2018 Group Project 4 - Revision history

Z8600021: Protected "2018 Group Project 4" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

2018-10-17T05:06:30Z

Protected "2018 Group Project 4" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

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Revision as of 16:06, 17 October 2018

Z5229189: /* Atrial and Ventricular Separation */

2018-10-17T00:09:08Z

Atrial and Ventricular Separation

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:09, 17 October 2018
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	===Atrial and Ventricular Separation===		===Atrial and Ventricular Separation===
	----		----
	~~The~~ heart ~~first transforms from the embryo into~~ four parts: ~~The~~ atrial chamber, ventricular ~~chamber~~, arterial trunks and great veins. The first part of cardiac development involves the separation into ~~phases of formation of~~ the primary myocardial tube, looping of the tube, additional parts for future topography compartments, and assembly of the components into cardiac chambers and arterial trunks subsequently. {{#pmid:12807866\|PMID12807866}}		In the beginning, the developing embryonic heart consists of four parts: (1) the atrial chamber, (2) ventricular chambers,(3) arterial trunks and (4) great veins. The first part of cardiac development involves the separation into the primary myocardial tube, looping of the tube, additional parts for future topography compartments, and assembly of the components into cardiac chambers and arterial trunks subsequently. {{#pmid:12807866\|PMID12807866}}


	====Formation and Developement of Primary Myocardial Heart Tube====		====Formation and Developement of Primary Myocardial Heart Tube====
	The embryo undergoes gastrulation ~~and~~ mesodermal layer tissues give rise to the heart.The cells form a crescent virtually at the cranial border of the disc, and then the central region of ectoderm shapes itself into the neural plate. {{#pmid:12807866\|PMID12807866}} ~~The~~ The structure eventually folds and is known as neural ~~folds~~. The developing heart in humans is initially cranial within the disc relative to the neural folds. The developing heart is also shaped by a plate of promyocardial cells, which helps the folding and positioning of the developing heart comapred to the neural structures.		The embryo undergoes gastrulation, which creates a mesodermal layer. Mesodermal layer tissues give rise to the heart. The cells form a crescent virtually at the cranial border of the disc, and then the central region of ectoderm shapes itself into the neural plate {{#pmid:12807866\|PMID12807866}}. The structure eventually folds and is known as the neural fold. The developing heart in humans is initially cranial within the disc relative to the neural folds. The developing heart is also shaped by a plate of promyocardial cells, which helps the folding and positioning of the developing heart comapred to the neural structures.

Z5229189: /* Induction */

2018-10-16T23:50:50Z

Induction

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:50, 17 October 2018
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	=== Induction ===		=== Induction ===
	----		----
	Initially, ~~NCCs~~ are morphologically similar to other neuroepithelial cells and cannot be differentiated from them. With contact-mediated inductive signals from the surface ectoderm and underlying mesoderm through a process known as Induction where progenitor cells begin to differentiate {{#pmid:PMC3552505\|PMC3552505}}. Progenitor cells are found in the epiblast around Henson's node and are brought into the neural folds where ~~signalling~~ molecules will induce the progenitor cells to turn into CNCCs {{#pmid:PMC3552505\|PMC3552505}}. While key signalling regulators of neural crest cell formation such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) have been identified in species such as fish and avians, there is currently no evidence that suggests the same factors play a role in mammalian neural crest cell induction, thus more studies have to be carried out to identify the signaling pathway for mammalian neural crest cell formation {{#pmid:PMC3552505\|PMC3552505}}. Studies have also shown that if BMP levels are too high or low, the progenitor cells will not be able to migrate, thus an intermediate level of BMP is ideal for the induction process.{{#pmid:PMC3011257\|PMC3011257}} As for the other signaling cascades involved, little information is known.		Initially, neural crest cells are morphologically similar to other neuroepithelial cells and cannot be differentiated from them. Progenitor cells are found in the epiblast around Henson's node and are brought into the neural folds where signaling molecules will induce the progenitor cells to turn into CNCCs {{#pmid:PMC3552505\|PMC3552505}}. While key signalling regulators of neural crest cell formation such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) have been identified in species such as fish and avians, there is currently no evidence that suggests the same factors play a role in mammalian neural crest cell induction, thus more studies have to be carried out to identify the signaling pathway for mammalian neural crest cell formation {{#pmid:PMC3552505\|PMC3552505}}. Studies have also shown that if BMP levels are too high or low, the progenitor cells will not be able to migrate, thus an intermediate level of BMP is ideal for the induction process.{{#pmid:PMC3011257\|PMC3011257}} As for the other signaling cascades involved, little information is known.

	=== Migration From Neural Crest to Circumpharyngeal Ridge ===		=== Migration From Neural Crest to Circumpharyngeal Ridge ===

Z5229189: /* Cardiac neural crest cells */

2018-10-16T23:42:29Z

Cardiac neural crest cells

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:42, 17 October 2018
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	== Cardiac neural crest cells ==		== Cardiac neural crest cells ==
	----		----
	As mentioned before, neural crest cells are a population of multipotent cells which arises during embryonic development at the dorsal neural tube. Multipotent means that they can develop into multiple different cells, but not all. Neural crest cells originate from the dorsal region of the neural tube. These cells are capable of migrating and differentiating throughout the body to give rise to many different cell types. ~~These~~ cells, which originate from the ectoderm in a region lateral to the neural plate in the neural fold, give rise to neurons, glia, melanocytes, chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, odontoblasts and neuroendocrine cells, among others{{#pmid:29802835\|PMID29802835}}. Cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) are a subpopulation of the cranial neural crest cells and migrate ventrally from the dorsal neural tube during weeks 3–4 {{#pmid:PMC4288758\|PMC4288758}}. CNCCs will then proceed and fall in place into third, fourth and the sixth caudal pharyngeal arches as they develop during their migration to the cardiac outflow tract. They will form condensed mesenchymal cells of the aorticopulmonary septation complex and also differentiate into cardiac ganglia{{#pmid:23481200\|PMID:23481200}}. CNCCs are necessary for aortic arch artery remodeling and outflow tract septation (OFT). {{#pmid:29158447\|PMID29158447}}		As mentioned before, neural crest cells are a population of multipotent cells which arises during embryonic development at the dorsal neural tube. Multipotent means that they can develop into multiple different cells, but not all. Neural crest cells originate from the dorsal region of the neural tube. These cells are capable of migrating and differentiating throughout the body to give rise to many different cell types. The neural crest cells, which originate from the ectoderm in a region lateral to the neural plate in the neural fold (see picture), give rise to neurons, glia, melanocytes, chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, odontoblasts and neuroendocrine cells, among others{{#pmid:29802835\|PMID29802835}}. Cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) are a subpopulation of the cranial neural crest cells and migrate ventrally from the dorsal neural tube during weeks 3–4 {{#pmid:PMC4288758\|PMC4288758}}. CNCCs will then proceed and fall in place into third, fourth and the sixth caudal pharyngeal arches as they develop during their migration to the cardiac outflow tract. They will form condensed mesenchymal cells of the aorticopulmonary septation complex and also differentiate into cardiac ganglia{{#pmid:23481200\|PMID:23481200}}. CNCCs are necessary for aortic arch artery remodeling and outflow tract septation (OFT), amongst other things. {{#pmid:29158447\|PMID29158447}}

	[[File:Neural crest cells.png\|thumb\|Neural crest]]		[[File:Neural crest cells.png\|thumb\|Neural crest]]

	Studies have shown that cardiac neural crest cells play a role in the development of:		Studies have shown that cardiac neural crest cells play a role in the development of:
	* Melanocytes near the heart region		* Melanocytes near the heart region
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	* cartilage		* cartilage
	* connective tissue (they form the connective tissue wall of the large arteries from the heart, as well as the septum between the branches in the heart)		* connective tissue (they form the connective tissue wall of the large arteries from the heart, as well as the septum between the branches in the heart)
	* ~~provide~~ signals required for the maintenance and differentiation of the other cell layers in the pharyngeal apparatus <ref name="PMID29158447" />		* signals required for the maintenance and differentiation of the other cell layers in the pharyngeal apparatus <ref name="PMID29158447" />

	==Early Development ==		==Early Development ==

Z5229189: /* Cardiac neural crest cells */

2018-10-16T23:33:50Z

Cardiac neural crest cells

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:33, 17 October 2018
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	== Cardiac neural crest cells ==		== Cardiac neural crest cells ==
	----		----
	~~Neural~~ crest cells are a population of multipotent cells which arises during embryonic development at the dorsal neural tube. Neural crest cells originate from the dorsal~~-most~~ region of the neural tube. These cells are capable of migrating and differentiating throughout the body to give rise to many different cell types. These cells, which originate from the ectoderm in a region lateral to the neural plate in the neural fold, give rise to neurons, glia, melanocytes, chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, odontoblasts and neuroendocrine cells, among others{{#pmid:29802835\|PMID29802835}}. Cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) are a subpopulation of the cranial neural crest cells and migrate ventrally from the dorsal neural tube during weeks 3–4 {{#pmid:PMC4288758\|PMC4288758}}. CNCCs will then proceed and fall in place into third, fourth and the sixth caudal pharyngeal arches as they develop during their migration to the cardiac outflow tract. They will form condensed mesenchymal cells of the aorticopulmonary septation complex and also differentiate into cardiac ganglia{{#pmid:23481200\|PMID:23481200}}. CNCCs are necessary for aortic arch artery remodeling and outflow tract septation (OFT). {{#pmid:29158447\|PMID29158447}}		As mentioned before, neural crest cells are a population of multipotent cells which arises during embryonic development at the dorsal neural tube. Multipotent means that they can develop into multiple different cells, but not all. Neural crest cells originate from the dorsal region of the neural tube. These cells are capable of migrating and differentiating throughout the body to give rise to many different cell types. These cells, which originate from the ectoderm in a region lateral to the neural plate in the neural fold, give rise to neurons, glia, melanocytes, chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, odontoblasts and neuroendocrine cells, among others{{#pmid:29802835\|PMID29802835}}. Cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) are a subpopulation of the cranial neural crest cells and migrate ventrally from the dorsal neural tube during weeks 3–4 {{#pmid:PMC4288758\|PMC4288758}}. CNCCs will then proceed and fall in place into third, fourth and the sixth caudal pharyngeal arches as they develop during their migration to the cardiac outflow tract. They will form condensed mesenchymal cells of the aorticopulmonary septation complex and also differentiate into cardiac ganglia{{#pmid:23481200\|PMID:23481200}}. CNCCs are necessary for aortic arch artery remodeling and outflow tract septation (OFT). {{#pmid:29158447\|PMID29158447}}


			[[File:Neural crest cells.png\|thumb\|Neural crest]]
	Studies have shown that cardiac neural crest cells play a role in the development of:		Studies have shown that cardiac neural crest cells play a role in the development of:
	* Melanocytes near the heart region		* Melanocytes near the heart region

Z5229189: /* Development of the Cardiovascular System */

2018-10-16T23:23:23Z