2015 Group Project 6 - Revision history

Z8600021 at 01:37, 24 October 2015

2015-10-24T01:37:34Z

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	{{~~StudentPage2015~~}}		{{2015ANAT2341 footer}}

Z8600021: Protected "2015 Group Project 6" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

2015-10-23T19:21:22Z

Protected "2015 Group Project 6" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

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Z5088434 at 14:22, 23 October 2015

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	{\|class="wikitable"		{\|class="wikitable"
	\|-bgcolor="DDCEF2"		\|-bgcolor="DDCEF2"
	\| rowspan="13" \|'''Advantages'''		\| rowspan="12" \|'''Advantages'''
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Cost effective <ref name="PMID23620651"><pubmed>23620651</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID3219767"><pubmed>3219767</pubmed></ref>		\| Cost effective <ref name="PMID23620651"><pubmed>23620651</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID3219767"><pubmed>3219767</pubmed></ref>
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	\| rowspan="3"\|'''Disadvantages'''		\| rowspan="3"\|'''Disadvantages'''
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| There are limited information available to clinical applications of NGS <ref name="PMID26100406"><pubmed>26100406</pubmed></ref>		\| There are limited information available to clinical applications of NGS<ref name="PMID26100406"><pubmed>26100406</pubmed></ref>.
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| More research and progress needed to establish a clinical manifestation<ref name="PMID24907939"/>.		\| More research and progress needed to establish a clinical manifestation<ref name="PMID24907939"/>.

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	β – Thalassemia is known as the most common type of autosomal recessive inherited disorder among haemoglobinopathies. It involves the adult β-globin gene and is associated with the absent or decreased expression of the gene. This is commonly caused by a single nucleotide change in the gene. PGD has been used successfully worldwide to identify the β-globin gene where its application is usually performed on a single blastomere or polar body <ref name="PMID19064120"><pubmed>19064120</pubmed></ref>.		β – Thalassemia is known as the most common type of autosomal recessive inherited disorder among haemoglobinopathies. It involves the adult β-globin gene and is associated with the absent or decreased expression of the gene. This is commonly caused by a single nucleotide change in the gene. PGD has been used successfully worldwide to identify the β-globin gene where its application is usually performed on a single blastomere or polar body <ref name="PMID19064120"><pubmed>19064120</pubmed></ref>.

	In the collapsible table is a list of diseases and their corresponding genes. These genes are tested for in PGD for the identification of a specific disease. Note that not all the diseases applicable to PGD are listed. Some of the genes listed also have a link attached to them which will bring you to the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man website which provides extensive information about that particular gene. This web site can be accessed when you click [[http://www.omim.org/ here]] if you would like to find out more about any of the other genes.		In the collapsible table is a list of diseases and their corresponding genes. These genes are tested for in PGD for the identification of a specific disease. Note that not all the diseases applicable to PGD are listed. Some of the genes listed also have a link attached to them which will bring you to the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man website which provides extensive information about that particular gene. This web site can be accessed when you click [http://www.omim.org/ here] if you would like to find out more about any of the other genes.

	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"

Z5017878 at 12:44, 23 October 2015

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	===β – Thalassemia===		===β – Thalassemia===
	β – Thalassemia is known as the most common type of autosomal recessive inherited disorder among haemoglobinopathies. It involves the adult β-globin gene and is associated with the absent or decreased expression of the gene. This is commonly caused by a single nucleotide change in the gene. PGD has been used successfully worldwide to identify the β-globin gene where its application is usually performed on a single blastomere or polar body <ref name="PMID19064120"><pubmed>19064120</pubmed></ref>.		β – Thalassemia is known as the most common type of autosomal recessive inherited disorder among haemoglobinopathies. It involves the adult β-globin gene and is associated with the absent or decreased expression of the gene. This is commonly caused by a single nucleotide change in the gene. PGD has been used successfully worldwide to identify the β-globin gene where its application is usually performed on a single blastomere or polar body <ref name="PMID19064120"><pubmed>19064120</pubmed></ref>.

			In the collapsible table is a list of diseases and their corresponding genes. These genes are tested for in PGD for the identification of a specific disease. Note that not all the diseases applicable to PGD are listed. Some of the genes listed also have a link attached to them which will bring you to the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man website which provides extensive information about that particular gene. This web site can be accessed when you click [[http://www.omim.org/ here]] if you would like to find out more about any of the other genes.

	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! colspan="2" \| Applicable diseases for PGD <ref>Genoma Group (2014). Retrieved September 18th, 2015, from http://www.preimplantationgeneticdiagnosis.it/genetic-diseases-diagnosed-by-pgd.htm </ref> <ref>Genesis Genetics (2015). Retrieved September 18th, 2015, from http://genesisgenetics.org/pgd/what-we-test-for/</ref> <ref>Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority (2015). Retrieved Septembr 18th, 2015, from http://guide.hfea.gov.uk/pgd/</ref>		! colspan="2" \| Applicable diseases for PGD <ref>Genoma Group (2014). Retrieved September 18th, 2015, from http://www.preimplantationgeneticdiagnosis.it/genetic-diseases-diagnosed-by-pgd.htm </ref> <ref>Genesis Genetics (2015). Retrieved September 18th, 2015, from http://genesisgenetics.org/pgd/what-we-test-for/</ref> <ref>Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority (2015). Retrieved Septembr 18th, 2015, from http://guide.hfea.gov.uk/pgd/</ref>
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	\| PAH		\| PAH
	\|-		\|-
	~~\| This table does not cover the complete list of diseases that PGD can be applied to.~~
	\|}		\|}
	==Laws & Legal status==		==Laws & Legal status==

Z5017878 at 12:18, 23 October 2015

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	Autosomal recessive genetic defect caused by the TMEM67 gene. It results in cystic dysplasia of the kidneys with fibrotic change in the liber and occipital encephalocele. Other malformations could also be present in the central nervous system. In PGD whole genome amplification of single blastomeres are taken to identify the gene, this is also coupled with PCR techniques. Maternal plasma can also be extracted for PGS. <ref><pubmed>24039893</pubmed></ref>		Autosomal recessive genetic defect caused by the TMEM67 gene. It results in cystic dysplasia of the kidneys with fibrotic change in the liber and occipital encephalocele. Other malformations could also be present in the central nervous system. In PGD whole genome amplification of single blastomeres are taken to identify the gene, this is also coupled with PCR techniques. Maternal plasma can also be extracted for PGS. <ref><pubmed>24039893</pubmed></ref>
	===β – Thalassemia===		===β – Thalassemia===
	β – Thalassemia is known as the most common type of autosomal recessive inherited disorder among haemoglobinopathies. It involves the adult β-globin gene and is associated with the absent or decreased expression of the gene. This is commonly caused by a single nucleotide change in the gene. PGD has been used successfully worldwide to identify the β-globin gene where its application is usually performed on a single blastomere or polar body <ref name="PMID19064120">19064120</pubmed></ref>.		β – Thalassemia is known as the most common type of autosomal recessive inherited disorder among haemoglobinopathies. It involves the adult β-globin gene and is associated with the absent or decreased expression of the gene. This is commonly caused by a single nucleotide change in the gene. PGD has been used successfully worldwide to identify the β-globin gene where its application is usually performed on a single blastomere or polar body <ref name="PMID19064120"><pubmed>19064120</pubmed></ref>.
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! colspan="2" \| Applicable diseases for PGD <ref>Genoma Group (2014). Retrieved September 18th, 2015, from http://www.preimplantationgeneticdiagnosis.it/genetic-diseases-diagnosed-by-pgd.htm </ref> <ref>Genesis Genetics (2015). Retrieved September 18th, 2015, from http://genesisgenetics.org/pgd/what-we-test-for/</ref> <ref>Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority (2015). Retrieved Septembr 18th, 2015, from http://guide.hfea.gov.uk/pgd/</ref>		! colspan="2" \| Applicable diseases for PGD <ref>Genoma Group (2014). Retrieved September 18th, 2015, from http://www.preimplantationgeneticdiagnosis.it/genetic-diseases-diagnosed-by-pgd.htm </ref> <ref>Genesis Genetics (2015). Retrieved September 18th, 2015, from http://genesisgenetics.org/pgd/what-we-test-for/</ref> <ref>Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority (2015). Retrieved Septembr 18th, 2015, from http://guide.hfea.gov.uk/pgd/</ref>
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	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Australia		\| Australia
	\| PGD is currently used to detect serious genetic conditions to improve the outcome of ~~Assisted Reproductive Technologies (~~ART). In very rare cases it may be used to select an embryo with compatible tissue for a sibling who has a life-threatening disease where other means of treatment is unavailable. This is with the conditions that the use of PGD will not affect the welfare and interests of the child to be born. The parents must also receive adequate counselling and have full understanding of the procedures of PGD. <ref name="National Health and Medical Research Council (2007). Retrieved September 17, 2015, from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/health-ethics/ethical-issues/assisted-reproductive-technology-art"> National Health and Medical Research Council (2007). Retrieved September 17, 2015, from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/health-ethics/ethical-issues/assisted-reproductive-technology-art</ref>		\| PGD is currently used to detect serious genetic conditions to improve the outcome of ART. In very rare cases it may be used to select an embryo with compatible tissue for a sibling who has a life-threatening disease where other means of treatment is unavailable. This is with the conditions that the use of PGD will not affect the welfare and interests of the child to be born. The parents must also receive adequate counselling and have full understanding of the procedures of PGD. <ref name="National Health and Medical Research Council (2007). Retrieved September 17, 2015, from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/health-ethics/ethical-issues/assisted-reproductive-technology-art"> National Health and Medical Research Council (2007). Retrieved September 17, 2015, from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/health-ethics/ethical-issues/assisted-reproductive-technology-art</ref>
	The use of PGD for sex-selection is prohibited with the exception of reducing the risk of the transmission of serious sex-linked genetic conditions. <ref name="National Health and Medical Research Council (2007). Retrieved September 17, 2015, from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/health-ethics/ethical-issues/assisted-reproductive-technology-art"/>		The use of PGD for sex-selection is prohibited with the exception of reducing the risk of the transmission of serious sex-linked genetic conditions. <ref name="National Health and Medical Research Council (2007). Retrieved September 17, 2015, from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/health-ethics/ethical-issues/assisted-reproductive-technology-art"/>
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"

Z5020317 at 12:11, 23 October 2015

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	\| rowspan="13" \|'''Advantages'''		\| rowspan="13" \|'''Advantages'''
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Cost effective		\| Cost effective <ref name="PMID23620651"><pubmed>23620651</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID3219767"><pubmed>3219767</pubmed></ref>
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Accurately tests ~~all 24 chromosomes.~~		\| Accurately tests the whole genome <ref name="PMID23560931"><pubmed>23560931</pubmed></ref>
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Tests for the presence of monogenic diseases of known genetic background.		\| Tests for the presence of monogenic diseases of known genetic background.<ref name="PMID23499002"><pubmed>23499002</pubmed></ref>
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Reduces the number of biopsies required for diagnosis.		\| Reduces the number of biopsies required for diagnosis.
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Higher detection rate of small translocations is possible.		\| Higher detection rate of small translocations is possible.<ref name="PMID3725031"><pubmed>3725031</pubmed></ref>
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Testing for compound point mutations, chromosomal duplication, deletions and insertions is highly accurate<ref name="PMID23312231"><pubmed>23312231</pubmed></ref>.		\| Testing for compound point mutations, chromosomal duplication, deletions and insertions is highly accurate<ref name="PMID23312231"><pubmed>23312231</pubmed></ref>.
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	\| It accurately detects chromosomal aneuploidy and unbalanced rearrangement<ref name="PMID25685330"><pubmed>25685330</pubmed></ref>.		\| It accurately detects chromosomal aneuploidy and unbalanced rearrangement<ref name="PMID25685330"><pubmed>25685330</pubmed></ref>.
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	~~\| Higher detection rate of small translocations is possible.~~		\| NGS single gene disorder screenings can be conducted in conjunction with PCR comprehensive chromosomal screening<ref name="PMID23312231"><pubmed>23312231</pubmed></ref>.
	~~\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"~~
	\| NGS single gene disorder screenings can be conducted in conjunction with PCR comprehensive chromosomal screening.
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Human error is reduced.		\| Human error is reduced.
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	\| rowspan="3"\|'''Disadvantages'''		\| rowspan="3"\|'''Disadvantages'''
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| There are limited information available to clinical applications of NGS <ref><pubmed>26100406</pubmed></ref>		\| There are limited information available to clinical applications of NGS <ref name="PMID26100406"><pubmed>26100406</pubmed></ref>
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| More research and progress needed to establish a clinical manifestation<ref name="PMID24907939"/>.		\| More research and progress needed to establish a clinical manifestation<ref name="PMID24907939"/>.
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	====Procedure====		====Procedure====
	Samples are collected from either blastomere or the blastocyst/tropoectoderm and processed for analysis by a computer system.		Samples are collected from either blastomere or the blastocyst/tropoectoderm and processed for analysis by a computer system.
	The methodology of each process is unique to the technique being used. ~~the~~ popularity of the new and emerging techniques is due to the cost effective nature of their testing, their speed and the accuracy of their results. Please see the table above for advantages of NGS.		The methodology of each process is unique to the technique being used. The popularity of the new and emerging techniques is due to the cost effective nature of their testing, their speed and the accuracy of their results<ref name="PMID18576944"><pubmed>18576944</pubmed> </ref><ref name="PMID23620651"><pubmed>23620651</pubmed></ref>. Please see the table above for advantages of NGS.
	==Diagnosis==		==Diagnosis==
	[[File:ACGH tracing after trophectoderm biopsy.jpeg\|thumb\|450px\|Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) tracing after trophectoderm biopsy: (a) normal male embryo (female embryo control in blue); (b) female embryo with monosomy for chromosome 20 (male control in red); (c) an excellent quality blastocyst showing chaotic chromosome abnormalities. Nearly every chromosome is aneuploidy<ref name="PMID26237262"/>.]]		[[File:ACGH tracing after trophectoderm biopsy.jpeg\|thumb\|450px\|Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) tracing after trophectoderm biopsy: (a) normal male embryo (female embryo control in blue); (b) female embryo with monosomy for chromosome 20 (male control in red); (c) an excellent quality blastocyst showing chaotic chromosome abnormalities. Nearly every chromosome is aneuploidy<ref name="PMID26237262"/>.]]

Z5020317 at 11:31, 23 October 2015

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	\| Rapid generation of results (within hours).<ref name="NIS (2015)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) National Human Genome Research Institute">NIS (2015)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) National Human Genome Research Institute retrieved from [https://www.genome.gov/10000207]</ref>]		\| Rapid generation of results (within hours).<ref name="NIS (2015)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) National Human Genome Research Institute">NIS (2015)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) National Human Genome Research Institute retrieved from [https://www.genome.gov/10000207]</ref>]
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Highly sensitive, a single molecule of DNA is sufficient for reaction.~~<ref name="Pubmed Docs (2015) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Pubmed">~~		\| Highly sensitive, a single molecule of DNA is sufficient for reaction.
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Generates DNA copies exponentially.		\| Generates DNA copies exponentially.

Z5020317 at 11:29, 23 October 2015

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	\| Rapid generation of results (within hours).<ref name="NIS (2015)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) National Human Genome Research Institute">NIS (2015)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) National Human Genome Research Institute retrieved from [https://www.genome.gov/10000207]</ref>]		\| Rapid generation of results (within hours).<ref name="NIS (2015)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) National Human Genome Research Institute">NIS (2015)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) National Human Genome Research Institute retrieved from [https://www.genome.gov/10000207]</ref>]
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Highly sensitive, a single molecule of DNA is sufficient for reaction.<~~Ref~~ name= "Pubmed Docs (2015) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Pubmed.">		\| Highly sensitive, a single molecule of DNA is sufficient for reaction.<ref name="Pubmed Docs (2015) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Pubmed">
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Generates DNA copies exponentially.		\| Generates DNA copies exponentially.

Z5020317 at 11:22, 23 October 2015

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← Older revision		Revision as of 21:22, 23 October 2015
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	==Genetic Techniques==		==Genetic Techniques==
	===Polymerase Chain Reaction===		===Polymerase Chain Reaction===
	PCR amplifies DNA specific to genetic sequence of interest . PCR was developed by Kay Mullis in the 1980's, for which he was awarded the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1993 <~~ref~~> Pubmed Docs (2015) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Pubmed. Retrieved from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/probe/docs/techpcr/]</ref>. This technique enables clinicians to monitor and diagnose diseases using minute samples such as embryonic cells <ref>Roche (2015) PCR: How We Copy DNA. Roche Molecular Systems Inc. retrieved From [http://molecular.roche.com/pcr/Pages/Process.aspx]</ref>. PCR is used to detect genetic disorders, as a part of PGD, in conjunction with IVF<ref name="PMID24301057"><pubmed>24301057</pubmed></ref>. It is used to detect molecular abnormalities, such as single gene disorders including Tay Sach, Cycstic fibrosis, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Thalassemia, Huntington disease, Spinal muscular atrophy and many more. Molecular and genetic analysis require a significant amount of DNA, which can be delivered by PCR. It revolutionized the study of DNA, replacing all previous recombinant DNA technology and is a significant component of PGD procedures<ref name="PMID24907939"/>.		PCR amplifies DNA specific to genetic sequence of interest . PCR was developed by Kay Mullis in the 1980's, for which he was awarded the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1993 <Ref name= "Pubmed Docs (2015) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Pubmed."> Pubmed Docs (2015) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Pubmed. Retrieved from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/probe/docs/techpcr/]</ref>. This technique enables clinicians to monitor and diagnose diseases using minute samples such as embryonic cells <ref>Roche (2015) PCR: How We Copy DNA. Roche Molecular Systems Inc. retrieved From [http://molecular.roche.com/pcr/Pages/Process.aspx]</ref>. PCR is used to detect genetic disorders, as a part of PGD, in conjunction with IVF<ref name="PMID24301057"><pubmed>24301057</pubmed></ref>. It is used to detect molecular abnormalities, such as single gene disorders including Tay Sach, Cycstic fibrosis, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Thalassemia, Huntington disease, Spinal muscular atrophy and many more. Molecular and genetic analysis require a significant amount of DNA, which can be delivered by PCR. It revolutionized the study of DNA, replacing all previous recombinant DNA technology and is a significant component of PGD procedures<ref name="PMID24907939"/>.
	[[File:PCR.jpg\|450px\|thumb\|PCR amplifies DNA specific to genetic sequence of interest, enabling the monitoring and diagnose molecular abnormalities such as single gene disorders using minute samples such as embryonic cells, blood & tissue <ref name="NIS (2015)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) National Human Genome Research Institute">NIS (2015)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) National Human Genome Research Institute retrieved from [https://www.genome.gov/10000207]</ref>]]		[[File:PCR.jpg\|450px\|thumb\|PCR amplifies DNA specific to genetic sequence of interest, enabling the monitoring and diagnose molecular abnormalities such as single gene disorders using minute samples such as embryonic cells, blood & tissue <ref name="NIS (2015)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) National Human Genome Research Institute">NIS (2015)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) National Human Genome Research Institute retrieved from [https://www.genome.gov/10000207]</ref>]]
	{\|class="wikitable"		{\|class="wikitable"
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	\| rowspan="7" \|'''Advantages'''		\| rowspan="7" \|'''Advantages'''
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Fast and inexpensive way of copying a target sequence of DNA.		\| Fast and inexpensive way of copying a target sequence of DNA. <ref Name="PMID24301057"><pubmed>24301057</pubmed></ref>
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Particularly useful for the diagnosis of single cell defects.		\| Particularly useful for the diagnosis of single cell defects.<ref name="NIS (2015)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) National Human Genome Research Institute">NIS (2015)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) National Human Genome Research Institute retrieved from [https://www.genome.gov/10000207]</ref>
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Rapid generation of results (within hours).		\| Rapid generation of results (within hours).<ref name="NIS (2015)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) National Human Genome Research Institute">NIS (2015)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) National Human Genome Research Institute retrieved from [https://www.genome.gov/10000207]</ref>]
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Highly sensitive, a single molecule of DNA is sufficient for reaction.		\| Highly sensitive, a single molecule of DNA is sufficient for reaction.<Ref name= "Pubmed Docs (2015) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Pubmed.">
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Generates DNA copies exponentially.		\| Generates DNA copies exponentially.
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| This enables DNA amplification required for molecular and genetic diagnostic analysis<ref> Dreesen, J., Drusedaul, M., Smeets, H., Die-Smulders, C., Coonen, E., Dumoulin, J., Gielen, M., Evers, J., Herbergers, J. & Geradets, J. (2008) Validation of preimplantation genetic diagnosis by PCR analysis: genotype comparison of the blastomere and corresponding embryo, implications for clinical practice. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 14 (10):573-579.doi: 10.1093/molehr/gan052. Retrieved from [http://molehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/14/10/573.short] </ref> <ref><pubmed>20966460</pubmed></ref>.		\| This enables DNA amplification required for molecular and genetic diagnostic analysis<ref> Dreesen, J., Drusedaul, M., Smeets, H., Die-Smulders, C., Coonen, E., Dumoulin, J., Gielen, M., Evers, J., Herbergers, J. & Geradets, J. (2008) Validation of preimplantation genetic diagnosis by PCR analysis: genotype comparison of the blastomere and corresponding embryo, implications for clinical practice. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 14 (10):573-579.doi: 10.1093/molehr/gan052. Retrieved from [http://molehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/14/10/573.short] </ref> <ref><pubmed>20966460</pubmed></ref>.
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	\| Only during the exponential DNA replication phase, the starting quantity sequence contained in the original sample (template DNA strand) can be determined.		\| Only during the exponential DNA replication phase, the starting quantity sequence contained in the original sample (template DNA strand) can be determined.
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| PCR reaction is limited to by presence of inhibitors in the sample.		\| PCR reaction is limited to by presence of inhibitors in the sample.<Ref name= "Pubmed Docs (2015) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Pubmed."> Pubmed Docs (2015) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Pubmed. Retrieved from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/probe/docs/techpcr/]</ref>
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Self annealing due to the accumulation of the product and the stopping exponential amplification for the target sequence and reaching of a plateau		\| Self annealing due to the accumulation of the product and the stopping exponential amplification for the target sequence and reaching of a plateau
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	===Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation===		===Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation===
	FISH is the one of the most effective and rapid <ref name="PMID26338801"><pubmed>26338801</pubmed></ref> method as part of PGD. This technique locates a specific DNA sequences within a chromosome. FISH facilitates the clinical diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities indicated by sequential duplications, deletions and rearrangements of chromosome, that are usually missed with microscopic analysis. This technique is especially relevant for female embryos with X-linked diseases<ref name="PMID20809319"><pubmed>20809319</pubmed></ref>. As part of PGD, it enabled the screening for aneuploidies and increased live birth rates in women with advanced age<ref name="PMID24907939"/> <ref name="PMID21748341"><pubmed>21748341</pubmed></ref>. FISH is 99% effective when used in conjunction with competitive Genomic Hybridisation (CGH) to diagnose chromosomal abnormalities<ref name="PMID26338801"/>.		FISH is the one of the most effective and rapid <ref name="PMID26338801"><pubmed>26338801</pubmed></ref> method as part of PGD. This technique locates a specific DNA sequences within a chromosome. FISH facilitates the clinical diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities indicated by sequential duplications, deletions and rearrangements of chromosome, that are usually missed with microscopic analysis. This technique is especially relevant for female embryos with X-linked diseases<ref name="PMID20809319"><pubmed>20809319</pubmed></ref>. As part of PGD, it enabled the screening for aneuploidies and increased live birth rates in women with advanced age<ref name="PMID24907939"/> <ref name="PMID21748341"><pubmed>21748341</pubmed></ref>. FISH is 99% effective when used in conjunction with competitive Genomic Hybridisation (CGH) to diagnose chromosomal abnormalities<ref name="PMID26338801"/>.
	[[File:Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation (FISH).jpg\|thumb\|450px\|right\|'''FISH''' Specific DNA sequences using probes which have been tagged with fluorescent labels are visualised.This technique enables the clinical diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities, indicated by sequential duplication, deletions and rearrangements of chromosome <ref>NIS (2015) Flourescent in Situ Hydridization (FISH) National Human Genome Research Institute retrieved from [https://www.genome.gov/10000206]</ref>]]		[[File:Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation (FISH).jpg\|thumb\|450px\|right\|'''FISH''' Specific DNA sequences using probes which have been tagged with fluorescent labels are visualised.This technique enables the clinical diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities, indicated by sequential duplication, deletions and rearrangements of chromosome <ref name="NIS (2015) Flourescent in Situ Hydridization (FISH) National Human Genome Research Institute">NIS (2015) Flourescent in Situ Hydridization (FISH) National Human Genome Research Institute retrieved from [https://www.genome.gov/10000206]</ref>]]
	{\|class="wikitable"		{\|class="wikitable"
	\|-bgcolor="DDCEF2"		\|-bgcolor="DDCEF2"
	\| rowspan="5" \|'''Advantages'''		\| rowspan="5" \|'''Advantages'''
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| FISH is 99% effective when used in conjunction with CGH to diagnose chromosomal abnormalities<ref><pubmed>26338801</pubmed></ref>.		\| FISH is 99% effective when used in conjunction with CGH to diagnose chromosomal abnormalities<ref name="PMID26338801"><pubmed>26338801</pubmed></ref>.
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Results are rapidly generated.		\| Results are rapidly generated. <ref name="NIS (2015) Flourescent in Situ Hydridization (FISH) National Human Genome Research Institute">NIS (2015) Flourescent in Situ Hydridization (FISH) National Human Genome Research Institute retrieved from [https://www.genome.gov/10000206]</ref>
	\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"		\|-bgcolor="FFFAFA"
	\| Very small translocations and aneuploidies that occur within chromosomes, that would usually be missed under microscopic analysis, can be identified<ref name="Iyer, B. (2013) SlideShare PreImplantation genetic diagnosis(pgd)">Iyer, B. (2013) SlideShare PreImplantation genetic diagnosis(pgd) Retrieved Oct 2, 2015 [http://www.slideshare.net/iyerbk/pre-implantation-genetic-diagnosis-pgd?related=1]</ref>.		\| Very small translocations and aneuploidies that occur within chromosomes, that would usually be missed under microscopic analysis, can be identified<ref name="Iyer, B. (2013) SlideShare PreImplantation genetic diagnosis(pgd)">Iyer, B. (2013) SlideShare PreImplantation genetic diagnosis(pgd) Retrieved Oct 2, 2015 [http://www.slideshare.net/iyerbk/pre-implantation-genetic-diagnosis-pgd?related=1]</ref>.