, 15 February 2018

2018-02-15T05:39:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:39, 15 February 2018
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	Many common pregnancy related bacterial infections, such as maternal urinary tract infection (UTI), are safely treated with [[#Antibiotics\|antibiotics]] that can also cross the placenta. Most antibiotics have good data available on their teratogenic and toxic risks, while some antibiotics have limited data available.{{#pmid:16648419\|PMID16648419}} This should also be considered postnatally, with transfer from mother to infant through lactation and breast milk.		Many common pregnancy related bacterial infections, such as maternal urinary tract infection (UTI), are safely treated with [[#Antibiotics\|antibiotics]] that can also cross the placenta. Most antibiotics have good data available on their teratogenic and toxic risks, while some antibiotics have limited data available.{{#pmid:16648419\|PMID16648419}} This should also be considered postnatally, with transfer from mother to infant through lactation and breast milk. Note that pregnant and breastfeeding women are generally excluded from drug tests and most data comes from animal studies.{{#pmid:28925019\|PMID28925019}}


Line 263:		Line 263:

	Antibiotic use should also be considered postnatally, with transfer from mother to infant through lactation and breast milk. There has also been recent public concern about the persistence of antibiotics in animals used for human food production, with very little teratogenic data available for this concept.		Antibiotic use should also be considered postnatally, with transfer from mother to infant through lactation and breast milk. There has also been recent public concern about the persistence of antibiotics in animals used for human food production, with very little teratogenic data available for this concept.

			Note that pregnant and breastfeeding women are generally excluded from drug tests and most data comes from animal studies.{{#pmid:28925019\|PMID28925019}}

Z8600021 at 05:37, 15 February 2018

2018-02-15T05:37:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:37, 15 February 2018
Line 11:		Line 11:


	Many common pregnancy related bacterial infections, such as maternal urinary tract infection (UTI), are safely treated with [[#Antibiotics\|antibiotics]] that can also cross the placenta. Most antibiotics have good data available on their teratogenic and toxic risks, while some antibiotics have limited data available.{{#pmid:16648419\|PMID16648419}} This should also be considered postnatally, with transfer from mother to infant through lactation and breast milk.		Many common pregnancy related bacterial infections, such as maternal urinary tract infection (UTI), are safely treated with [[#Antibiotics\|antibiotics]] that can also cross the placenta. Most antibiotics have good data available on their teratogenic and toxic risks, while some antibiotics have limited data available.{{#pmid:16648419\|PMID16648419}} This should also be considered postnatally, with transfer from mother to infant through lactation and breast milk.


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	Antibiotic use should also be considered postnatally, with transfer from mother to infant through lactation and breast milk.		Antibiotic use should also be considered postnatally, with transfer from mother to infant through lactation and breast milk. There has also been recent public concern about the persistence of antibiotics in animals used for human food production, with very little teratogenic data available for this concept.


	:'''Links:''' [[Normal Development - Milk\|Milk]~~] \| [https://reprotox.org REPROTOX~~]		:'''Links:''' [[Normal Development - Milk\|Milk]]

	== Australian NHMRC Recommendations ==		== Australian NHMRC Recommendations ==