2015 Group Project 3 - Revision history

Z8600021 at 01:21, 24 October 2015

2015-10-24T01:21:57Z

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	<references/>		<references/>



			{{2015ANAT2341 footer}}

Z8600021: Protected "2015 Group Project 3" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

2015-10-23T19:19:33Z

Protected "2015 Group Project 3" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

← Older revision	Revision as of 05:19, 24 October 2015
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Z3459224: /* Obesity and Diet */

2015-10-23T11:50:26Z

Obesity and Diet

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	[[File:Graph.jpg\|600px\|thumb\|right\|BMI for different PCOS phenotypes <ref name=deux/>]]		[[File:Graph.jpg\|600px\|thumb\|right\|BMI for different PCOS phenotypes <ref name=deux/>]]

	Obesity is the major environmental factor driving the development of PCOS in susceptible individuals. The rising rates of PCOS have been paralleled by the widespread emergence of obesity and type 2 diabetes which are prevalent in developed countries,<ref name=un/>. Several family studies have shed light on the role of obesity in PCOS developpement, primarily one which studied the phenotypic characteristics among 80 PCOS probands and their 115 sisters. Proband was defined as the first family member to be affected by the genetic disorder. Results showed that PCOS probands and sisters had higher BMIs than hyperandrogenic (HA) and unaffected sisters (UA) with HA sisters defined as those who have elevated androgen levels but with regular menstrual cycles. These results are shown graphically on the figure shown on the right. These results suggested that mean BMI decreased as the phenotype improved and prompts further studies to looks at the contribution of adiposity towards PCOS development in genetically susceptible women <ref name=deux/>. These findings were supported by another study which reported that affected sisters had higher body weights than unaffected ones <ref name=green><pubmed>11994352</pubmed></ref>. The role of obesity in the intrauterine environment was also shown to be important after studies suggested that PCOS women with increased weight at birth were associated with overweight mothers <ref name=blue><pubmed>9343501</pubmed></ref>.		Obesity is the major environmental factor driving the development of PCOS in susceptible individuals. The rising rates of PCOS have been paralleled by the widespread emergence of obesity and type 2 diabetes which are prevalent in developed countries,<ref name=un/>. Several family studies have shed light on the role of obesity in PCOS developpement, primarily one which studied the phenotypic characteristics among 80 PCOS probands and their 115 sisters. Proband was defined as the first family member to be affected by the genetic disorder. Results showed that PCOS probands and PCOS sisters had higher BMIs than hyperandrogenic (HA) and unaffected sisters (UA) with HA sisters defined as those who have elevated androgen levels but with regular menstrual cycles. These results are shown graphically on the figure shown on the right. These results suggested that mean BMI decreased as the phenotype improved and prompts further studies to looks at the contribution of adiposity towards PCOS development in genetically susceptible women <ref name=deux/>. These findings were supported by another study which reported that affected sisters had higher body weights than unaffected ones <ref name=green><pubmed>11994352</pubmed></ref>. The role of obesity in the intrauterine environment was also shown to be important after studies suggested that PCOS women with increased weight at birth were associated with overweight mothers <ref name=blue><pubmed>9343501</pubmed></ref>.

	The risk of developing PCOS from obesity is compounded by poor dietary choices and lack of physical activity which has begun to characterise the lifestyle in developed countries <ref name=deux/>. Energy dense food and larger sizes in portion act as major contributors towards the increasing incidence of obesity. The quality and type of nutrition can also have an effect on the PCOS phenotype while interacting with different genotypes <ref name=un/>.		The risk of developing PCOS from obesity is compounded by poor dietary choices and lack of physical activity which has begun to characterise the lifestyle in developed countries <ref name=deux/>. Energy dense food and larger sizes in portion act as major contributors towards the increasing incidence of obesity. The quality and type of nutrition can also have an effect on the PCOS phenotype while interacting with different genotypes <ref name=un/>.

Z3459224: /* Environmental Factors */

2015-10-23T11:44:59Z

Environmental Factors

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	===<u>Environmental Factors</u>===		===<u>Environmental Factors</u>===

	The prevalence of PCOS in populations where there has been a constant gene pool indicates that environmental factors play a significant role in the aetiology of PCOS <ref name=un/>. The role of environmental factors in PCOS has been extensively investigated through family studies, especially in ~~sisters in order to minimise the effect~~ of ~~genotype on the~~ PCOS ~~phenotype~~ <ref name=deux/>.		The prevalence of PCOS in populations where there has been a constant gene pool indicates that environmental factors play a significant role in the aetiology of PCOS <ref name=un/>. The role of environmental factors in PCOS has been extensively investigated through family studies, especially in first degree relatives of those affected by PCOS <ref name=deux/>.

	====<u>Obesity and Diet</u>====		====<u>Obesity and Diet</u>====
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	[[File:Graph.jpg\|600px\|thumb\|right\|BMI for different PCOS phenotypes <ref name=deux/>]]		[[File:Graph.jpg\|600px\|thumb\|right\|BMI for different PCOS phenotypes <ref name=deux/>]]

	Obesity is the major environmental factor driving the development of PCOS in susceptible individuals. The rising rates of PCOS have been paralleled by the widespread emergence of obesity and type 2 diabetes which are prevalent in developed countries,<ref name=un/>. Several family studies have shed light on the role of obesity in PCOS developpement, primarily one which studied the phenotypic characteristics among PCOS sisters ~~<ref name=deux/>~~. It was ~~found~~ that sisters ~~with hyperandrogenemia and irregular cycles~~ had higher ~~body weights~~ than those with regular cycles and ~~hyperandrogenemia~~. These findings were supported by another study which reported that affected sisters had higher body weights than unaffected ones <ref name=green><pubmed>11994352</pubmed></ref>. The role of obesity in the intrauterine environment was also shown to be important after studies suggested that PCOS women with increased weight at birth were associated with overweight mothers <ref name=blue><pubmed>9343501</pubmed></ref>.		Obesity is the major environmental factor driving the development of PCOS in susceptible individuals. The rising rates of PCOS have been paralleled by the widespread emergence of obesity and type 2 diabetes which are prevalent in developed countries,<ref name=un/>. Several family studies have shed light on the role of obesity in PCOS developpement, primarily one which studied the phenotypic characteristics among 80 PCOS probands and their 115 sisters. Proband was defined as the first family member to be affected by the genetic disorder. Results showed that PCOS probands and sisters had higher BMIs than hyperandrogenic (HA) and unaffected sisters (UA) with HA sisters defined as those who have elevated androgen levels but with regular menstrual cycles. These results are shown graphically on the figure shown on the right. These results suggested that mean BMI decreased as the phenotype improved and prompts further studies to looks at the contribution of adiposity towards PCOS development in genetically susceptible women <ref name=deux/>. These findings were supported by another study which reported that affected sisters had higher body weights than unaffected ones <ref name=green><pubmed>11994352</pubmed></ref>. The role of obesity in the intrauterine environment was also shown to be important after studies suggested that PCOS women with increased weight at birth were associated with overweight mothers <ref name=blue><pubmed>9343501</pubmed></ref>.

	The risk of developing PCOS from obesity is compounded by poor dietary choices and lack of physical activity which has begun to characterise the lifestyle in developed countries <ref name=deux/>. Energy dense food and larger sizes in portion act as major contributors towards the increasing incidence of obesity. The quality and type of nutrition can also have an effect on the PCOS phenotype while interacting with different genotypes <ref name=un/>.		The risk of developing PCOS from obesity is compounded by poor dietary choices and lack of physical activity which has begun to characterise the lifestyle in developed countries <ref name=deux/>. Energy dense food and larger sizes in portion act as major contributors towards the increasing incidence of obesity. The quality and type of nutrition can also have an effect on the PCOS phenotype while interacting with different genotypes <ref name=un/>.

Z3459224: /* PCOS and Conceiving */

2015-10-23T11:16:40Z

PCOS and Conceiving

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	=PCOS and Conceiving=		=PCOS and Conceiving=

	[[File:Tarryn & PCOS Diet Support.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|right\|Tarryn and her daughter, after she overcame her PCOS with various treatments. <ref name=ropeaccesstechnician<>Tarryn '''About PCOS Diet Support''' Date Retrieved: 22nd October 2015. http://www.pcosdietsupport.com/about-pcos-diet/ </ref>]]		[[File:Tarryn & PCOS Diet Support.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|right\|Tarryn and her daughter, after she overcame her PCOS with various treatments. <ref name=ropeaccesstechnician><Tarryn '''About PCOS Diet Support''' Date Retrieved: 22nd October 2015. http://www.pcosdietsupport.com/about-pcos-diet/></ref>]]

	Although PCOS can significantly hinder a woman's chances of conceiving, many women with the condition do give birth to healthy children. This is largely due to modern day medical treatments, as detailed above. The following is a blog post written by 'Tarryn,' the founder of PCOS Diet Support (www.pcosdietsupport.com):		Although PCOS can significantly hinder a woman's chances of conceiving, many women with the condition do give birth to healthy children. This is largely due to modern day medical treatments, as detailed above. The following is a blog post written by 'Tarryn,' the founder of PCOS Diet Support (www.pcosdietsupport.com):
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	:''Toward the end of 2012, we decided we’d like to give our little girl a brother or sister. I was very careful with my diet and supplements. It took 5 months to fall pregnant but we are now a family of 4. Our little boy was born in December 2013.''		:''Toward the end of 2012, we decided we’d like to give our little girl a brother or sister. I was very careful with my diet and supplements. It took 5 months to fall pregnant but we are now a family of 4. Our little boy was born in December 2013.''

	:''It is possible to overcome PCOS! I’m still determined to continue the fight against PCOS and keep it under control with diet and lifestyle changes.'' <ref name=ropeaccesstechnician/>		:''It is possible to overcome PCOS! I’m still determined to continue the fight against PCOS and keep it under control with diet and lifestyle changes.'' <ref name=ropeaccesstechnician/>.

	=Glossary=		=Glossary=

Z3416054 at 08:00, 23 October 2015

2015-10-23T08:00:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:00, 23 October 2015
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	While studies have shown that the adrenal could be a source of excess androgen such as the adrenal <ref name=h3><pubmed>7962325</pubmed></ref>, they were followed by various studies using cell culture models which demonstrated that the ovary was the major source of excess androgen <ref name=h4/> <ref name=h5><pubmed>9302378</pubmed></ref>. ''In vitro'' studies have shown that the production of steroids is abnormal in theca cells <ref name=h3/>. In women affected by PCOS, stimulation by human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is followed by an increase in thecal steroid production after suppression of LH by a GnRH analogue <ref name=h5/>. Theca cells cultured from polycystic ovaries produce 20 times as much androstenedione as those from normal ovaries <ref name=h4/> with increased expression of mRNA for enzymes responsible for making steroids also reported in following studies. <ref name=h6><pubmed>10852468</pubmed></ref> These results have prompted many studies on genes encoding these steroidogeneic enzymes.		While studies have shown that the adrenal could be a source of excess androgen such as the adrenal <ref name=h3><pubmed>7962325</pubmed></ref>, they were followed by various studies using cell culture models which demonstrated that the ovary was the major source of excess androgen <ref name=h4/> <ref name=h5><pubmed>9302378</pubmed></ref>. ''In vitro'' studies have shown that the production of steroids is abnormal in theca cells <ref name=h3/>. In women affected by PCOS, stimulation by human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is followed by an increase in thecal steroid production after suppression of LH by a GnRH analogue <ref name=h5/>. Theca cells cultured from polycystic ovaries produce 20 times as much androstenedione as those from normal ovaries <ref name=h4/> with increased expression of mRNA for enzymes responsible for making steroids also reported in following studies. <ref name=h6><pubmed>10852468</pubmed></ref> These results have prompted many studies on genes encoding these steroidogeneic enzymes.

	[[File:Polycystic_rat_ovary.jpg\|500px\|thumb\|right\|An example of ~~polycysts~~ present in the ~~polycystic ovaries~~ of a rat specimen <ref><pubmed>PMC3395821</pubmed></ref> ]]		[[File:Polycystic_rat_ovary.jpg\|500px\|thumb\|right\|An example of a polycystic and regular follicle present in the ovary of a rat specimen <ref><pubmed>PMC3395821</pubmed></ref> ]]

	=Signs and Symptoms=		=Signs and Symptoms=

Z3459224: /* Obesity and Diet */

2015-10-23T05:00:12Z

Obesity and Diet

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:00, 23 October 2015
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	Obesity is the major environmental factor driving the development of PCOS in susceptible individuals. The rising rates of PCOS have been paralleled by the widespread emergence of obesity and type 2 diabetes which are prevalent in developed countries,<ref name=un/>. Several family studies have shed light on the role of obesity in PCOS developpement, primarily one which studied the phenotypic characteristics among PCOS sisters <ref name=deux/>. It was found that sisters with hyperandrogenemia and irregular cycles had higher body weights than those with regular cycles and hyperandrogenemia. These findings were supported by another study which reported that affected sisters had higher body weights than unaffected ones <ref name=green><pubmed>11994352</pubmed></ref>. The role of obesity in the intrauterine environment was also shown to be important after studies suggested that PCOS women with increased weight at birth were associated with overweight mothers <ref name=blue><pubmed>9343501</pubmed></ref>.		Obesity is the major environmental factor driving the development of PCOS in susceptible individuals. The rising rates of PCOS have been paralleled by the widespread emergence of obesity and type 2 diabetes which are prevalent in developed countries,<ref name=un/>. Several family studies have shed light on the role of obesity in PCOS developpement, primarily one which studied the phenotypic characteristics among PCOS sisters <ref name=deux/>. It was found that sisters with hyperandrogenemia and irregular cycles had higher body weights than those with regular cycles and hyperandrogenemia. These findings were supported by another study which reported that affected sisters had higher body weights than unaffected ones <ref name=green><pubmed>11994352</pubmed></ref>. The role of obesity in the intrauterine environment was also shown to be important after studies suggested that PCOS women with increased weight at birth were associated with overweight mothers <ref name=blue><pubmed>9343501</pubmed></ref>.

	The risk of developing PCOS from obesity is compounded by poor dietary choices and lack of physical activity which has begun to characterise the lifestyle in developed countries <ref name=deux/>. Energy dense food and larger sizes in portion act as major contributors towards the increasing incidence of obesity. The quality and type of nutrition can also have an effect on the PCOS phenotype while interacting with different genotypes <ref name=un/>.		The risk of developing PCOS from obesity is compounded by poor dietary choices and lack of physical activity which has begun to characterise the lifestyle in developed countries <ref name=deux/>. Energy dense food and larger sizes in portion act as major contributors towards the increasing incidence of obesity. The quality and type of nutrition can also have an effect on the PCOS phenotype while interacting with different genotypes <ref name=un/>.

	====<u>Medication</u>====		====<u>Medication</u>====

Z3460352: /* Glossary */

2015-10-23T04:54:27Z

Glossary

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	'''DHEA''' - Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; a steroid hormone produced by various organs (reproductive organs, the brain and the adrenal glands).		'''DHEA''' - Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; a steroid hormone produced by various organs (reproductive organs, the brain and the adrenal glands).

	'''Proband'''The first family member who is affected by a genetic disorder and seeks medical attention.		'''Proband''' - The first family member who is affected by a genetic disorder and seeks medical attention.

	=References=		=References=

	<references/>		<references/>

Z3460352: /* Glossary */

2015-10-23T04:47:52Z

Glossary

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:47, 23 October 2015
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	'''Cyst''' - a general term for a fluid filled sac that grows abnormally on various organs (i.e. ~~ovary~~, kidney cysts).		'''Cyst''' - a general term for a fluid filled sac that grows abnormally on various organs (i.e. ovarian, kidney cysts).

	'''FSH''' - Follicle Stimulating Hormone		'''FSH''' - Follicle Stimulating Hormone. Stimulates the production of eggs or sperm in the human gonads; produced by the anterior pituitary.

	'''Hirsutism''' - An abnormal growth of hair on a woman's face or body.		'''Hirsutism''' - An abnormal growth of hair on a woman's face or body.

	'''hCG''' - Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin		'''hCG''' - Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin. A hormone secreted by the placenta in the early stages of pregnancy. It encourages the production of other hormones such as progesterone by ovarian cells in order to maintain pregnancy.

	'''GnRH''' - Gonadotrophin Releasing ~~hormone~~		'''GnRH''' - Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone, responsible for the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary.

	'''LH''' - Luteinizing Hormone		'''LH''' - Luteinizing Hormone. Produced by the anterior pituitary, stimulating ovulation.

	'''LOD''' - Laparoscopic Ovarian Drilling		'''LOD''' - Laparoscopic Ovarian Drilling (detailed in the '''Treatment''' section).

	'''PCOS''' - Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome		'''PCOS''' - Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Z3459224: /* Glossary */

2015-10-23T04:38:32Z

Glossary

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:38, 23 October 2015
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	'''DHEA''' - Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; a steroid hormone produced by various organs (reproductive organs, the brain and the adrenal glands).		'''DHEA''' - Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; a steroid hormone produced by various organs (reproductive organs, the brain and the adrenal glands).

			'''Proband'''The first family member who is affected by a genetic disorder and seeks medical attention.

	=References=		=References=

	<references/>		<references/>