2016 Group Project 1 - Revision history

Z8600021 at 23:48, 6 August 2018

2018-08-06T23:48:01Z

Z8600021 at 23:32, 6 August 2018

2018-08-06T23:32:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:32, 7 August 2018
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	==References==		==References==
			<references/>


			[[Category:Wnt]]

Z8600021 at 22:25, 6 August 2018

2018-08-06T22:25:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:25, 7 August 2018
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	<!-- Do not delete the above template from the Group project page. -->		<!-- Do not delete the above template from the Group project page. -->
			=Wnt=
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==

Z8600021: Protected "2016 Group Project 1" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

2016-10-27T23:06:12Z

Protected "2016 Group Project 1" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

← Older revision	Revision as of 09:06, 28 October 2016
(No difference)

Z3439257: /* Calcium Ion Pathway */

2016-10-24T04:38:40Z

Calcium Ion Pathway

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:38, 24 October 2016
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	The calcium ion pathway is also different from the PCP pathway, however, not much. Both pathways share some common wnt ligands such as wnt-5a and wnt-11. It is note worthy that wnt-5a may also activate the canonical pathway under some conditions. Another difference between the PCP pathway and the calcium ion pathway is that different downstream effectors are involved. In PCP pathway, the main effectors are Rho GTPase and Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). However, cross talks between the two pathways are common especially when the common wnt ligand is used to induce the cells.<ref name="PMID14766423"><pubmed>14766423</pubmed></ref>		The calcium ion pathway is also different from the PCP pathway, however, not much. Both pathways share some common wnt ligands such as wnt-5a and wnt-11. It is note worthy that wnt-5a may also activate the canonical pathway under some conditions. Another difference between the PCP pathway and the calcium ion pathway is that different downstream effectors are involved. In PCP pathway, the main effectors are Rho GTPase and Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). However, cross talks between the two pathways are common especially when the common wnt ligand is used to induce the cells.<ref name="PMID14766423"><pubmed>14766423</pubmed></ref>

	[[File:Wnt Calcium ion pathway.JPG\|thumb\|alt=Alt\|~~Interactions between the main components of wnt/~~calcium ion pathway]]		[[File:Wnt Calcium ion pathway.JPG\|thumb\|alt=Alt\|Wnt calcium ion signalling pathway and its main components.]]

	'''The general mechanism of wnt/calcium ion signalling is described below:'''		'''The general mechanism of wnt/calcium ion signalling is described below:'''

Z3439257: /* Calcium Ion Pathway */

2016-10-24T04:28:34Z

Calcium Ion Pathway

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:28, 24 October 2016
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	The calcium ion pathway is also different from the PCP pathway, however, not much. Both pathways share some common wnt ligands such as wnt-5a and wnt-11. It is note worthy that wnt-5a may also activate the canonical pathway under some conditions. Another difference between the PCP pathway and the calcium ion pathway is that different downstream effectors are involved. In PCP pathway, the main effectors are Rho GTPase and Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). However, cross talks between the two pathways are common especially when the common wnt ligand is used to induce the cells.<ref name="PMID14766423"><pubmed>14766423</pubmed></ref>		The calcium ion pathway is also different from the PCP pathway, however, not much. Both pathways share some common wnt ligands such as wnt-5a and wnt-11. It is note worthy that wnt-5a may also activate the canonical pathway under some conditions. Another difference between the PCP pathway and the calcium ion pathway is that different downstream effectors are involved. In PCP pathway, the main effectors are Rho GTPase and Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). However, cross talks between the two pathways are common especially when the common wnt ligand is used to induce the cells.<ref name="PMID14766423"><pubmed>14766423</pubmed></ref>

	[[File:Wnt Calcium ion pathway.JPG]]		[[File:Wnt Calcium ion pathway.JPG\|thumb\|alt=Alt\|Interactions between the main components of wnt/calcium ion pathway]]

	'''The general mechanism of wnt/calcium ion signalling is described below:'''		'''The general mechanism of wnt/calcium ion signalling is described below:'''

Z3439257: /* Calcium Ion Pathway */

2016-10-24T04:26:33Z

Calcium Ion Pathway

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:26, 24 October 2016
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	The calcium ion pathway is also different from the PCP pathway, however, not much. Both pathways share some common wnt ligands such as wnt-5a and wnt-11. It is note worthy that wnt-5a may also activate the canonical pathway under some conditions. Another difference between the PCP pathway and the calcium ion pathway is that different downstream effectors are involved. In PCP pathway, the main effectors are Rho GTPase and Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). However, cross talks between the two pathways are common especially when the common wnt ligand is used to induce the cells.<ref name="PMID14766423"><pubmed>14766423</pubmed></ref>		The calcium ion pathway is also different from the PCP pathway, however, not much. Both pathways share some common wnt ligands such as wnt-5a and wnt-11. It is note worthy that wnt-5a may also activate the canonical pathway under some conditions. Another difference between the PCP pathway and the calcium ion pathway is that different downstream effectors are involved. In PCP pathway, the main effectors are Rho GTPase and Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). However, cross talks between the two pathways are common especially when the common wnt ligand is used to induce the cells.<ref name="PMID14766423"><pubmed>14766423</pubmed></ref>

	[[File:Wnt Calcium ion pathway.JPG~~\|thumb\|alt=Alt\|Interactions between main components of wnt/calcium ion pathway~~]]		[[File:Wnt Calcium ion pathway.JPG]]

	'''The general mechanism of wnt/calcium ion signalling is described below:'''		'''The general mechanism of wnt/calcium ion signalling is described below:'''

Z3439257: /* PCP Pathway */

2016-10-24T03:45:42Z

PCP Pathway

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:45, 24 October 2016
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	*At the same time, the dishevelled protein binds with Rac1 and allows the binding of profilin to actin.		*At the same time, the dishevelled protein binds with Rac1 and allows the binding of profilin to actin.
	*The Rac1 initiates the role of JNL, causing actin polymerisation to occur.		*The Rac1 initiates the role of JNL, causing actin polymerisation to occur.
	*Also, the binding of profilin and actin causes gastrulation and a restructuring of the cytoskeleton. <ref><pubmed>1617723 </pubmed></ref> <ref><pubmed>16793760 </pubmed></ref>		*Also, the binding of profilin and actin causes gastrulation and a restructuring of the cytoskeleton. <ref name="PMID1617723"><pubmed>1617723</pubmed></ref><ref><pubmed>16793760 </pubmed></ref>

	===Calcium Ion Pathway===		===Calcium Ion Pathway===

Z3439257: /* PCP Pathway */

2016-10-24T03:42:31Z

PCP Pathway

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:42, 24 October 2016
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	===PCP Pathway===		===PCP Pathway===

	The non-canonical, β-catenin independent pathway is also known as the Planar Cell Polarity pathway (PCP). A lot of research has been conducted on the behaviour of cells, as well as its interaction and apoptosis, however, there is a lot that remains unknown on the polarity of the cells. The polarity of some cells is knowns, for example, epithelial cells display apical-basal polarity, while neurons are classified as either receiving (dendrites) or transmitting (axons) cell signals. Mesenchymal cells also have a polarity that allows movement in different directions. <ref><pubmed>23140633 </pubmed></ref>		The non-canonical, β-catenin independent pathway is also known as the Planar Cell Polarity pathway (PCP). A lot of research has been conducted on the behaviour of cells, as well as its interaction and apoptosis, however, there is a lot that remains unknown on the polarity of the cells. The polarity of some cells is knowns, for example, epithelial cells display apical-basal polarity, while neurons are classified as either receiving (dendrites) or transmitting (axons) cell signals. Mesenchymal cells also have a polarity that allows movement in different directions. <ref name="PMID23140633"><pubmed>23140633</pubmed></ref>

	[[File:PCP pathway leading to gastrulation.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Alt\|upright=Factor\|Diagram of PCP pathway leading to gastrulation in embryonic development]]		[[File:PCP pathway leading to gastrulation.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Alt\|upright=Factor\|Diagram of PCP pathway leading to gastrulation in embryonic development]]

Z3439257: /* What does PCP pathway do? */

2016-10-21T02:58:55Z

What does PCP pathway do?

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:58, 21 October 2016
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	===What does PCP pathway do?===		===What does PCP pathway do?===

	Observation of vertebrate embryos shows that a specific set of PCP genes have the roles of regulating convergent extension (CE). This involves the extension of the anterior–posterior (A–P) body axis, and during this time, the mediolateral (ML) axis is also narrowed. This has been identified in frogs (Xenopus laevis) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. The PCP pathway has many roles in mammalian development, including neural tube closure to determine the left–right (L–R) asymmetry, thus, it is vital for normal vertebrae development. If CE is affected or the process experiences any faults, neural tube closure will not occur, leading to the occurrence of spina bifida. <ref~~><pubmed>23140633 </pubmed><~~/~~ref~~> <ref~~><pubmed>1617723 </pubmed><~~/~~ref~~>		Observation of vertebrate embryos shows that a specific set of PCP genes have the roles of regulating convergent extension (CE). This involves the extension of the anterior–posterior (A–P) body axis, and during this time, the mediolateral (ML) axis is also narrowed. This has been identified in frogs (Xenopus laevis) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. The PCP pathway has many roles in mammalian development, including neural tube closure to determine the left–right (L–R) asymmetry, thus, it is vital for normal vertebrae development. If CE is affected or the process experiences any faults, neural tube closure will not occur, leading to the occurrence of spina bifida. <ref name="PMID23140633"/><ref name="PMID1617723"/>

	The closure process of the neural tube occurs at different locations of the A-P axis, thus, there are two open ends of the neural tube, the head (cranial) and tail (caudal) ends, they are also called the anterior and posterior neuropores, respectively. These neuropores will eventually close so that the neural tube is completely sealed. If the anterior neuropore fails to close, then anencephaly will occur. If the posterior neuropore fails to close, then spina bifida will occur. Failure to close any part of the neural tube results in craniorachischisis. <ref><pubmed>15686623 </pubmed></ref> <ref><pubmed>15473860</pubmed></ref> <ref><pubmed>21181886</pubmed></ref>		The closure process of the neural tube occurs at different locations of the A-P axis, thus, there are two open ends of the neural tube, the head (cranial) and tail (caudal) ends, they are also called the anterior and posterior neuropores, respectively. These neuropores will eventually close so that the neural tube is completely sealed. If the anterior neuropore fails to close, then anencephaly will occur. If the posterior neuropore fails to close, then spina bifida will occur. Failure to close any part of the neural tube results in craniorachischisis. <ref><pubmed>15686623 </pubmed></ref> <ref><pubmed>15473860</pubmed></ref> <ref><pubmed>21181886</pubmed></ref>